ECO-GEN: An Eco-Friendly Paper Generating Machine Utilizing Fiber Rich

Animal Manure.

Introduction

The Philippines, being considered as an agricultural country has been a home of

farm animals and seeing them around farmlands is an ordinary scene. With everyone

discussing climate change and greenhouse effect in the atmosphere, their negative

impact to the environment is undeniable. In the efforts to help the environment and

save renewable energy sources, these studies would like to concentrate on how to

increase the conversion of animal manure specifically fiber-rich ones such as cow and

carabao to an organic paper that might lessen health threat to humans and livestock as

this decomposing manure produces hydrogen sulfide, methane, ammonia, and carbon

di-oxide from the environment by using the synthetic chemicals or additives to produce

papers.

The idea of animal waste being converted to paper may not be a common idea,

animal dung, like cow and carabao can be a valuable source of cellulose for paper

manufacturing. In location like the Philippines, manure sources would be enough to

supply the demand of The process has been proven to be environmentally friendly and

could help reduce waste in areas with abundant animal resources (Stanchak, 2018).

The US livestock industry generates 1.4 billion tons of manure annually, primarily

used for crop cultivation such as organic fertilizer, but the growing preference for

confined animal feeding operations ( CAFO) is causing a mismatch between manure

production and application area ( Pagliari et al., 2019). In addition , recent studies

regarding animal manure, used as organic fertilizer, has been found to contain various
pollutants, including antibiotics, antibiotic resistance genes, persistent organic

pollutants, heavy metals, and pathogens. Pig manure contamination of Veterinary

antibiotics have rates ranged from 25% from pig to 66.6% from cows, with sulfonamides

and tetracyclines being the most common contaminants (Topi & Spahiu, 2020). In

addition, recent research suggests that even treated or composted animal manure

contains high levels of microplastics. Reportedly, microplastic concentrations found in

pig, chicken, and goat manure fertilizers, and in chicken manure compost. Interestingly,

the type and composition of polymer microplastics were very similar in the soil and

manure although color and size may vary depending its animal sources, may gradually

weather and degrade after incorporation into the soil. Compost contaminated with

animal manure could lead to soil pollution, as seen in China, where repeated application

of pig manure contributed to the presence of microplastic polymers in agricultural soil.

The environmental impact of these substances on countries is expected to potentially

pose ecological risks through manure application to agriculture (Yang et al., 2021).

Another most relevant problems that people are faced by the agriculture industry

is proper management of agricultural and animal wastes which are significant

environmental burdens. It is highly observed that beef cattle and carabao farmers breed

and fatten up heads, which are stall-fed or tethered along open fields. Manure in stall

pens is scraped and dumped in open spaces or decomposed in grazing areas. Large

feedlots and commercial cattle farms practice part or full-stall feeding. that may lead to

ground and water pollution if not utilized properly (World Bank, 2016). On the other

hand, the burning of agricultural wastes results in air pollution and emission of the

GHG. Proper management of agricultural wastes help in achieving a sustainable the

energy for waste transportation, waste reduction, decreasing in green house gases

emissions and improving separate of carbon from nature (Matsagar & Wu, 2022).

In the plight of addressing current problems regarding waste management,

converting animal manure specifically fiber-rich ones to an organic paper that might

lessen the usage of synthetic chemicals or additives just to produce papers is hereby

proposed. This kind of paper is considered eco-friendlier and more sustainable

compared to paper made from conventional wood pulp. Converting it not only help in

promoting a sustainable environment it also provide opportunities for employment

(Nishat, 2019). This kind of paper can be used for various purposes like writing, printing,

and packaging. Moreover, it will prevent the toxic decomposition of manures that may

pose a health threat to humans and the environment by limiting the production of

hydrogen sulfide, methane, ammonia, and carbon dioxide.

In creating the paper, Eco-Gen, an innovative idea that converts animal dung or

manure into usable paper will be utilized. Eco-Gen is an Arduino uno operated machine

that utilizes fiber rich manures and produce paper. This machine will have 5 stages.

Starting with blending, straining, boiling, blending and lastly, straining. that will process

a manure to a pulp then will gradually filter it after until it is ready for drying. The

machine has also five features which counterparts the stages in processing the paper.

These are blender, strainer, boiler, blending and straining.

The first process in producing the paper is blending. The manure will be put into

the container that has 3 sets of motors that contains 3 blades each set. This will blend

the manure in the water. During these stage, dung collected from different farms will be
blended to become smaller. Straining will be second phase. The blended manure will

then be strained to remove the water and have it ready for boiling to loosen up and to

soften the dung manure. Boiling the fibers is also a ways of sterilizing the mixture

before spinning and framing them into paper. After completing the third phase that is

boiling, it will then be blended again to create finer pulp. Once the mixture is blended,

the last step to do is straining to remove bigger particles. Traditionally, Screening is the

process of creating paper sheets using a framed screen, which has been unchanged

since China’s paper innovation in 105 AD. The pulp mixture is poured into a basin, and

the screen is submerged, then spread evenly and removed by hand. This will now be

formed into thin sheets and would be ready for drying (

Related Literature and Related Projects

1. Google Scholar;

2. APA Format for References

Synthesis

- Connect the relevant points from each literature.

Statement of the Problem

In continuing efforts to fight Green House Gas (GHG) and lived in a sustainable

environment, Eco-Gen will be utilized in order to create an organic paper that would be

useful for writing, business and packaging. The study will focus on finding answer to

the following questions, specifically:

following:

1.1. Recruitment and Selection;

2. What project can be develop to address the identified problems and issues?

2.1. What is the extent of compliance of the developed project to ISO 25010

3. Software Quality Standards as assessed by ECE experts in terms of?

3.1. Functional Sustainability;

3.2. Performance Efficiency;

3.3. Compatibility;

3.4. Usability;

3.5. Reliability;

3.6. Security

3.7. Portability

4. What enhancements can be made to improve the developed project?

Project highlights

- Discuss the distinct features of the projects.

Research paradigm

-IPO Diagram

Input: Problems and issues; Procedures; Alternative Solutions

Process: Project Phases such as Data Gathering; Analysis; Prototype Designing

Output: Title of your Proposal/System

1. Beneficiary. Discuss Benefits

Employees. Discuss benefits

Future Researchers. Discuss Benefits

Scope and Limitation

The study will determine the efficiency of ECO-GEN: an eco-friendly

paper generating machine utilizing fiber rich animal manure. The study is a

quantitative experimental design that would be tested in Echague, Isabela and

rated at Philippine Carabao Center, in Muñoz, Nueva Ecija to make sure that it

will be properly tested since materials (animal manure) are available at Philippine

Carabao Center. To rate the quality of both the paper, a survey will be conducted

to individuals rate the sensory qualities of the paper created compared to other

organic paper that is reading lol y available in the market.

Definition of Terms

1. Example:

Term. Definition

References
Matsagar, B. M., & Wu, K. C. W. (2022). Agricultural waste-derived biochar for
environmental management. In Biochar in Agriculture for Achieving Sustainable
Development Goals (pp. 3-13). Academic Press.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323853439000264
Nishat, A.T. (2019). Making Papers out of Elephant Dung: A Green Solution to
Recycling Industry. (n.d.). Making Papers Out of Elephant Dung: A Green Solution to
Recycling Industry.
https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.changemag-diinsider.com/blog/making-papers-out-
of-elephant-dung-a-green-solution-to-recycling-industry.amp

Pagliari, P., Wilson, M., He, Z. 2020. Animal manure production and utilization: impact of
modern concentrated animal feeding operations. Animal Manure: Production,
Characteristics, Environmental Concerns and Management. ASA Special Publication
67. Madison, WI: ASA and SSSA. P. 1-14. https://doi.org/10.2134/asaspecpub67.c1

Topi, D., & Spahiu, J. (2020). Presence of veterinary antibiotics in livestock manure in
two Southeastern Europe countries, Albania and Kosovo. Environmental Science and
Pollution Research, 27(35), 44552-44560.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-020-10341-x
Yang, J., Li, R., Zhou, Q., Li, L., Li, Y., Tu, C., … & Luo, Y. (2021). Abundance and
morphology of microplastics in an agricultural soil following long-term repeated
application of pig manure. Environmental Pollution, 272, 116028.