Mattu University

College of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Network Analysis and Synthesis

CHAPTER -3
Synthesis of Driving Point Functions
By Ketema. T
ketematullu@gmil.com
  One port networks
 Two port networks
 Z, Y, h , g, T and t parameters
 Relationship among 2-port parameters
Content
 Series, parallel, series-parallel, parallel-series and
cascade interconnections of two port networks

 Driving point functions (P.R.F)

 Synthesis of different classification of R-L-C elements
 What is a port?
 A port is pair of terminals connecting an electrical network or
circuit to an external circuit i.e it is a point of entry or exit for
electrical energy (voltage &current)
OR
 A pair of terminals through which a current may enter or leave a
network.

 A network having only one pair of terminals is known as one port

network

 Two-terminal devices or elements (such as resistors, capacitors,

and inductors) result in one-port networks.
 Most of the circuits/networks we have dealt with so far are two-
terminal or one-port circuits.
 Generally, Port is an access to the network and the current
entering one terminal leaves through the other terminals so that
the net current entering the port equals to zero.
 Two port Networks
 A two port network is an electrical network having two pair of
terminals to connect to an external circuit, with one pair at input
port and other at the output port (separate ports for input & output) .

 The two-port model is used to describe the performance of a

network/circuit in terms of the voltage and current at its input
and output ports.
 Two-port circuits/networks are useful in:

 Communication systems ( mobile phones)

 Control systems ( computer keyboards)

 Power systems (transmission & distribution systems)

 Electronic systems (to model transistors)

 They are also useful for facilitating cascaded design of

more complex systems.
  Restrictions on any two port networks:
 Linearity

 No independent sources within the circuit/inside the network

 No energy is stored within the network/circuit

 Current into the port must be equal to current out of the port

 All connections are to either input port or output port

 No connections are allowed between the ports( i/p-o/p)

 To characterize a two-port network, four variables/quantities are needed (I1,V1,
I2 &V2) to relate the terminals out of which two are dependent & two are
independent.
 The various terms that relate these voltages and currents are called
parameters.

 Classification of Two-Port Parameters

 Open circuit (Impedance parameters) (Z parameters)
 Short circuit (Admittance Parameter) ( y Parameter)
 Transmission or Chain Parameters (A,B,C, D parameters)
 Invers Transmission Parameters
 Hybrid Parameters ( h parameters):
 Invers Hybrid (g Parameters)
1) The impedance (Z parameters)
 Impedance parameters are commonly used in the
synthesis of filters.
 It is also useful in the design and analysis of impedance-
matching networks and power distribution networks
 Impedance parameter is driven by voltage sources

• The two dependent variables are (V1 & V2)

 Where the Z terms are called the impedance parameters, or simply Z parameters and the
values of the parameters can be evaluated by setting (input port open-circuited) or (output
port open-circuited). Thus,
 Since, the z parameters are obtained by open-circuiting the input or
output port, they are called the open-circuit impedance parameters.

𝑧11- Open-circuit input impedance

𝑧12- Open-circuit transfer impedance from port 1 to port 2
𝑧21 - Open-circuit transfer impedance from port 2 to port 1
𝑧22 -open circuit out put impedance
2) Admittance or Y- parameters
 Known as short circuit parameters
 Admittance parameters are commonly used in the
synthesis of filters and power distribution networks.

 The terminal currents are expressed in terms of the

terminal voltages ( i.e. it is driven current sources)
 For a two-port network that is linear and has no dependent
sources, the transfer admittances are equal (𝑦12 = 𝑦21).
So, the two dependent sources are given as follows:
In matrix form :

 The values of the parameters can be determined by setting 𝑣1 = 0 (input port

short-circuited) or 𝑣2 = 0 (output port short-circuited). Thus,
𝒚𝟏𝟏 is the input admittance seen looking into port 1 when port 2 is shorted.
𝒚𝟏𝟐 is a transfer admittance. It is the ratio of the current at port 1 to the voltage
at port 2 when port 1 is shorted.
𝒚𝟐𝟏 is a transfer impedance. It is the ratio of the current at port 2 to the voltage
at port 1 when port 2 is shorted.

𝒚𝟐𝟐 is the output admittance seen looking into port 2 when port 1 is shorted.

The impedance and admittance parameters are collectively

referred to as immittance parameters.
3) Transmission (chain) parameters (ABCD parameters)
 Since there are no restrictions on which terminal voltages and currents
should be considered independent and which should be dependent
variables, we expect to be able to generate many sets of parameters.
 It is another set of parameters that relates the variables at the input
port to those at the output port.
Thus,
 The above equations relate the input variables (V1 and I1) to the
output variables (V2 and – I2 ).
 Notice that in computing the transmission parameters, -I2 is used rather
than I2, because the current is considered to be leaving the network as
shown in figure above.
 It provide s a measure of how a circuit transmits voltage and current
from a source to a load.
 They are useful in the analysis of transmission lines (such as cable and
fiber) because they express sending-end variables (𝑣1 and 𝐼1) in terms
of the receiving-end variables (𝑣2 and -𝐼2 ).For this reason, they are
called transmission parameters OR known as ABCD parameters.
 They are also used in the design of telephone systems, microwave
networks, and radars.
 The transmission parameters are determined as follows:

 A and D are dimensionless, B is in ohms, and C is in Siemens.

 Since the transmission parameters provide a direct relationship between input
and output variables, they are useful in cascaded networks.
 4) Inverse Transmission parameters
 The parameters may be defined by expressing the variables at the
output port in terms of the variables at the input port.
 The dependent variables are V2 & I2 and given as follows:

OR
• The parameters a, b, c, and d are called the inverse transmission,
or t, parameters and they are determined as follows:
a = Open-circuit voltage gain

b = Negative short-circuit transfer impedance

c = Open-circuit transfer admittance

d = Negative short-circuit current gain

5) Hybrid Parameters (h parameters):
 The z and y parameters of a two-port network do not always exist.
So, there is a need for developing another set of parameters.

 This third set of parameters is based on making 𝑣1 and 𝐼2 the

dependent variables.

 It is the combination of both Z & Y parameters

Thus, we obtain :

In matrix form:
 The values of the h- parameters are determined as follows:
 6) Inverse Hybrid (g-parameters)
 A set of parameters closely related to the h parameters are
the g parameters or inverse hybrid parameters. These are
used to describe the terminal currents and voltages.
 The dependent variables are I1 & V2 and given as follows
 The values of the g- parameters are determined by
opening the o/p port ( I2 =0) and shorting the i/p
port (V1 = 0) as follows:

 The g parameters are frequently used to model field- effect

transistors (FET).
Example
Example 1:

Find Z-parameters for the circuit shown below.

Solution: Apply KVL to each loop:
Applying KVL to loop 1:
𝑉1 = 𝑧𝑖1𝑖1 + 𝑧2(𝑖1+ 𝑖2)
= (𝑧1 +𝑧2) 𝑖1 + 𝑧2𝑖2..........i
KVL for loop 2:
𝑣2 = 𝑧3𝑖2 + 𝑧2(𝑖1 + 𝑖2)
𝑣2 = 𝑧2𝑖1 + (𝑧2 +𝑧3) 𝑖2......ii

 Comparing the equations( i & ii) with Z –parameters:

Example 2: Obtain Z-parameters for the circuit shown below :

Solution: Apply KVL to each loop:

KVL to loop1: 𝑉1 = 3𝑖1 - 2𝑖3 ....................1

KVL to loop2: 𝑉2 = 2𝑖2 + 2𝑖3....................2

KVL to loop3: -2𝐼1+ 2𝐼2+ 5𝑖3 = 0.............3

2 2
Solving for 𝑖3 = 5 𝑖1 - 5 𝑖2 .............. *

Substituting 𝑖3 value into equations(1&2):

=
𝑉1 = 11 𝑖1 + 4 𝑖2 .................................4
5 5

𝑉2 = 4 𝑖1 + 6 𝑖2 ...................................5
5 5
 Comparing eqns (4&5) with -Z- parameter equations we have:
 11 4
5 5
Final answer
4 6
5 5

Exercise 1 Find open circuit parameters for the circuit shown below:
Given the following circuit. Determine the Z parameters.

Exercise 2
 Example 3: Test the results for a two port network having the following data:

port 1 open circuited port 2 open circuited

𝐼1 = 0.1 0𝑜A
𝐼2 = 0.1 0 𝑜A
𝑣1 = 5.2 50𝑜v
𝑣1 = 3.1 −80𝑜 v
𝑣2 = 4.1 −25𝑜 v
𝑣2 = 4.2 60𝑜v

Obtain the Z- parameters

Solution: From Z-parameters: 𝑣1 = 𝑍11𝐼1 + 𝑍12𝐼2......................i

𝑣2 = 𝑍21𝐼1 + 𝑍22𝐼2 .....................ii

Final answer
Example 4 : Find Y-parameters for the circuit shown below and
comment on symmetry and reciprocity of circuit.

Solution: From the input port:

𝑣1−𝑣3
𝐼1 = = 𝑣1 − 𝑣3 ........................................i
1
Applying KCL at node 3:
𝑣3 𝑣3_𝑣2 𝑣2
𝐼1 = + = 𝑣3 - .................................ii
2 2 2
Applying KCL at node 2:
𝑣2
𝐼2 = + 𝑣2_𝑣3 = 3
𝑣2 -
𝑣3
...........................iii
4 2 4 2
• Substituting eqn i into eqn ii and solving for 𝑣3:
𝑣1 𝑣2
𝑣3 = + .....................................................iv
2 4
• Substituting eqn (iv) into equations (ii & iii ) respectively:

𝑣1 𝑣2 𝑣2 𝑣1 𝑣2
𝐼1 = + - = - ...................v
2 4 2 2 4

3 1 −𝑣1 5𝑣2
𝐼2 = 𝑣2 - 𝑉1
+ 𝑣2 = + ...........vi
4 2 2 4 4 8

From y-parameters: 𝐼1 = 𝑌11𝑉1 + 𝑌12𝑉2......................*

𝐼2 = 𝑌21𝑉1 + 𝑌22𝑉2 ....................**

• Comparing the last two equations with y-parameters:
1 −1
2 4
= −1 5
Final answer
4 8 The circuit is Reciprocal ( b/ce 𝑦12 = 𝑦21)
 Exercise
Find Y-parameters for the circuit shown below and comment on
symmetry and reciprocity of circuit.

Example 1 : Find hybrid parameters for the circuit shown below and comment on
symmetry and reciprocity of circuit
 Solution: Apply KVL to each loop

Substituting equation (iii) into equations (i & ii) respectively:

Substituting equation (v) into equation (iv) :
 Comparing equations(v & vi) with h- parameters:

The network/circuit is reciprocal (since h𝟏𝟐 = − h𝟐𝟏 )

Non symmetrical (since h𝟏𝟏 h𝟐𝟐 − h𝟐𝟏 h𝟏𝟐 ≠1)
Example 2:
Two sets of measurements are made on a two port resistive circuit. The
first set made with port 2 open and the second set is made with port 2
shorted and the results are as follows:

port 2 open port 2 short circuited

𝑣1 = 10mV 𝑣1 = 24mV
𝐼1= 10𝜇A 𝐼1 = 20𝜇A
𝑣2= -40V 𝐼2 = 1mA
Find the h-parameters of the network
Solution:
𝑣1 = ℎ11𝐼1 + ℎ12𝑣2......................i
𝐼2 = ℎ21𝐼1 + ℎ22𝑣2 .....................ii
From Short-circuit test (i.e 𝑣2 = 0)

• Again open circuit test (i.e 𝐼2 = 0)

−50∗10∗10−6
0 = ℎ21𝐼1 + ℎ22𝑣2 ℎ22 = = 12.5𝜇S
−40
 Also, for ℎ12 value, subs the values into equation (i)
From the open circuit test:
10mV = 1.2*103 *10 ∗ 10−6 + ℎ12(-40)
solving for ℎ12:
−3 −3
10∗10 −12∗10
ℎ12 = = 5 ∗ 10 −5
−40
Therefore, the h-parameters becomes:

= 1.2𝑘Ω 5 ∗ 10−5
50 12.5𝜇𝑆
Exercise1: In the two port network shown below, compute the h
parameters having the following data:

Out put port short circuited input port open circuited

V1 = 25v V1 = 10v
I1 = 1A V2 = 50V
I2 = 2A I2 = 2A

Exercise2: Find h- parameters for the circuit below:

Example 1: Two sets of measurements are made on a two
port resistive circuit. The first set made with port 2 open and
the second set is made with port 2 shorted and the results are
as follows:

port 2 open circuited

port 2 short circuited
𝑣1 = 20mV
𝑣1 = 10V
𝐼1= 0.25𝜇A
𝐼1 = 200𝜇A
𝑣2= -5V
𝐼2 = 50 𝜇 A

Find the g-parameters of the network

Solution: From g-parameters we have:
𝐼1 = 𝑔11𝑣1 + 𝑔12𝐼2......................i
𝑣2 = 𝑔21𝑣1 + 𝑔22𝐼2.....................ii
 From the short circuit test:

Solving for 𝑔22:

• For the value of 𝑔12, consider the short circuit terms:

𝑔12 = 75 = 1.5
50
 cont’d...
Exercise determine the -g- parameters in the s domain
for the network below.
 Cont’d...
Example 1 : Find transmission parameters for the
circuit shown below and comment on symmetry
and reciprocity of circuit.

Solution: Apply KVL to each loop:

 Cont’d....

The Circuit is NOT reciprocal (since AD-BC ≠ 1) Not symmetrical (since A ≠ D)

 Cont’d....
Exercise
• Find ABCD parameters for the circuit shown
below and comment on symmetry and
reciprocity of circuit
 Reciprocal and Symmetrical two port Networks
• For a reciprocal circuit, the interchange of an ideal
voltage source at one port with an ideal ammeter at
the other port produces the same ammeter reading.
• The effect of reciprocity on the two-port parameters is
given by:
𝑧12 = 𝑧21 𝑦12 = 𝑦21
ℎ12 = −ℎ12 𝑔12 = −𝑔12
AD-BC = 1= ∆ T ad-bc = 1 = ∆t
Reciprocal two port circuit is symmetric if its ports
can be interchanged without disturbing the values
of the terminal currents and voltages
• The effect of symmetricty on the two-port
parameters is given by:
𝑧11 = 𝑧22 𝑦11 = 𝑦22
A=D a=d

ℎ11ℎ22 − ℎ12ℎ21 = 1 = ∆h
𝑔11ℎ22 − 𝑔12ℎ21 = 1 = ∆𝑔
 Relation ships among two port networks

• Since the six sets of parameters relate the same

input and output terminal variables of the same
two-port network, they should be interrelated.
• If two sets of parameters exist, it is possible to
relate one set to the other set.
Example 1: Express y-parameters in terms of z- parameters:
Solution:

OR

From y- parameters we have:

 • Since z is the inverse of y or vice versa

This means:
=

Where,

Equating like terms from the two parameters:

 Cont’d....

Example 2 :Determine the h parameters from the z parameters.

Solution: From z- parameters we have:

..........i
Also, from h –parameters we have:

........ii
 cont’d....
• The final answer is :

This means:
General Conversion of two port parameters
Solution
 Inter-connection of two port networks
• A large, complex network may be divided into sub-
networks for the purposes of analysis and design.

• The two-port networks may therefore be regarded as

building blocks that can be interconnected to form a
complex network ( or large network).

• Also to know the behavior/properties of their inter-

connection

• To differentiate the dependent and independent

variables for each two port network
• There are five ways of two port network inter-
connections:
i). Series-series connection –z-parameters
ii).parallel-parallel connection –y- parameters

iii).Series-parallel connection –h-parameters

iv).parallel-series connection –g-parameters

v).cascade connection-T- or - t-parameters

 SERIES – SERIES CONNECTION
• When two-ports are connected in a series-series
configuration, the best choice of two port parameter is the
z-parameters.

• The z-parameters of the combined network are

found by matrix addition of the two individual z-
parameter matrices.

i.e.
 Parallel-parallel connection

• When two-ports are connected in a parallel-parallel

configuration, the best choice of two port parameter is
the y-parameters.

• The y-parameters of the combined network are found by

matrix addition of the two individual y-parameter
matrices.

i.e.
 Series- parallel connection
• Two -port networks with input ports connected in series
and output ports connected in parallel.

• The h-parameters of the combined network are found by

matrix addition of the two individual h-parameter matrices

i.e.
 parallel-series connection
• Two -port networks with input ports connected
in parallel and output ports connected in series.

• The g-parameters of the combined network are

found by matrix addition of the two individual
g-parameter matrices.

i.e. [g] = [g]1 +[g]2

For derivation and circuit diagram(refer)

 Cascade connection
• Two port networks are said to be cascaded when
the output of one port is the input for the other.

Cascade connection of two two-port networks.

Cont’d....

..............1

................2

..................3
• Re-arranging the equations (1,2 &3) we have:

.............4
.The final expression becomes:

• so, the transmission parameters for the overall network

are the product of the transmission parameters for the
individual transmission parameters.
i.e. ...........5
Synthesis of Positive Real Functions
𝑁(𝑠 )
 Any function which is written in the form of Z(s) =
𝐷(𝑠 )

is known as a positive real function .

i.e.

• Z(s) should give real values for all real values of s.

• Z(s) should be a Hurwitz polynomial.

Where, 𝑁(𝑠) – the numerator of Z(s)

D(s) - the denominator of Z(s)

• The summation of two or more positive real function is
also a positive real function but in case of the difference
it may or may not be positive real function.
 General properties of positive real Functions

The constant K must be real and positive.

m–n ≤ 1 ( i. e the lowest powers of numerator
and denominator must differ by 1).
If Z(s) is positive real function then reciprocal of
F(s) should also be positive real function.
Poles and zeros must be either real or appear in
conjugate pairs.
Poles and zeros must lie on the left-hand half-
plane or on the imaginary axis.

Poles on the imaginary axis must be simple and

must have positive, real residues.
Re{Z(jω)} ≥ 0
The function Z(s) must be rational function in s-
domain with real and positive coefficients
 Synthesis of driving point functions of passive elements
(using partial fraction expansion)

i).Synthesis of driving point L-C immitance (𝒛𝒍𝒄(𝒔) or 𝒚𝒍𝒄(𝒔))

 𝑧𝑙𝑐(𝑠) or 𝑦𝑙𝑐(𝑠) is the ratio of odd to even or even to odd

polynomials.

 The poles and zeros are simple and lie on the j𝜔 axis

 The poles and zeros interlace on the j𝜔 axis.

 Cont’d....
There must be either a zero or a pole at the origin
and infinity.

The highest powers of the numerator and

denominator must differ by unity; the lowest
powers also differ by unity.

They have same property.

 Cont’d....
• The partial fraction expansion of L-C immitance
is expressed as follows:

........i

• From this expression, associate the network

elements (inductor & capacitor) on the network.

• The above expression contains the series and

parallel tank circuits.
 Cont’d...
If Z(s) is an impedance(𝑧𝑙𝑐(𝑠)):
𝑘𝑜 1
• then the term represents a capacitor of
𝑠 𝑘
farads. 𝑜
• the K(infinite)s is an inductance of K(infinite)
henrys.
2𝑘𝑖
• The term is a parallel tank circuit that
𝑠 2𝑠+𝜔𝑖 2
1
consists of a capacitor of farads in parallel
2𝑘
with an inductor of 2𝑘 henrys.
𝑖
𝑖 2
𝜔𝑖
 Cont’d....
• The values of inductors and capacitors are put
on the network as follows:
 cont’d...
If Z(s) is an admittance(𝑦𝑙𝑐(𝑠)):
𝑘𝑜 1
• then the term represents an inductor of
𝑠 𝑘
henrys. 𝑜
• the K(infinite)s is a capacitance of K(infinite)
farads.
2𝑘𝑖
• The term is transformed in to a series
𝑠 2𝑠+𝜔𝑖 2
1
circuit that consists of an inductor of henrys
2𝑘
in series with a capacitor of 2𝑘 farads.𝑖
𝑖 2
𝜔𝑖
 Example 1
𝑠(𝑠2+2)(𝑠2+4)
• Synthsis the function 𝑧𝑙𝑐(𝑠) =
(𝑠2+1)(𝑠2+3)

Solution: minimize the function and obtain the

constants/residues using partial fraction expansion

(Refer the class notes)

 Cont’d....
Remainder
2𝑠3+5𝑠
𝑧𝑙 𝑐 (𝑠 = s + rational function
(𝑠2+1)(𝑠2+3)
)

Quotient
Decomposing the function and determining the constants:

𝐴𝑠+𝐵 𝐶𝑠+𝐷
𝑧𝑙𝑐 (𝑠 = + = 2𝑠3 + 5𝑠
𝑠 2 +1 𝑠2+3
)

3 1
Solving this: A = ,B=D=0,C =
2 2
 Cont’d....
Now, the function becomes:
3𝑠 1𝑠
2
𝑧𝑙𝑐 𝑠 = s + + 2
....................i
𝑠 2 +1 𝑠 2 +3
• The values of the elements are given as follows:

k∞ = 1H
co = 0F series connection

L1 = 23 H
L2 = 16 H parallel connection

C1 = 𝟐𝟑F
C2 = 2F
 Cont’d...
If the function is an admittance(𝑦𝑙𝑐(𝑠)):
k∞ = 1F Parallel connection
Lo = 0H

2
L1 = 3
H
𝟑
C1 = F series connection
𝟐
L2 = 2H
C2 = 16 H F
Exercise: Synthesis the ff L-C immitance functions:

2(𝑠2+1)(𝑠2+9)
i). Y(s) =
𝑠(𝑠2+4)

𝑠(𝑠2+2)(𝑠2+10)
ii). 𝑦(𝑠) =
(𝑠2+1)(𝑠2+9)

• The L-C immitance networks synthesised by the

partial fraction expansion are known as Foster type
Network/ synthesis.
 Cont’d...
• The d.p. immittance must be of one of the four types:
 ii).Synthesis of driving point R-C Impedance(𝒛𝑹𝒄(𝒔) )

• The poles and zeros lie on the negative real axis

• 𝑧𝑅𝑐(𝑠) or 𝑦𝑅𝐿(𝑠) is the ratio of odd to even or
even to odd polynomials.

• The residues of the poles must be real & positive

• All the properties of 𝑧𝑅𝑐(𝑠)impedances are same
as the properties of 𝑦𝑅𝐿(𝑠)admittances
 Cont’d...
The partial fraction expansion of R-C impedances or
RL admittances is given by:

𝑘𝑜 𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑘𝑛
F(s) = + k∞ + + +............+ .....i
𝑠 𝑠+𝜎1 𝑠+𝜎2 𝑠+𝜎 𝑛

series circuit parallel circuit

• This expression contains series and parallel circuits

 Cont’d...
• If the above expression (i) is an impedance, ZRC(s):
Then, Ro = k∞Ω
1
Co = 𝑘 F series circuit
𝑜
C1 = 𝑘1 F
1
C2 = 1 F ......
𝑘2
𝐾1
R1 = H parallel circuit
𝜎1
𝐾2
R2 = H ....
𝜎2
 Cont’d....

ZRC(s)
 Cont’d...
If the above expression (i) is an admittance, yRL(s):
1
R𝑜 = Ω
𝑘∞
1
Lo = 𝑘 F parallel circuit
𝑜
L1 = 𝑘1
1 H
1
L2 = H ......
𝑘2
𝜎1
R1 = series circuit
𝑘1
𝜎2
R2 = Ω .......
𝑘2
 Cont’d...
• The network in-terms of R-L admittance becomes:

Example: Synthsis the function 𝑧𝑅𝑐(𝑠) = 4(𝑠+1)(𝑠+3)

𝑠(𝑠+2)
Solution: obtain the constants/residues
 Cont’d....
• Using the partial fraction expansion:
8𝑠+12 𝐴 𝐵
𝑧𝑅𝑐(𝑠) = 4+ 𝑠(𝑠+2)
=4+
𝑠
+
𝑠+2
= 8s+12
Solving for the constants:
A =6,B=2
Now, the function becomes:

6 2
𝑧𝑅𝑐 (𝑠 = 4 + +
𝑠 𝑠+2
)

(For circuit diagram, refer the class)

 iii).Synthesis of driving point R-L impedance
and R-C admittance
• They have same properties and partial fraction
expansion.
• The poles and zeros are located on the negative
real axis/left half –s- plane.
• The resides/constants of the poles must be real
and negative.
• Their partial fraction expansion is given by:

𝑘1𝑠 𝑘 2𝑠 𝑘𝑛
F(s) = ko + k∞𝑠 + + +............+ .....i
𝑠+𝑝1 𝑠+𝑝2 𝑠+𝑝 𝑛
 Cont’d....
If the function F(s) is an impedance ZRL(s):
Ro = ko Ω
L = k∞H Series circuit
R1 = K1 Ω
R2 = k2 Ω.........
𝑘1
L1 = H Parallel circuit
𝑝1
𝑘2
L2 = H .........
𝑝2
 Cont’d...
If the function F(s) is an admittancance yRC(s):
1
Ro = Ω
𝐾𝑜
c = k∞F parallel circuit
1
R1 = Ω
𝐾1
1
R2 = .........
𝐾2
𝑘1
c1 = H series circuit
𝑝1
𝑘2
c2 = H .........
𝑝2
Example: let ZRL(s) = 2(𝑠+1)(𝑠+3) then, synthesis
(𝑠+2)(𝑠+6)
the function.