Mtechres PPT U 3 C 3

“Energy From Ocean”
Course Code: P20PE102

Course Name: Renewable Energy Systems
Program Name: M.Tech(P.E)
Faculty Name: Ch.Sindhuja
 Lecture Objectives
2
o To understand ocean wave energy(OWE)
o To understand advantages & limitations of OWE
o To understand OTEC
 Open cycle OTEC
 Closed cycle OTEC

🠶Contents:
3
🠶 Ocean wave energy
🠶 Power in waves
🠶 OTEC system
🠶 Open cycle
🠶 Closed cycle
Ocean Wave energy:
🠶 Wav4es are caused by the transfer of energy from surface winds to sea.
🠶 The rate of energy transfer depends upon the wind speed and the distance over which it
interacts with water.
🠶 The energy flux in waves is more than that available from solar, wind and other renewable
sources.
🠶 The power in the waves is directly proportional to the square of its amplitude and to the
period of motion.
🠶 The energy stored is dissipated through friction at shore and turbulence at rates depending
on characteristics of wave and water depth.
🠶 Larger waves in deep sea loose energy quite slowly and can effectively store it for many days
and transmit it over great distances
4
Ocean Wave energy: Advantages & Limitations
🠶 Wave power is usually expressed in kilowatt per m, representing the rate at which energy is
tran5sferred across a line of 1m length parallel to the wave front.
 Main advantages of wave power are:
(i) the availability of large energy fluxes
(ii) predictability of wave conditions over
 Difficulties in the development of wave power are encountered mainly due to following
reasons:
(i) Irregularity of wave patterns in amplitude, phase and direction, which makes it difficult to
extract power efficiently
(ii) The power extraction system is exposed to occasional extreme stormy conditions. During
unusual extreme conditions, once in several years, the wave amplitude may reach as high
as 10 times normal value and the associated power about 100 times the normal values.
(iii) Peak power of deep-water waves is available in open sea, where it is difficult to construct,
operate & maintain a system and transmit power to the shore.
(iv) The slow and irregular motion of wave is required to be coupled to electrical generator
requiring high &constant speed motion.
5
Classification of various OWEC devises:
🠶 Depe6nding upon the position with respect to sea level they are classified as:
(i) floating, (ii) submerged, (iii) partly submerged devices.
🠶 Submerged devices have the benefit of avoiding the worst storm conditions but have
increased difficulties of maintenance.
🠶 Depending on the actuating motion used in capturing the wave power, these devices are
classified as:
(i) heaving float type, (ii) pitching type, (iii) heaving and pitching float type,
(iv) oscillating water column type and (v) surge devices.
🠶 For each of these types several designs have been developed and tested with many more still
at the design stage
6
Ocean Wave energy: Present status in India
🠶 Wave7 energy program was started in India in 1983 with preliminary studies at IIT Chennai.
🠶 Initial research concluded that oscillating water column (OWC) was the most suitable for
Indian conditions.
🠶 A 150 kW pilot OWC plant was built onto the breakwater of the Vizhingam Fisheries Harbour,
near Trivendrum (Kerala) in 1991.
🠶 The scheme operated successfully, producing data that were used for the design of a
superior generator and turbine. This has led to installation of improved power module in 1996.
🠶 A plant of total capacity of 1.1 MWe comprised of 10 caissons is being developed at the
same site.
7
Ocean thermal energy conversion:
🠶 Oce8an thermal energy exists in the form of temperature difference between the warm
surface water and the colder deep water.
🠶 A heat engine generates power utilizing well-established thermodynamic principle, where

heat flows from high temperature source to low temperature sink through engine,
converting a part of the heat into work.
🠶 In the present case the surface water works as heat source and deep water as heat sink to
convert part of the heat to mechanical energy and hence into electrical energy.
🠶 The facility proposed to achieve this conversion is known as OTEC (ocean thermal energy
conversion).
🠶 A minimum temperature difference of 20 °C is required for practical energy conversion.
🠶 The resource potential is expected to be many terawatts.

8
OTEC: Advantages & Disadvantages
🠶 Main 9advantages of OTEC are:
(i) the resource supplies steady power without fluctuations & independent of vagaries of
weather,
(ii) the availability hardly vary from season to season.
(iii) at a suitable site the resource is essentially limited only by the size of the system,
(iv) the required machinery requires only marginal improvements in well-tried engineering
devices, e.g. heat exchanger, turbine, etc.
(v) it also has the ability to create some useful by products such as desalinated water and
nutrients for Mari-culture.
🠶 Major disadvantages are:
(i) low efficiency and (ii) high installation cost.

9
OTEC: Power generation
10
🠶 The possibility of using ocean water temperature difference to produce power was first
conceived by a French physicist d’Arsonval in 1881 and verified by one of his student Claude
on a test plant in Cuba in 1929.
🠶 Afterwards French scientist constructed two more OTEC plants, one on a ship stationed near
Brazil and the other stationary plant off the West African coast
🠶 Two types of OTEC plants:
1) Open cycle (Claude cycle)
2) Closed cycle (Anderson cycle)
10
OTEC plant: Open cycle
 In open cycle OTEC plant warm water from
the 1o1cean surface is flash evaporated under
partial vacuum.
 Low-pressure steam obtained is separated

and passed through turbine to extract energy.
 The exhaust of turbine is condensed in direct

contact condenser.
 Cold water drawn from a depth of about 1000

m is used as cooling water in direct contact
condenser.
 The resulting mixture of used cooling water

and condensate is disposed in the sea.
 If surface contact condenser is employed, the

condensate could be used as desalinated
water. 11
OTEC plant: Closed cycle
 In closed cycle OTEC plant, warm surface water
is us1e2d to evaporate a low boiling point working
fluid such as ammonia, freon or propane.
 The vapor flows through the turbine and is then

cooled and condensed by cold water pumped
from the ocean depths.
 Because of low quality heat a large surface are as

of heat exchangers (evaporator and condenser)
are required to transfer significant amount of heat
and large amount of water need to be
circulated.
 The operating pressures of the working fluid at the

boiler/evaporator and condenser are much
higher and its specific volume is much lower as
compared to water in open cycle system.
 Such pressures and specific volumes result in

turbine that is much smaller in size and hence less
costly as compared to that in open cycle system. 12
References:
13
🠶 B.H. Khan, Non-conventional Energy Resources, 3rd ed., New Delhi: McGraw Hill Education
(India) Pvt. Ltd., 20017, 2006. (chapter:10, page:435-464)
🠶 Rai G.D, Non-Conventional Energy Sources, 4th ed., New Delhi: Khanna Publishers, 2010.
(chapter-9:page.no:495-558)
 Lecture Outcomes
14
o Able to understand ocean wave energy
o Able to understand advantage's & limitations
o To understand OTEC
 Open cycle OTEC
 Closed cycle OTEC

15
Thank you

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“Energy From Ocean”

Course Code: P20PE102

o To understand advantages & limitations of OWE

 Open cycle OTEC

 Closed cycle OTEC

🠶 Ocean wave energy

(i) floating, (ii) submerged, (iii) partly submerged devices.

(iv) oscillating water column type and (v) surge devices.

🠶 A heat engine generates power utilizing well-established thermodynamic principle, where

🠶 A minimum temperature difference of 20 °C is required for practical energy conversion.

🠶 The resource potential is expected to be many terawatts.

(ii) the availability hardly vary from season to season.

🠶 Major disadvantages are:

(i) low efficiency and (ii) high installation cost.

🠶 Two types of OTEC plants:

1) Open cycle (Claude cycle)

2) Closed cycle (Anderson cycle)

 Low-pressure steam obtained is separated

 The exhaust of turbine is condensed in direct

 Cold water drawn from a depth of about 1000

 The resulting mixture of used cooling water

 If surface contact condenser is employed, the

 The vapor flows through the turbine and is then

 Because of low quality heat a large surface are as

 The operating pressures of the working fluid at the

 Such pressures and specific volumes result in

o Able to understand advantage's & limitations

 Open cycle OTEC

 Closed cycle OTEC

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