PHYSICS PROJECT

ON
To identify the best
aa dry cell
available in market

SUBMITTED BY:-
SONALI KUMARI

22620351
 Kendriya vidyalaya
OTA GAYA

CERTIFICATE
Certified that this is a bonafide report of project work done in
Physics Reg.no 22620351 Name SONALI KUMARI Of
Kendriya Vidyalaya OTA Gaya .In accordance with the syllabus
of class XII A. Physics in the academic year 2019-20.

Master in charge Examiner

Mr.U.K.SINGH
 CONTENTS

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 AIM
 MATERIALS REQUIRED
 INTRODUCTION
 PRINCIPLE
 THEORY
 PROCEDURE
 OBSERVATION
 INFERENCE
 CONCLUSION
 PRECAUTION
 SOURCE OF ERROR
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my sincere thanks to my Physics teacher Mr.U.K.SINGH
without whose help this project could not have to come to limelight. I
also thank the lab assistant Mr.U.K.SINGH whose guidance has come
of valuable use to me.
I thank my parents and friends who has been an inspiration for me to
do this project.

I also thank the almighty for his kind blessings.

Thank you all

 AIM
To identify the best AA Dry cell available in market.
 Materials required
 Potentiometer
 Dry cells
 High resistance box
 Resistor
 Connecting wires
 Key
 Two way key
 Battery eliminator
 Jockey
 Galvanometer
 Ammeter
 INTRODUCTION
A practical electrical power source which is a linear electric
circuit may, according to Thévenin's theorem, be represented
as an ideal voltage source in series with animpedance. This
impedance is termed the internal resistance of the source.
When the power source delivers current, the measured voltage
output is lower than the no-load voltage; the difference is the
voltage drop (the product of current and resistance) caused by
the internal resistance. The concept of internal resistance
applies to all kinds of electrical sources and is useful for
analyzing many types of electrical circuits.

DRY CELL

A dry cell is a type of electric battery, commonly used for

portable electrical devices. It was developed in 1886 by the
German scientist Carl Gassner, after development of wet zinc-
carbon batteries by Georges Leclanché in 1866.
A dry cell uses a paste electrolyte, with only enough moisture to
allow current to flow. Unlike a wet cell, a dry cell can operate in
any orientation without spilling, as it contains no free liquid,
making it suitable for portable equipment. By comparison, the
first wet cells were typically fragile glass containers with lead
rods hanging from the open top and needed careful handling to
avoid spillage. Lead–acid batteries did not achieve the safety
and portability of the dry cell until the development of the gel
battery. Wet cells have continued to be used for high-drain
applications, such as starting internal combustion engines,
because inhibiting the electrolyte flow tends to reduce the
current capability.
A common dry cell is the zinc-carbon cell, sometimes called the
dry Leclanché cell, with a nominal voltage of 1.5 volts, the same
as the alkaline cell (since both use the same zinc–manganese
dioxide combination).
A standard dry cell comprises a zinc anode, usually in the form
of a cylindrical pot, with a carbon cathode in the form of a
central rod. The electrolyte is ammonium chloride in the form
of a paste next to the zinc anode. The remaining space between
the electrolyte and carbon cathode is taken up by a second
paste consisting of ammonium chloride and manganese dioxide,
the latter acting as a depolariser. In some designs, the
manganese dioxide is replaced by zinc chloride.
 Principle
POTENTIOMETER

Potentiometer is a device used to compare the e.m.f.

(electromotive force) of two cells, to measure the internal
resistance of a cell, and potential difference across a resistor.
It consists of a long wire of uniform cross-sectional area and of
10 m in length. The material of wire should have a high
resistivity and low temperature coefficient. The wires are
stretched parallel to each other on a wooden board. The wires
are joined in series by using thick copper strips. A metre scale
is also attached on the wooden board.
The potentiometer works on the principle that when a constant
current flows through a wire of uniform cross sectional area,
potential difference between its two points is directly
proportional to the length of the wire between the two points.
 Theory
Potentiometer
Potentiometer is a device used to measure the internal resistance of a cell,
to compare the e.m.f. of two cells and potential difference across a resistor.
It consists of a long wire of uniform cross sectional area and of 10 m in
length. The material of wire should have a high resistivity and low
temperature coefficient. The wires are stretched parallel to each other on a
wooden board. The wires are joined in series by using thick copper strips. A
meter scale is also attached on the wooden board.
It works on the principle that when a constant current flows through a wire of
uniform cross sectional area, potential difference between its two points is
directly proportional to the length of the wire between the two points.
Relation between e.m.f., potential difference, and internal resistance of
a cell
If a cell of e.m.f E and internal resistance r, connected to an external
resistance R, then the circuit has the total resistance (R+r). The current I in
the circuit is given by,

or
Hence,
This means, V is less than E by an amount equal to the fall of potential
inside the cell due to its internal resistance.

From the above equation,

Or; The internal resistance of the cell,
Using a potentiometer, we can adjust the rheostat to obtain the balancing
lengths l1 and l2 of the potentiometer for open and closed circuits
respectively.

4V

- A +
Rh
K1

A B
1.5V
K2

RB G
K3
R

Then, E= k l1 and V = k l2 ; where k is the potential gradient along the

wire.
Now we can modify the equation for getting the internal resistance of the
given cell, by using the above relations as;
 PROCEDURE
1. Made the connections accordingly, as shown in circuit
diagram.
2. Cleaned the ends of the connecting wires with sand paper
and made tight connections according to the circuit diagram.
3. Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.
4. Checked the e.m.f. of the battery and dry cell and made
sure that e.m.f. of the battery is more than that of the dry
cell, otherwise null or balance point will not be obtained (E’ >
E).
5. Took maximum current from the battery, making rheostat
resistance small.
6. To test the correctness of the connections. (Inserted the
plug in the key K1 and noted the ammeter reading. Took out
2000 Ω resistance plug from the resistance box. Placed the
jockey first at the end P of the wire and then at the end Q.
As the galvanometer showed deflection in opposite
directions in the two cases, the connections are correct).
7. Without inserting the plug in the key K2 adjusted the
rheostat so that a null point is obtained on the fourth wire
of potentiometer.
8. Inserted the 2000 ohm plug back in its position in resistance
box and by slightly adjusting the jockey near the previously
obtained position of null point, obtained the null point
position accurately, using a set square.
9. Measured the balancing length l1 between this point and the
end P of the wire.
10. Took out the 2000 ohms plug again from the resistance box
R.B. Introduced the plugs in key K1, as well as in key K2. Took
out a small resistance (1-5 Ω) from the resistance box R
connected in parallel with the cell.
11. Slide the jockey along the potentiometer wire and obtained
null point.

12.Inserted 2000 ohms plug back in its position in R.B. and

made further adjustment for sharp null point.

12. Measured the balancing length l1 from end P.

13. Removed the plug keys at K1 and K2. Waited for some time
and for the same value of current (as shown by the
ammeter), repeat the steps 7 to 13.
14. Repeat the observations for different values of R
repeating each observation twice.
15. Record your observations as given below.
 OBSERVATION
Name SL. Shunt Balancing length of body Mean
of No Resistance

Internal Resistance
cell (Ω) (Ω)

r=(l1-l2/l2)R (Ω)
(R) Without shunt With shunt
resistance resistance

1. 2. Mean 1. 2. Mean
(cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm)

Eveready 1. 576 576 576 378 378 378 0.52

1
0.525
2. 2 576 576 576 455 455 455 0.53

Power 1. 502 502 502 325 325 325 0.54

1
cell grey 2. 502 502 502 392 392 392 0.56 0.550
2
Panasonic 1. 498 498 498 321 321 321 0.55
1
2. 498 498 498 393 393 393 0.53 0.540
2
Duracell 1. 464 464 464 295 295 295 0.57
1
2. 358 0.59
0.580
2 464 464 464 358 358
Nippo 1. 484 484 484 300 300 300 0.61
1
0.620
2. 2 484 484 484 368 368 368 0.63

Oupat 1. 525 525 525 332 332 332 0.58

1
2. 525 525 525 405 405 405 0.59 0.585
2
Pocotron 1. 485 485 485 312 312 312 0.55
1
2. 485 485 485 329 329 329 0.59 0.570
2
Power 1. 512 512 512 332 332 332 0.54
cell blue
1
2. 403 0.55
0.545
2 512 512 512 403 403
 INFERENCE
SL.NO. NAME OF THE CELL INTERNAL
RESISTANCE
1. EVEREADY 0.525
2. POWER CELL GREY 0.550
3. PANASONIC 0.540
4. POWER CELL GREY 0.580
5. NIPPO 0.620
6. OUPAT 0.585
7. POCATRON 0.570
8. POWER CELL BLUE 0.545

CONCLUSION
From the observations made by me in this project.
The best AA cell available in the market is EVEREADY.
The poorest AA cell available in the market is NIPPO.
 Precautions
1. The e.m.f. of the battery should be greater than that
of the cell.
2. For one set of observation the ammeter reading
should remain constant.
3. Current should be passed for short time only, while
finding the null point.
4. Rheostat should be adjusted so that initial null point
lies on last wire of the potentiometer.
5. Cell should not be disturbed during experiment.
6. Jockey should not be rubbed against the
potentiometer wire.
 Sources of error
1. The auxiliary battery may not be fully charged.
2. The potentiometer wire may not be of uniform cross-
section and material density throughout its length.
3. End resistances may not be zero.
4. Over heating of wires.
5. Parallax error.
6. Personal error
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eY
NU3LDYz2k
 https://www.askiitians.com/iit-jee-
electric-current/potentiometer/
 https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=42
CiOxcbCxAC&pg=PA43&lpg=PA43&dq=BEST
+aa+cell+using+potentiometer+experiment
&source=bl&ots=21B3ZH4D8I&sig=ACfU3U
1-EbtEQq
 http://notesforfree.com/2017/12/20/de
termining-the-internal-resistance-of-a-
given-primary-cell-using-cell-using-
potentiometer/
 Class XII NCERT TEXTBOOK
 PHYSICS PRACTICAL BOOK CLASS XII.