Reviewer

Spanish Colonial Period

Causes of Revolts

● Our love for freedom and independence

● Abuses of Spanish encomenderos
● Tribute (residence tax)
● Forced Labor (polo)
● Land gathering by the friars Basi (wine)
● Monopoly Religion

Philippine Revolts

● 15th Century Revolts

1. REVOLTS OF LAKANDULA AND SULAYMAN (TAGALOG REVOLT 1574)

- Leaders:Rajah Lakandula and Rajah Sulayman.

- Against:Spanish colonial rule in Manila.
- Context: Same year as Chinese pirate Limahong's attack on the poorly
defended Intramuros enclosure.
2. TONDO CONSPIRACY OF 1587-88 (CONSPIRACY OF THE MAHARLIKAS)

1. Nature: Plot against Spanish colonial rule.

2. Participants: Kin-related noblemen (datus) from Manila, Bulacan, and
Pampanga.
3. Objective:Resistance by Filipino nobility against Spanish authority during this
period.
3. REVOLT OF MAGALAT (1596)
1. Leader: Magalat, a Filipino rebel from Cagayan.
2. Background: Initially arrested in Manila for inciting rebellion against the
Spanish.
3. Release: Freed after urging by Dominican priests.
4. Action: Upon return to Cagayan, Magalat and his brother advocated for a
nationwide revolt against Spanish rule.

● 16th Century Revolts

1. RELIGIOUS REVOLT OF THE IGOROTS (1601)

- Ordered by: Governor-General Francisco de Tello de Guzmán.
- Purpose: Religious conversion in the Cordillera region.
- Aid: Assisted by Fr. Esteban Marin, the curate of Ilocos.
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-Approach: Marin initially attempted peaceful conversion of the Igorots to
Christianity.
- Efforts: Marin reportedly created a dictionary in Igorot dialect to facilitate
communication and advance the cause of conversion.
2. TAMBLOT'S RELIGIOUS REVOLT (1621-1622)
- Nature: Religious uprising in Bohol.
- Leader: Tamblot, a babaylan or native priest.
- Background: Jesuits arrived in Bohol in 1596, governing the island and
converting locals to Catholicism.
- Call to Return: Tamblot urged Boholanos to revert to the old native
religion, challenging the Catholic conversion led by the Jesuits.
3. BANCAO'S RELIGIOUS REVOLT (1622)
- Leader: Bancao, datu of Kan Gara in Leyte.
- Background: Initially welcomed Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, the Spanish
explorer, as a guest in 1565.
- Religious Shift: Bancao, once a baptized Christian, abandoned his faith
and, with babaylan Pagali, built a temple for a local goddess.
- Revolt: Bancao and Pagali led six towns in a revolt against Spanish
colonial rule.
- Magical Element: Pagali, using magic, attracted followers and claimed the
ability to turn Spaniards into clay by hurling bits of earth at them,
reminiscent of the Tamblot Uprising.

4. SUMUROY REBELLION (1649-50)

- Leader: Juan Ponce Sumuroy, a Waray, led the uprising in Palapag,
Northern Samar.
- Cause: Rebellion sparked on June 1, 1649, against the polo system
(pwersang pagtatrabaho) enforced in Samar.
- Polo System: The revolt protested the forced labor system, particularly
the practice of sending natives far from their hometowns for polo.
- Directive: The Manila government later directed that natives subjected to
the polo system should not be sent to distant places from their homes for
labor.
5. MANIAGO'S REVOLT (1660-1661)
- Leader: Don Francisco Maniago led the uprising.
- Trigger: Initially sparked by natives' protest against the polo (forced labor)
and bandala (tribute system).
- Evolution: Later transformed into a broader struggle for freedom from
Spanish rule.
- Weakening Factors: The rebels faced a setback due to Governor de
Lara's collaboration with Arayat chief Macapagal.
6. ILOCANO REVOLT (1661)
- Leader: Don Pedro Almazan led the Ilocos Revolt.
- Background: Part of the chain leading to the Malong Revolt.
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- Status: Almazan, an illustrious leader from Laoag, Ilocos Norte,
auto-proclaimed himself "King of Ilocos" during the revolt.
- Failed Support: Don Andres Malong's letters narrating the defeat of
Spaniards in Pangasinan and urging support from other provinces did not
gain native support.
- Fate: Almazan was captured and executed during the revolt.

7. CHINESE REVOLT 1662

- Threat: Fear of an invasion by the renowned pirate Koxinga and his
Chinese forces prompted the reinforcement of garrisons around Manila.
- Anti-Chinese Sentiment: The looming threat heightened anti-Chinese
sentiment among the local population.
- Invasion Outcome: Despite the fears, Koxinga's invasion did not
materialize.
- Massacre: In the aftermath, a tragic turn occurred as many locals, driven
by fear and animosity, massacred hundreds of Chinese individuals in the
Manila area.

8. TAPAR'S RELIGIOUS REVOLT 1663 \ PANAY REVOLT

- Leader: Tapar led the religious uprising in Panay in 1663.
- Objective: Tapar aimed to establish a religious cult in Oton, Panay.
- Claims: Attracted followers by recounting frequent conversations with a
demon.
- Outcome: Tapar and his followers engaged in a bloody skirmish against
Spanish and Filipino colonial troops.
- Fate: Tapar and his men were killed, and their corpses were impaled on
stakes as a result of the revolt.

9. ZAMBAL REVOLT 1681 - 1683

- Context: Occurred after suppressing the Malong revolt in Pangasinan.
- Chief's Conversion: Chief Tumalang, a central figure, converted to
Catholicism.
- Conflict Escalation: Zambals killed Friar Domingo Perez, a Dominican
Friar.
- Spanish Response: In response to the killing, the Spanish sent additional
troops.
- Rebel Defeat: With reinforced troops, the Spanish defeated the Zambal
rebels, concluding the revolt.
● 17th Century Revolts

1. CARAGAY REVOLT 1719

- Leader: Caragay, a Dagupan-born ladino.
- Cause: Uprising sparked by the provincial governor's false accusation of
smuggling, leading to Caragay being flogged.
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- Governor's Actions: Governor Antonio del Valle had Caragay arrested and
flogged in Nantagalan village.
- Vengeance: Caragay, vowing vengeance, organized a group that
ultimately killed Governor del Valle.
- Historical Significance: Considered a "model" for later revolts like Palaris
and Diego Silang.
- Later Involvement: In 1762, Dagupan joined the Palaris Revolt against
Spanish rule.

2. DAGOHOY'S REBELLION 1744 - 1829

- Leader: Francisco Dagohoy led the revolt in Bohol.
- Initiation: Started in 1744 and continued until 1829.
- Nature: Unique revolt primarily focused on religious customs.
- Distinction: Unlike the Tamblot Uprising, it wasn't a complete religious
rebellion but involved matters related to religious customs.
- Duration: Spanning several decades, it stands as one of the
longest-lasting revolts in Philippine history.

3. THE AGRARIAN UPRISING 1745 - 1746

- Period: 1745-1746.
- Region: Primarily in Calabarzon and Bulacan.
- Trigger: Sparked in Lian and Nasugbu, Batangas.
- Cause: Indigenous landowners revolted against Spanish friars' land
grabbing, demanding the return of ancestral lands.
- Conflict: Refusal led to riots, looting of convents, and arson of churches
and ranches.
- Investigation: Spanish officials and Ferdinand VI ordered priests to return
seized lands.
- Outcome: Priests successfully appealed, resulting in no return of lands to
native owners despite initial orders.

4. SILANG'S REBELLION 1762 - 1764

- Leaders: Diego Silang and Gabriela Silang led the revolt.
- Timeframe: 1762-1764, during the British invasion of Manila.
- Independence Declaration: On December 14, 1762, Diego Silang
declared Ilocandia's independence, naming it "Free Ilocos" with Vigan as
the capital.
- British Connection: The British, aware of the revolt, sought Silang's
assistance against the Spanish during the invasion.

5. PALARIS REVOLT 1762 - 1765

- Leader: Juan de la Cruz Palaris (Pantaleon Perez).
- Start: November 3, 1762, during the British invasion with Spain at war
with Britain.
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- Cause: Rebellion against Spanish imposition of tribute in Pangasinan.
- Duration: Lasted two years, spreading across Pangasinan and impacting
other provinces.
- Conclusion: In 1764, Spanish forces, aided by loyal Ilocanos, led by
Manuel de Azar, captured and publicly executed Palaris, marking the end
of the revolt.

6. LAGUTAO REVOLT 1787

- Cause: Ban on tobacco cultivation, combined with a smallpox epidemic.
- Affected Area: Difun and Paniqui missions.
- Impact: Christians in the area were compelled to return to the highlands
and revert to their ancient religion as a result of these hardships.

● 18th Century Revolts

1. BASI REVOLT 1807 AMBARISTO REVOLT
- Leaders: Pedro Mateo and Salarogo Ambaristo (or Pedro Ambaristo), led
the revolt in Piddig, Ilocos Norte.
- Cause: Spanning from September 16 to 28, 1807, the revolt was triggered
by the Spanish government's expropriation of basi, a sugarcane wine, in
1786.
- Background: The ban on private basi manufacture led Ilocanos to
purchase from government stores.
- Revolt Initiation: On September 16, 1807, basi-loving Ilocanos in Piddig
rose in revolt.
- Spread: The revolt extended to nearby towns, resulting in weeks of
fighting.
- Suppression: Spanish-led troops quelled the revolt on September 28,
1807, using considerable force and resulting in significant loss of life on
the rebel side.

2. THE RELIGIOUS REVOLT OF HERMANO PULE 1840 - 1841

- Leader: Apolinario de la Cruz, "Hermano Pule," led the Religious Revolt.
- Timeframe: June 1840 to November 1841.
- Religious Order: De la Cruz initiated the Confraternity of Saint Joseph in
Lucban, present-day Quezon (then Tayabas).
- Nature: One of the most famous religious revolts.
- Duration: The revolt spanned from its inception in June 1840 until its
conclusion in November 1841

NATIONALISM
- Identification with and support of our own country and its interests, especially at
the expense or exclusion of those of other countries
- A sense of belongingness to a country
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THE RISE OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM

● A wave of liberal ideas emerged and spread throughout Europe in 1869. In that time,
Carlos Maria De La Torre was the Governor General and he brought those liberal ideas
to the Philippines but he was then replace by Rafael Izquierdo as the Governor General
in 1871.
● The execution of the Filipino native priests, Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto
Zamora or otherwise known as the GOMBURZA is associated with the rise of Filipino
nationalism.

FACTORS THAT GAVE RISE TO FILIPINO NATIONALISM

● OPENING OF THE PHILIPPINES IN WORLD TRADE

- The port of Manila opening to international trade in 1834 brought significant
socio-economic changes to the Philippines, ending decades of economic
stagnation caused by Spanish monopolistic policies.
● MODERNIZATION OF THE COUNTRY
- 1839 mail service
- 1846 1st Newspaper
- 1880 Hotel De Oriente
- 1852 1st Paper Money (Philippine National Bank)
● THE OPENING OF THE SUEZ CANAL IN 1869
- The opening connected the Philippines to global trade, communication, and
travel, bringing more visitors and information to the country.
● SPREAD OF LIBERALISM
- Liberal ideas from Europe entered the Philippines as thoughts of famous political
philosophers spread through books and periodicals brought into the country by
individuals from foreign ports.
● RACIAL PREJUCIDE
- The Spaniards commonly regarded the Filipino natives as belonging to the
"inferior race" and haughtily called them as indios.
● CULTURAL CHANGES
- THE EDUCATIONAL REFORMS OF 1863 DRAMATICALLY IMPROVED THE
STANDARDS OF EDUCATION AT THE PRIMARY LEVEL.

PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT

● Happened between 1872 to 1898, most active between 1880 to 1895.

● aimed to create reforms on cultural and literary aspects rather than political through
creation of books, leaflets, and newspaper articles to educate the Filipinos about its
goals and the problems that are trying to be fixed.
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INITIATORS OF PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT

● Jose Rizal
● Graciano Lopez Jaena
● Marcelo H. Del Pilar
● Mariano Ponce
● GOMBURZA

The 1872 CAVITE MUTINY that led to the Philippine Revolution

● January 20, 1872
● Mutiny - rebellion, revolt, uprising, outrage, riot
● describes the uprising of the Filipino workers at the Cavite Arsenal due to the removal of
the priviledges:(1) exemption from tax, (2) exemption from forced labor “Polo Y Servicio”.

1872 Cavite Mutiny: Filipino Perspective

- the goal of the natives: “to get rid of the Spanish Government in the
Philippines”as they felt their rights were being abused and their dignity
downgraded.
- Spanish Reaction / Repression: immediately put down the Mutiny; arrested and
executed several people involved - as to prevent the emergence of the Philippine
Nationalism Movement.

1872 Cavite Mutiny: Spanish Perspective

- Governor-General Rafael Izquierdo - Governor-General during the 1872 Cavite

Mutiny which led to several executions, including the GomBurZa martyrs. Also
the Governor-General that replaced the liberal Carlos María de la Torre

THE MARTYRDOM OF GOMBURZA

The collective name of Gomburza refers to the 3 martyred Filipino Catholic Priests namely:

1. Fr. Mariano Gomez

2. Fr. Jose Burgos
3. Fr. Jacinto Zamora
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They were publicly executed through garrote by the Spaniards at Bagumabayan.

On February 17, 1892:Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora were executed on charges of subversion /
alleged involvement in the uprising of Cavite Mutiny.

● Death of Gomburza awakened strong feelings of anger and resentment among the
Filipinos.
● Acclaimed as true martyrs because of their commitment to religious faith and
nationalism.
● Execution of Gomburza led to the Growth of Philippine Nationalism

ARISE OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM

- Young Dr. Jose Rizal witnessed the tragic experience of Gomburza, which he then
dedicated his 2nd Book, “El Filibusterismo” in honor of the death of the three martyrs.
- These writings inspired Andres Bonifacio along with other Filipinos to establish the
Katipunan and set the Philippine Revolution in place.

PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION

● FOUNDING OF KATIPUNAN Hulyo 7, 1892

- Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro “Supremo ng Katipunan”
- “KKK” Kataas-taasang, Kagalang-galang na Katipunan
- The founding document of the katipunan:
1. CASAYSAYAN (Narrative) Pag sasaysay ng mga cadahilanan ng pag
jiualay ng Capuloang ito sa nag aanquing Yna.
2. PINAGCASUNDOAN (Covenant) Alang-alang sa manga buctot at
capusongang gaua na nanga tatala sa nangungunang casaysayan, manga
cadahilanang inahihiualay sa... nitong Sangcapuloan.
3. MGA DAQUILANG CAUTOSAN (Principal orders) Sa pag tupad
nang manga nalalaman sa nangungunang Pinagcasundoan ay ipinag uutos
namin sa boong nasasacupan ng manga Capuloang ito, na sa capanajunan
ay bibigyan nang nababagay na pangalan, at aming ipinag bibilin nang
boong pag ibig na ganapin at ipaganap ang mga sumusunod na pasiya.

- KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN - A guidebook of the Katipuneros’ rules and

principles (Emilio Jacinto)
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● CRY OF PUGAD LAWIN Agosto 23, 1896

- Andres Bonifacio and his followers gathered and swore to rebel against the
spanish government in the Philippines. Pinunit nila ang mga sedula na naging
tanda ng pagkaalipin ng mga Pilipino.
- Sedula - used for passage
● BATTLE OF IMUS - Setyembre 1, 1896
-
● THE TEJEROS CONVENTION Marso 22, 1897
- held in order to reconcile the differences between the two factions of the
Katipunan: the Magdalo, which viewed Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy as its leader,
and the Magdiwang, which gravitated towards Andres Bonifacio.
● BIAK-NA-BATO Disyembre 15, 1897
- 1. Biak-na-Bato peace truce signed in 1897 during the Philippine Revolution
against Spanish rule.
2. Objectives:
- End the revolution peacefully.
- Establish a settlement between Spanish government and Filipino
revolutionaries.
3. Terms:
- Voluntary exile of Emilio Aguinaldo and leaders to Hong Kong.
- Financial compensation from Spain to the revolutionaries.
- Emilio Aguinaldo, leader of the Philippine Revolution against Spain, exiled to
Hong Kong after the Philippine-American War.
- Captured by Americans, issued "Malolos Proclamation," and took a US allegiance
oath.
- Granted amnesty, exiled to Hong Kong, engaged in business, and advocated for
Filipino independence.
- Returned to the Philippines in 1913, solidifying his status as a national hero.

● SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR Abril 21, 1898 -Disyembre 10, 1898

1. Spanish-American War in 1898 between the US and Spain was significant for both
nations.
2. Main theaters were in the Caribbean (especially Cuba) and the Pacific (especially the
Philippines).
3. US actions: Naval blockade in Cuba, a land campaign, and signing the Treaty of Paris.
4. Treaty terms: Cuba's independence, and the US acquired Puerto Rico, Guam, and the
Philippines.
5. The Philippines faced the Philippine-American War for independence.
6. The war had profound implications, reshaping the geopolitical landscape of the late
19th and early 20th centuries.
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● TREATY OF PARIS Disymbre 10, 1898

1. Treaty of Paris (1898) marked the end of Spanish colonial rule in the Americas.
2. Recognized Cuban independence from Spain.
3. Ceded territories to the United States, including Puerto Rico, Guam, and the
Philippines.
4. Established the United States as a global player in geopolitical affairs.
5. Paved the way for future American involvement in the Philippines and other
regions.
● PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE Hunyo 12, 1898 MALOLOS REPUBLIC Enero 22,
1899
- The Proclamation of Philippine Independence, proclaimed on June 12, 1898, by
General Emilio Aguinaldo, marked the Philippines' formal declaration of
independence from Spanish colonial rule. Despite ongoing conflicts and external
challenges, the event remains a significant milestone in Philippine history.

● MALOLOS REPUBLIC Enero 22, 1899

1. Malolos Constitution (1898): Early law of the Philippines, forming the First Philippine
Republic.
2. Key points: Declared the Philippines a republic, established a presidential form,
protected civil liberties, guaranteed equality, and separated church and state.
3. Challenges led to a short-lived Malolos Republic and the introduction of the Philippine
Organic Act of 1902

The Continuing Struggle Under American & Japanese Occupation

I. American Intrusion and Colonialism

● Primary Sources
- The American Occupation of the Philippines (1898-1912) by James H.
Blount - This account describes the political conditions among the
population of the Philippine archipelago.
- Fighting in the Philippines:Authentic Original Photographs (1899) by
Frank Tennyson Neely - Photographs of the state of the Philippines at the
end of the Spanish-American War and the beginning of the
Filipino-American War.
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● Betrayal of the Americans

- Mock Battle of Manila
1. Spain and the Americans arranged a secret agreement and staged a
mock battle so the Spanish Empire can “save face”
2. Only André, Dewey, Merritt, and Jáudenes knew of the complete
plans. Filipinos fought hard for independence with no clue of the
mock battle.
a. Belgian Consul Édouard André (brokered the mock battle
plan)
b. Commodore George Dewey
c. US Admiral Wesley Merritt US Army General
d. Fermín Jáundenes Governor-General of the Philippines
- Treaty of Paris
1. Months after the mock battle, Spain and the Americans had an
agreement, which includes Spain ceding the Philippines to the
Americans.
2. Emilio Aguinaldo thought the Philippines gained independence
with the help of the Americans but they colonized the country
instead.
- Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation
1. On December 21, 1898, former US President William McKinley
issued the Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation.
2. The proclamation justifies the purchase of the Philippines, stating
that the US occupation aims to bring benefits like education, public
health, and economic development to the Filipinos. McKinley
emphasized that the Philippines are not meant for exploitation but
for development, civilization, education, and training in
self-government. He considered this a duty entrusted to the US.
- San Juan Bridge Incident and the Filipino-American War
1. On February 4, 1899, just before the Treaty of Paris ratification,
the Filipino-American War began with fighting on the San Juan
Bridge.
2. Private William Walter Grayson of the Nebraska Volunteer
Infantry Regiment shot Corporal Anastacio Felix, a Filipino
soldier.
3. In three years of war, 200,000 Filipino civilians and 4,200
Americans died. The Americans emerged victorious, continuing
their occupation of the Philippines.

● American Occupation
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- Types of Government
1. Military Government
- U. S Military Government of the Philippine Islands
2. Civil Government
- Insular Government of the Philippine Islands
3. Commonwealth Government
- Sedition Law
1. The Sedition Law, implemented in 1901 by the American colonial
government in the Philippines, was a contentious measure designed to
quell dissent and opposition to American rule. It criminalized advocating
for Philippine independence or criticizing the U.S. administration. Those
expressing anti-American sentiments or calling for self-governance risked
arrest, detention, or deportation. The law fueled tension and opposition
among Filipinos aspiring for independence, seen as a violation of freedom
of expression and political rights.

- Reconcentration law & macario sakay

1. The Reconcentration Act, linked with Mariano Sakay, was an early 1900s
policy in the American military's counterinsurgency strategy in the
Philippines. It forcibly relocated Filipino civilians to designated areas to
isolate insurgents, aiming to diminish support for guerrilla fighters against
American rule. Mariano Sakay, a Filipino leader in resistance, vehemently
opposed the act, considering it cruel and oppressive. His resistance efforts
were part of a broader struggle against American colonial rule and the
imposed policies on the Filipino population.

- Flag law
1. The Flag Law, implemented by American authorities in the colonial
period, regulated the use of the Philippine flag—a symbol of the struggle
for independence. Seeking to control its display, the law aimed to restrict
public exhibition, considering the flag a potent symbol of resistance
against American rule. Filipinos displaying the flag faced persecution,
reflecting the complexities and challenges in their quest for independence
during the American colonial era.

- Wyeb

II. Commonwealth of the Philippines

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III. Japanese Occupation and War Years