Important Points from RA 1425

COVERAGE:
1. Introduction to the Rizal Subject  Re-dedication of the ideals of freedom and
2. 19th Century Philippines as Rizal’s nationalism
Context  Honoring the national hero and patriot, Jose
3. RIzal’s Life: RIzal’s Family, Childhood Rizal-remember with special fondness and
and Early Education devotion the lives and works that have shaped
4. Higher Education of J.P. Rizal the national character
 Life, works and writings of Jose Rizal
INTRODUCTION TO THE RIZAL SUBJECT particularly his novels Noli Me Tangere and El
Do you agree that Rizal should be our National Filibusterismo, should be a constant and
Hero? inspiring source of patriotism.
 Instill values of moral character, civic
The National Commission for Culture and the Arts conscience, personal discipline and duties of
(NCCA; 2002) was clear in its stance that “no law, citizenship.
executive order or proclamation has been enacted
or issued officially proclaiming any Filipino Section 1
historical figure as a national hero. Even Jose Rizal,
considered the greatest among the Filipino heroes,  Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo
was not explicitly proclaimed as a national o shall be included in the curricula of all
hero.” The reverence he now receives from the schools, colleges and universities public
people is a “tribute and recognition” to our country’s or private.
social transformation. o In the collegiate courses, the original or
unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me
Why study Rizal? Tangere and El Filibusterismo shall be
Rizal Law - Republic Act 1425 used as basic texts.

1) to include in the curriculum of students in all Section 2

levels in the Philippines, the study of the life, works,
and writings of Jose Rizal, who in 1901 was  It shall be obligatory on all schools, colleges
selected by the Taft Commission to be the and universities to keep in their libraries an
Philippines' National Hero. adequate number of copies of the original and
expurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere
2) to present a nationalistic example done by Rizal and El Filibusterismo.
so that all students from all levels would possess a  Also Rizal’s other works and biography.
stronger sense of nationalism, which during that  The said unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me
period, (1950's) is experiencing unprecedented Tangere and El Filibusterismo or their
challenges preceding the war from which the translations in English as well as other writings
Philippines, and its people have suffered both of Rizal shall be included in the list of
politico-economic and cultural challenges. approved books for required reading in all
public or private schools, colleges and
- mandates all educational institutions in the universities.
Philippines to offer courses about Jose Rizal  All schools, colleges and universities are
obligated to have adequate number of copies
Author: Claro M. Recto of Rizal’s two novels and his other literacy
pieces.
Sponsored the Bill in the Senate:
Jose P. Laurel Section 3

Signed:  The National Board of Education is assigned

June 12,1956 to translate Rizal’s writings into English,
Tagalog and other principal Philippine dialects.
Full Name  cause them to be printed in cheap, popular
editions
An act to include in the curricula of all public and  cause them to be distributed, free of charge,
private schools, colleges and universities courses to persons desiring to read them, through the
on the life, works and writings of Jose Rizal, Purok organizations and the Barrio Councils
particularly his novels Noli Me Tangere and El throughout the country.
Filibusterismo, authorizing the printing and
distribution thereof, and for other purposes.
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 Section 4 thus virtually brought the country closer to
Spain.
 Nothing in this Act shall be construed as  Huge advantage in commercial enterprises
amendment or repealing section nine hundred  expedited the importation
twenty-seven of the Administrative Code.  encouraged the Ilustrados to pursue education
 prohibits the discussion of religious doctrines abroad.
by public school teachers and other person
engaged in any public school The RIse of the Export of Crop Economy

Section 5 After the Galleon Trade, the export and import

industry had open more doors for foreign markets.
 A fine of three hundred pesos is issued if the
act was violated.  Sugar, Manila hemp, coffee
 This expanded access to foreign markets and
Significance sources of imports
 North European and North Merchants
 It arouse Filipino nationalism
 Makes the Filipino people remember who they 1830 - growth of export economy from the British
are and that they have their own identity as a and American merchants
nation
Philippines exported agricultural products resulting
Rizal as a Hero to the growth and profit of Filipino hacienderos and
inquilinos of the friar haciendas.
1. Performed outstanding deeds - used the pen
to fight Economic Development as a whole is a non-
2. Risked his very being for the sake of his Spanish initiative.
countrymen - he waged a non-violent crusade
against the oppressors of his countrymen Social Context
3. He is a victim - suffered political martyrdom
The Filipinos in the 19th century had suffered from
19TH CENTURY PHILIPPINES AS RIZAL’S FEUDALISTIC AND MASTER SLAVE
CONTEXT RELATIONSHIP by the Spaniards. Their social
structure is ranked into three groups:
19TH CENTURY (1801-1900)
 “birth of modern life”  Highest Class
 “birth of many nation-states around the  Middle Class
globe”  Lowest Class
 “massive changes in different nations
(Europe. Spain, etc) Highest Class

ECONOMIC CONEXT The people that belong in this class include the
SOCIAL CONTEXT Spaniards, peninsulares and the friars. They
POLITICAL CONTEXT have the power and authority to rule over the
(PHILIPPINE SETTING) Filipinos. They enjoyed their positions and do what
they want.
Economic Context
The Galleon Trade The Peninsulares (Spaniards who were
born in Spain). They held the most
 Manila to Acapulco, Mexico important government jobs, and made up
 1565 to 1815 the smallest number of the population.
 “Manila became a trading hub”
 There were intercultural exchanges between The Friars are members of any of certain
Asia, Spanish America, Europe and Africa religious orders of men, especially the four
mendicant orders (Augustinians, Carmelites,
The Opening of Suez Canal Dominicans, and Franciscans)

 With the opening of the Suez Canal, the

distance of travel between Europe and the
Philippines was considerably abbreviated and

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 Middle Class University of Santo Tomas

The people that belongs into this class includes the

natives, mestizos and the criollos.
The Native Population

PRINCIPALIA - they are the rich

landowners; local gov’t officials

ILLUSTRADO - educated middle-class

Common People or Masses - they are the

majority of the class; workers

Lowest Class

 this class includes the Filipinos only.

 The Indios are the poor people having pure
blood Filipino which are ruled by the Spaniards. Religious Influence

Political Context  Religious Orders played a dominant part in

Philippine life.
 Spain has no consistent policy for the  Government relied heavily on the friars to
overseas colonies. maintain Spanish power.
 Philippines was used as a dumping ground to  Secularization issue between the regular and
reward Spanish officials. secular clergy (Filipino parish priests vs.
 Rampant corruption in the government Dominicans, Augustinians, Recollects and etc.)
 Governor-general was the chief executive  Cavite Mutiny that led to the execution of
with the widest of powers. GOMBURZA (Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomez
 1860 spread of education - rise of Ilustrados and Jacinto Zamora) in Bagumbayan.
 1859 - Ateneo Municipal rub by the Jesuits
 1865 - Escuela Normal de Maestros RIZAL’S LIFE: RIZAL’S FAMILY, CHILDHOOD
 Humanistic Education in literature, science AND EARLY EDUCATION
and philosophy Dr. Jose Rizal
 Experience of Filipino students in Spain
Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado Alonso y
Realonda
Ateneo Municipal de Manila  Birthdate: June 19, 1861
 Birth Place: Calamba, Laguna
 Nuestra Señora dela Paz y Buen Viaje
(Mahal na Birhen ng Antipolo) - A Patron
Saint whom Rizal was dedicated to by her
mother.
 Baptismal date: June 22, 1861 (Catholic
Church of Calamba)
 Father Rufino Collantes of Batangas
baptized Rizal.
 Father Pedro Casanas became his
godfather.
 Born around 11pm - 12 midnight
 His parents were originally from Biñan.
They rented a place in Calamba to start a
new life with his siblings.
 Donya Lolay struggled to give birth to
Rizal because of his immense head size.
 Rizal was the 7th child and 2nd son among
the 11 children of their parents.
 He is named “Jose” after St. Joseph whom
his mother patterned with.
 A polyglot
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 A Many-Splendored Genius  Came to the Philippines and married a half-
chinese lady named Ines de la Rosa in late
Physician (Ophthalmic Surgeon), poet, dramatist, 16th century
essayist, novelist, historian (accounts, manuscript  He took the last name Mercado in early 17th
were put into timetable), architect, painter, sculptor, century
educator (established a school for boys in Dapitan),  Mercado means Market
linguist, musician, naturalist (one that studies the
origin of things or wildlife), ethnologist (expert in
society and culture of people), surveyor (licensed Domingo Lam-Co Ines Dela Rosa
land surveyor), engineer (structured the waterways
in Dapitan), farmer businessman (like his father) Francisco Mercado Bernarda Monicha

Economist, geographer (sketches and particularly Juan Mercado Cirila Alejandro

sites maps and globes), cartographer (creates
maps out of illustrations and drawings), bibliophile,
philologist (understanding the history of planets), Francisco Mercado
grammarian, folklorist, philosopher, translator, (Rizal’s Father)
inventor, magician, humorist, satirist, polemicist
(expert on arguments), sportsman, traveler, and
prophet (foreseen/envision/dream of the life that’s  Francisco Mercado, by the continuing decree
about to happen- The Story of the Moth, “Magiging and the Spaniard’s growing hostility towards
dakila ako at ipagtatayo ako ng rebulto”). the Mercados, changed his surname to Rizal.
 Rizal means greenfield.
Family Tree of RIzal’s Family
Teodora Alonso Realonda

 Mother of Rizal
 November 8, 1826 in Santa Cruz, Manila
 “A loving and prudent mother”
 Studied at the College of Santa Rosa
 Has fondness at learning that influenced her
children to love education. It came to the
extent that they had a library full of thousands
of books.
 Because of her refined culture and literary
talents, she influenced her children to love the
arts and literature.
 Her love was close and special towards Rizal
as their 2nd son
 Rizal was considered a mama’s boy
Parents and Ancestors of Rizal  “Donya Lolay”
Francisco Mercado Rizal

 Father of RIzal Eugenio Ursua Benigna

 May 11, 1818 in Biñan, Laguna
 “A model of Fathers” Regina Ursua Manuel De Quintos
 Farmer Businessman
 A Lieutenant in their place- became teniente Brigida Quintos Lorenzo Alberto Alonso
gobernadorcillio (lieutenant governor in
Calamba: “Tiniente Kikoy”
 Was able to build a stoned house Teodora Alonso Y Quintos
 Studied Latin and Philosophy at the COllege of (Rizal’s Mother)
San Jose
 At his 40s when they had Rizal
 Loving father

Domingo Lam-co (Rizal’s Ancestry)

 Rizal Family’s Paternal Ascendant

 A full-blood Chinese from Amoy, China
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 The Rizal Siblings 8. Concepcion Rizal (1862-1865)
1. Saturnina Rizal (1850-1913)
 The eighth child
 Eldest child of the Rizal-Alonzo marriage  Also known as “Concha”
 Financed Jose’s studies.  Died at the age of three
 Married Manuel Timoteo Hidalgo of Tanauan  Her death was the first heartbreaking moment
Batangas. of Rizal.
 A reflection of her parents’ love to her siblings.
9. Josefa Rizal (1865-1945)
2. Paciano Rizal (March 7, 1851-1930)
 The ninth child
 Only brother of Jose Rizal and the second  Also known as “Panggoy”
child  She joined the Katipunan.
 Studied at San Jose College in Manila;  An epileptic, died a spinster (old woman).
 Became a farmer and later a general of the
Philippine Revolution. 10. Trinidad Rizal (1868-1951)
 After the death of Rizal and during the time
that he was being executed, Paciano was  The tenth child
highly involved in the Philippine Revolution.  Also known as “Trining”
 Rizal took Paciano as a good role model. He  She became the custodian of Jose’s last and
saw his older brother as an ideal man of greatest poem (Mi Ultimo Adios).
courage, strength and nationalism.  Died a spinster and the last of the family to die.

3. Narcisa Rizal (1852-1939) 11. Soledad Rizal (1870-1929)

 The third child  The youngest child

 Like Saturnina, financed Jose’s studies.  Also known as “Choleng”
 Married Antonio Lopez at Morong, Rizal  She was a teacher
 A teacher and musician.  Married to Pantaleon Quintero

4. Olympia Rizal (1855-1887) The Rizal Family: A Good Middle Class Family

 The fourth child  They Belonged to the Principalia (pure-blooded

 Always teased by Pepe as the “stout sister”. Filipinos who holds power in the government)
 Studied in La Concordia College.  First one in Calamba to have a large 2-storey
 Married Silvestre Ubaldo Stone House, a Carjuahe and a vast private
 Died in 1887 from childbirth library home of 1,000 and more books.
 Can afford to send (all) their children to Manila
5. Lucia Rizal (1857-1919) for college.
 Donya Lolay had small business/stores in
 The fifth child Calamba.
 Married Matriano Herbosa  Their house (Rizal Monument) is preserved by
 Charged of inciting the Calamba townfolks not the National Historical Commission.
to pay rent and ordered to be deported.
The Childhood of a Phenom
6. Maria Rizal (1859-1945)
 “Phenom” - someone who is exceptionally
 The sixth child talented or admired.
 Jose told her of marrying Josephine Bracken  When he was born, Donya Lolay experienced
 Married Daniel Faustino Cruz of Biñan, Laguna tremendous pain because of Jose’s unusual
size of the head, Narcisa narrated.
7. Jose Rizal (1861-1896)  Tiniente Kiko and Donya Lolay built their home
at Calamba in 1848.
 The second son and the seventh child  Jose had a colorful and fun-filled childhood.
 He was executed by the Spaniardson on  “A little boy”: 3-8 years old
Decembor 30, 1896.

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 Pepe’s Age Pepe’s Experiences Education in Calamba
Given the fondest care
3 years old by his family.  Doña Teodora is Jose’s first teacher.
Started to b part of the  She taught Pepe Spanish reading, poetry and
family prayer (Angelus - values.
a prayer recited at 6am  Saturnina and his three maternal uncles taught
and 12 nn) him as well.
Wept for the death of  They also hired tutors for Pepe like Maestro
4 years old Concha. Celestino and Maestro Lucas Padua.
Had nocturnal walk in  Leon Monroy (Don Francisco’s former
town by his “aya” classmate) tutored Pepe in Spanish and Latin.
(personal yaya).
Learned to read their Education in Biñan
Spanish family Bible.
Frequently visited Fr.  Sent to the private school in June 1869 in
5 years old Leoncio Lopez, the town Biñan.
priest.  It was the school of Maestro Justiniano Auino
Started to make pencil Cruz, became a teacher of his older brother,
sketches and mold in Paciano.
clay and wax objects.  Pepe vs. The Biñan boys - he was excelling to
the point that he was having arguments with
His sisters always
the natives of Biñan.
laughed at him for
 Rizal frequently got into fights because he was
6 years old spending too much time
teased for his short height by his classmates
in playing clays and wax
(he was called “Un poco” due to his shortness).
images.
They were also envious of Rizal for being one
Experienced “casco” in
of the best students.
a pilgrimage in Antipolo
 Corporal punishment was existing at the time
7 years old (Shrine of the Virgen of
 After his stay with Maestro Cruz, Jose was
Antipolo).
sent to school in Manila.
Given a pony named
“Alipato” and a dog HIGHER EDUCATION OF J.P. RIZAL
called “Usman”. Education at Ateneo
8 years old Wrote a drama that was
even performed in  Don Francisco sent Jose at the Ateneo
Calamba. Municipal in June 1872
Wrote the poem, “Sa  Ateneo Municipal – Jesuits (Society of Jesus)
Aking mga Kabata” (To  Escuela Pia (Charity School) for Manila Boys
my Fellow Children) in 1817.
 Jesuit System of Education
 The young Rizal got interested in magic (Coin  Promotes physical culture, humanities, and
disappearing and handkerchief vanishing). scientific studies
 “Tio Jose Alberto” -artistic ability  Vocational courses on agriculture, commerce,
 “Tio Manuel” -physical exercise mechanics and surveying
 “Tio Gregorio” -reading and literature  Religiously operate the school - mass every
morning - classes/subjects are open & close
The Story of the Moth with prayer
 Students were divided into two:
 Remarkable and popular anecdote in the o Roman Empire – Internos (boarders)
Philippine History. o Carthaginian Empire – Externos (non-
 Manifestation of Rizal’s Mother boarders)
 A reflection of Rizal’s fate
 A direct prophecy of vision of what will happen First Year in Ateneo (1872-1873)
to Rizal
 A testimony that his mother saw that Rizal will  June, 1872 - first day of class in Ateneo
become someone in the future  Fr. Jose Bech, first professor of Rizal
 He was an externo and was assigned to
Carthaginians
 At the end of the month he became "emperor"
 He was the brightest pupil in the whole class.
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 He placed second at the end of the year  "Excellent" scholastic records from 1872 to
although his grades were marked "Excellent". 1877
 March 23, 1877, Commencement Day -
Summer Vacation (1873) received the degree of Bachelor of Arts with
“sobresaliente” (outstanding).
 March 1873, Rizal returned to Calamba for
summer vacation. Rizal’s Professors in Ateneo
 His sister Neneng (Saturnina) brought him to
Tanawan to cheer him up  Fr. Jose Bech (lunatic and has mood swings)
 Visited his mother in prison at Santa Cruz  Francisco de Paula Sanchez (his favorite
without telling his father teacher)
 After vacation, he returned to Manila for his  Jose Vilaclara and a certain Mineves
2nd year term in Ateneo  Don Agustin Saez (drawing and painting)
 He boarded inside Intramuros at No.6  Romualdo de Jesus (sculpture)
Magallanes Street
 Dona Pepay was his landlady, an old widow Education at the University of Sto. Tomas
with a widowed daughter and 4 sons.
Mother’s Opposition to Higher Education
Second Year in Ateneo (1873 - 1874) o DOŇA TEODORA opposed the idea of Rizal
going on to higher education and said to her
 He repented having neglected his studies the husband, “Don’t send him to Manila again; he
previous year because he was offended by the knows enough. If he gets to know more, the
teacher’s remarks. Spaniards will cut off his head.”
 Rizal studied harder, and once more he o Teodora blamed the Filipino Intellectuals of
became an “emperor” after losing his class their mental capacity as a way of challenging
leadership. the Spaniards.
 He had 3 classmates from Binan who had also o Another reason is the GOMBURZA execution
been his classmates in the school of Maestro (1872).
Justiniano. o Wanted Rizal to go home and have a
 At the end of the school year, he received business.
excellent grades in all subjects and a gold
medal.  April 1877 – (16 years old) He enrolled in
the UST taking the course on Philosophy and
Third Year in Ateneo (1874-1875) Letters.
 1877-1878 Cosmology, Metaphysics, Theodicy,
 Shortly after the opening of classes, his History of Philosophy
mother was released from prison.
 In the previous years, Rizal did not make an Reasons:
excellent showing in his studies 1. His father likes it.
 He failed to win the medal in Spanish because 2. He is uncertain to what career
his spoken was not fluently sonorous 3. He is inclined towards the art
 March, 1875 Rizal returned to Calamba for
summer vacation. Fr. Pablo Ramon (Rector of Ateneo)
o Advice Rizal to take up Medicine.
Fourth Year in Ateneo (1875-1876) o Reason: to be able to cure his mother’s
growing blindness.
 June 16, 1875 - He became an interno in
Ateneo  1877, Rizal enrolled in the University of Sto.
 Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez inspired him Tomas taking the course on Philosophy and
to study harder and write poetry Letters.
 "model of uprightness, earnestness and love  At the same time, he took at Ateneo a land
for the advancement of his pupils" surveyor’s training in 1877 and got the license
 Rizal won five medals. in May 1878 and granted till 1881.
 After a year, Jose shifted to Medicine
Last Year in Ateneo (1876-1877)
Romances with Girls
 June 1876, last year of Rizal in Ateneo Segunda Katigbak
 He was truly "the pride of the Jesuits"
 Obtained highest grades in all subjects  16 years old, experienced his first romance
 Graduated with Highest Honors
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 Segunda Katigbak, a pretty 14 years old  --Because of its literary superiority.
Batanguena from Lipa
 Sister of his friend Mariano Katigbak Rizal’s Unhappy Days at UST
 His sister Olimpia was a close friend of
Segunda in La Concordia College  The Dominican professors were hostile to him
 The Filipino students were racially
Leonor “Orang” Valenzuela discriminated against by the Spaniards
 The method of instruction was obsolete and
 A medical student from Calamba, Laguna repressive.
 the charming daughter of Capitan Juan and  He failed to win high scholastic honors due to
Capitana Sanday Valenzuela. the attitude of his professors.
 tall girl with a regal bearing.
 Rizal sent Leonor a love notes written in
invisible ink.

Leonor Rivera

 Rizal’s cousin from Camiling.

 born in Camiling, Tarlac on April 11, 1867.
 a student of La Concordia College where
Rizal’s sister, Soledad was then studying.
 frail, pretty girl, and tender as a budding flower
with kindly wistful eyes.
 Taimis - Leonor’s pseudonym in order to
camouflage their intimate relationship from
their parents and friends.
 Rizal lived in: Casa Tomasina No. 6 Calle
Santo Tomas, Intramuros
 Antonio Rivera - Rizal’s landlord-uncle and
father of Leonor Rivera

Works of Rizal
A La Juventud Filipina

 Liceo Artisco-Literano (Artistic-Literary

Lyceum) - a society of literary men and artists.
 Held a Literary Contest and offered a prize
(Silver Pen, feather-shaped decorated with
gold ribbon) for best poem.
 “A La Juventud Filipina” (To The Filipino
Youth) - Rizal’s prize-winning and inspiring
poem of flawless form. Decision to Study Abroad

The Council of the Gods  After finishing the Fourth Year of his medical
course, Rizal decided to study in Spain. He
 Artistic-Literary Lyceum opened another could no longer endure the rampant bigotry,
literary contest (to both Filipinos and Spaniards) discrimination, and hostility in the University of
to commemorate the 4th centennial of the Santo Tomas. He did not seek his parent’s
death of Cervantes. permission and blessing to go abroad; even his
 Cervantes - was a Spain’s glorified man-of beloved Leonor.
letters and famous author of Don Quixote.
 Rizal submitted an allegorical drama entitled
“El Consejo de los Dioses” (The Council of
the Gods).
 Was based on the Greek classics.
 Aided by Fr. Rector of Ateneo.
 Prize: Gold Ring engraved the bust of
Cervantes Winners: 1st Place: Jose Rizal
(19yrs old), 2nd Place: D. N. Del Puzo
(Spanish)
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  February 21, 1887- finished his first novel,
COVERAGE: NOLI ME TANGERE
5. The Great Travels of Rizal  March 21, 1887 – printing of NMT (Berliner
6. Rizal in Dapitan (1892-1896) Bruchdruckerei-Actien-Gesselschaft)
7. Rizal Before the Execution
8. Rizal’s Last 24 Hours 1. Prof. Friedrich Ratzel – German historian
2. Dr. Hanz Meyer – German anthropologist
THE GREAT TRAVELS OF RIZAL 3. Dr. Feodor Jagor – writer of Travels in
Rizal’s first travels heading to Madrid the Philippines
4. Dr. Rudolf Virchow – German
SINGAPORE SUEZ CANAL anthropologist
5. Dr. Hans Virchow – Descriptive Anatomy
professor
MADRID BARCELONA
Maximo Viola

In Madrid Jose Rizal met Maximo Viola in Barcelona, Spain

wherein the latter was pursuing his medical
 Rizal met and befriended Consuelo Ortiga y profession. They became closest friends where
Rey, the prettiest of the daughters of Don both were alumnus of UST. It was Dr. Viola who
Pablo Ortiga y Rey. timely lent money to Rizal for the publication of Noli
 They talked the whole night and Rizal said Me Tangere in which Rizal had the intention of
many things about her. burning the manuscripts due to lack of money for
 He enrolled in Medicine and Philosophy and its publication. Both were marked men by the
Letters at UNIBERSIDAD CENTRAL DE Spanish regime in the country. They had the same
MADRID (Nov. 3, 1882) vision, purpose, and meaning in life; the total
 Rizal and his involvement in student liberation of the Filipinos from the clutches of the
demonstrations Spaniards.
 For a year or so, Rizal became busy with his
studies and meeting Filipinos abroad. GERMANY → PRAGUE, CZECH REPUBLIC
Ironically, a year after that, Rizal became → AUSTRIA → ITALY → SWITZERLAND
penniless.
 In June 1884, went to school hungry, joined a Back in the Philippines
contest and won, and later attended a dinner in
celebration of Juan Luna and Felix Hidalgo.  August 5 - boarding “Djemnah”
“Rizal’s Brindis Speech”  August 8 - went back to Calamba
 June 1884 - Degree of Licentiate in Medicine  December 1887 - Rizal was asked by the
(23 years old) Calamba folks to assist them in collecting
 1885 - added 3 more subjects and became information as regards to Dominican hacienda
Doctor of Medicine. management.
 24th Birthday – Licentiate in Philosophy and
Letters (sobresaliente) RIzal’s Second Travels Around the World
In Hongkong
In Paris
 February 3, 1888 - Rizal sailed to Hong Kong
 In Paris, he attended medical lectures at on board “Zafiro”
University of Paris  February 8, 1888 - Rizal stayed at Victoria
 November 1885 - February 1886, he was a Hotel in Hong Kong.
medical assistant to Dr. Louis de Weckert  He as well visited Macao for two days along
with a friend named Jose Maria Basa.
In Germany  HONG KONG EXPERIENCE
 Departure from Hongkong – Feb.22, 1888 - left
 He attended lectures from Dr. Otto Becker and for Japan
Prof. Wilhelm Kuehne at University of
Heidelberg. In Japan
 Wilhemsfeld, Germany – started crafting &
finishing Noli Me Tangere.  February 28, 1888 - Rizal reached Yokohama
 Rizal-Blumentritt friendship and reached Tokyo the next day.
 Attended lectures at the University of Berlin

9 | gab
 He lived in the Spanish legation in Tokyo upon In Paris
the invitation of its secretary, Juan Perez
Caballero.  For a short time, Rizal lived in the house of his
 Rizal’s Impressions of Japan friend Valentin Ventura. This was where he
 O-Sei-San was a lonely samurai’s daughter of polished the annotated edition of Morga’s book.
23 years old and had never yet experienced  He was able to find a room and lived with two
the ecstasy of true love. other Filipinos, Captain Justo Trinidad and
 She was Rizal’s ideal womanhood: beauty, Jose Albert.
charm, modesty and intelligence.  In spite of a joyous lifestyle in Paris, Rizal kept
 More than a sweetheart, she was his guide, himself busy. Continued researching. Spent
interpreter and tutor. most of his time at the Bibliotheque Nationale.
 She improved his knowledge of Nippongo and  Paris 1890: annotated edition of Morga’s
Japanese history Sucesos was published.
 On April 13, 1888, he left Japan with a heavy
heart for he knew he would never see again In Belgium
Japan and O-Sei-San.
 On January 28, 1890, Rizal left Paris for
In United States of America Brussels, capital of Belgium.
 In Brussels, Rizal was busy writing his second
 April 28,188 - Rizal’sfirst time in America novel, El Filibusterismo which is a continuation
 First went to San Francisco riding the steamer of the Noli. Aside from writing its chapters, he
“Blegic” wrote articles for La Solidaridad.
 Cholera epidemic and politics  Letters from home which Rizal received in
 After traveling to different states and even of Brussels worried him. The Calamba agrarian
Canada, Rizal went to New York. trouble was getting worse.
 Rizal’s good and bad impressions of USA  In January 28, 1890, Jose Rizal and Jose
Albert boarded at the boarding house
In London administered by Jacoby sisters. (Suzanne and
Marie) where Rizal had a transitory affair with
 After visiting the US Rizal lived in London for (another) Suzanne (he called Petite), the niece
one year of their landladies
 Reasons why he chose this English city:
 To improve his knowledge of English language In Madrid, Spain
 To study Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas
Filipinas (only available at the British Museum)  On August, 1890, Rizal arrived in Madrid,
 Continued writing for La Solidaridad in defense Spain.
of his people against Spain  Rizal failed to seek justice for his family and
 Had a romance with Gertrude Beckett the Calamba tenants.
 May 25, 1888 - Rizal reached London and  His fiance also left him and married a British
stayed briefly at Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor’s engineer, Henry Kipping.
house.  Jose Rizal displayed resilient strength of
 Then he boarded at the Beckett residence character and survived.
where he was lovingly served by Gertrude, the
daughter of his landlord. In Biarritz, France

In Spain  Rizal arrived in Biarritz at the beginning of

February, 1891 and was welcomed by the
 In Spain, he met Marcelo H. Del Pilar for the Bousteads family. The one-month vacation
first time. made Rizal forget the bitter memories in
 Del Pilar was one of the renowned members of Madrid and had an affection for Nellie
Propaganda Movement along with Graciano Boustead
Lopez Jaena.  On March 19, 1891, he finished the
 PROPAGANDA – a socio-political organization manuscript of El Filibusterismo.
founded in 1872 by Filipinos who had settled in
Europe. Rizal vs. Antonio Luna

Pepe and Nellie’s relationship and engagement

10 | gab
 El Filibusterismo Rizal’s Arrest

 He finished his manuscript in Biarritz on March  July 6, 1892 - during his meeting with Gov.
19,1891 Gen. Despujol, Rizal was arrested.
 Three years have spent to finish this novel  Pobres Frailes (Poor Friars)
 September 18, 1891- the El Fili came off the  July 7, 1892 - Rizal was exiled in Dapitan,
press through Valentin Ventura. Zamboanga Del Norte
 F. Meyer-Van Loo Press, No. 66 Viaanderen
Street (printing press of El Fili) Cebu

Back to Hong Kong Steamer which brought Rizal to Dapitan.

 Fr. Pablo Pastells
 October 1891 – Rizal left Europe to Hong  Fr. Antonio Obach
Kong “Melbourne” on which he began writing
his third but unfinished novel. Letter’s Gist
 November 20, 1891 –he arrived in Hong Kong.
 The Rizal Reunion in Hong Kong (Jose, Don  Father Superior Pastells informed Father
Francisco, Paciano, Silvestre Ubaldo, Dona Obach that Rizal could live at the parish
Teodora, Lucia, Josefa and Trinindad. convent on the following conditions:
 He opened a medical clinic in HongKong.  "That Rizal publicly retract his errors
concerning religion, and make statements that
Second Homecoming were clearly pro-Spanish and against
revolution".
 June 21, 1892 – Rizal together with sister  "That he performs the church rites and make a
Lucia went back to the Philippines. general confession of his past life".
 “The rat is in the trap”.  That henceforth he conducts himself in an
 June 26, 1892 – they arrived in Manila exemplary manner as a Spanish subject and a
 Visiting friends in Central Luzon - Malolos man of religion."
(Bulacan), San Fernando (Pampanga), Tarlac,
Bacolor (Pampanga). Wins in Manila Lottery
 His visits at Malacañang.
 On September 21, 1892, Dapitan’s mood burst
La Liga Filipina in hectic excitement. As the mail boat Butuan
brought the news about Rizal, winning in the
 July 3, 1892 – Rizal spearheaded a meeting in lottery.
the house of Doroteo Ongjunco on Ylaya  LOTTERY TICKET NO. 9736
Street, Tondo, Manila. Total Lottery Prize: P20000.00
 The Founding of the Liga Filipina - a civic
league of Filipinos, which he desired to
established and its role on the socio-economic
life of the people.

Rizal’s Arrest

 July 6, 1892 – during his meeting with Gov.  Rizal never drank hard liquor and never
Gen. Despujol, Rizal was arrested. smoked, but he was a lottery addict. He always
 Pobres Frailes (Poor Friars) invested at least three pesetas every month in
 July 7, 1892 - Rizal was exiled in Dapitan, tickets.
Zamboanga Del Norte  Peseta- the currency of Spain between 1869
and 2002.
RIZAL IN DAPITAN (1892 - 1896)
Dapitan Challenging the Religion: A Debate with Fr.
Pastells
 A remote town in Mindanao which was under
the missionary jurisdiction of the Jesuits from  Fr. Pablo Pastells - Jesuit priest who
1892–1896. attempted to persuade Rizal to return to
 A 3rd class city in the province of Zamboanga orthodox Roman Catholic by way of
del Norte. correspondence.
 Father Pastells tried his best to win Rizal back
to the faith but fortunately or unfortunately, in
11 | gab
 vain. These series of debate ended  From his practical knowledge as agrimensor,
inconclusively in which neither of them he widened his knowledge by reading
convinced the other of his engineering-related books. As a result, despite
judgments/arguments. the inadequacy of tools at hand, he
 The debate started when Fr. Pastells sent successfully provided a good water system in
Rizal a book by Sarda, with advice that the the province.
latter (Rizal) should desist from his majaderas
(foolishness) in viewing religion from the prism As an Educator
of individual judgment and self-esteem.
 Rizal was bitter against the friars because they Rizal established a school in Dapitan (1893-1896)
commit abuses under the cloak of religion. which was attended by 16 young boys from
 Fr. Pastells tried to bring back to Catholicism prominent families. Instead of charging them for the
Rizal by telling him that human intelligence is matriculation, he made the students do community
limited, thus he needs guidance from God. projects for him maintaining his garden and field.
 Behind the debate, Pastells and Rizal were He taught them reading, writing in English and
friends as evidently pictured when: Spanish, geography, history, mathematics,
 Pastells gave Rizal a copy of Imitacion de industrial work, nature study, morals and
Cristo by Fr. Thomas a Kempis. gymnastics. He encouraged his students to engage
 Rizal gave Pastells a bust of St. Paul which he in sports activities to strengthen their bodies as well.
had made. Rizal continued to hear mass and There was no formal room, like the typical
religious celebrate events. classroom nowadays. Classes were conducted
from 2 pm to 4 pm.
Idyllic Life in Dapitan
As an Agriculturalist
During his exile, Rizal was visited by the following
folks since August 1893: Rizal devoted time in planting important crops and
1. His mother fruit-bearing trees in his 16-hectare land (later,
2. His sisters (Trinidad, Maria and Narcisa) reaching as large as 70 hectares). He planted
3. Nephews (Teodosio, Estanislao, Mauricio cacao, coffee, sugarcane, and coconuts, among
and Prudencio) many others. He even invested part of his earnings
from being a medical practitioner and his 6000-
Describing his life in Dapitan, Rizal wrote to peso winnings from a lottery on lands. From the
Blumentritt on December 19, 1893. United States, he imported agricultural machinery
and introduced to the native farmers of Dapitan the
Rizal built a house by the seashore of Talisay. modern agricultural methods.
Surrounded by the following:
1) A school for boys, and As a Businessman
2) A hospital for his patients.
The adventurous Rizal, with his partner, Ramon
As a Physician Carreon, tried his luck in the fishing, hemp and
copra industries. In a letter to his brother-in-law,
 Rizal provided free medicine to his patients, Manuel T. Hidalgo, he pointed out the potential of
most of then were underprivileged. However, the fishing industry in the province (as the area was
he also had wealthy patients who paid him well abundant with fish and good beach). He also
enough for his excellent surgical skills. requested that two good Calamba fishermen be
 Among them were Don Ignacio Tumarong sent to Dapitan to teach the fisher folks of the new
who gave Rizal 3000 pesos for restoring his fishing methods, using a big net called pukutan.
sight, an Englishman who gave him 500 But the industry in which Rizal became more
pesos, and Aklanon haciendero, Don successful was in hemp, shipping the said product
Francisco Azcarraga who paid him a cargo of to a foreign firm in Manila.
sugar.
 His skill was put into test in August 1893 when As an Inventor
his mother, Dona Teodora Alonzo, was placed
under opthalmic surgery for the third time. In 1887, during his medical practice in Calamba, he
invented a special type of lighter called sulpukan
As an Engineer which he sent to Blumentritt as a gift. According to
Rizal, the wooden lighter's mechanism was based
 Rizal applied his knowledge through the on the principle of compressed air. Another of his
waterworks system he constructed in Dapitan. inventions was the wooden brick-maker can
manufacture about 6,000 bricks a day.
12 | gab
 As an Artist A Poem for HIs Mother

He made sketches of anything which attracted him In February, 1895, upon restoring her eyesight,
in Dapitan. Among his collections were the three Dona Teodora returned to Manila. Seeing how
rare fauna species that he discovered busy Rizal is, she regretted neglecting her muses.
(dragon/lizard, frog and beetle) and the fishes he She requested Rizal to write poetry. As a response,
caught. He also sculptured the statuette called Rizal wrote “Mi Retiro” (My Retreat) relating his
“The Mother's Revenge” which represented his dog, serene life as an exile in Dapitan.
Syria, avenging her puppy to a crocodile which
killed it. Affair in Dapitan

As a Linguist The death of Leonor Rivera (August 28, 1893)

left a poignant void in Rizal’s heart. In his
Rizal was interested in the languages used in loneliness, he met Josephine Bracken, an 18 y/o
Dapitan, thus, studied and made comparisons of Irish girl who, to Wenceslao Retana's words, was
the Bisayan and Malayan languages existing in the “slender, a chestnut blond, with blue eyes, dressed
region. In fact, Rizal had knowledge in 22 with elegant simplicity, with an atmosphere of light
languages: Tagalog, Ilocano, Bisayan, Subanun, (gaiety).”
Spanish, Latin, Greek, English, French, German,
Arabic, Malayan, Hebrew, Sanskrit, Dutch, Catalan, Josephine Bracken
Italian, Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese, Swedish
and Russian.  Born in Hongkong on October 3, 1876.
 Daughter of James Bracken and Elizabeth
As a Scientist Jane Macbride.
 Her mother died in childbirth and she was
Rizal shared his interest with nature to his students. adopted by Mr. George Taufer
With his boys, they explored the jungles and  Mr. Taufer became blind so he sought for an
searched for specimens which he sent to museums ophthalmic specialist. This is how Josephine
in Europe, particularly in Dressed Museum. In and Rizal met.
return, scientific books and surgical instruments  Manuela Orlac – Filipina companion who
were delivered to him from the European scientists. accompanied Josephine Bracken to Dapitan.
He also made a bulk of other researches and
studies in the fields of ethnography, archaeology, Rizal and Josephine Bracken decided to get
geology, anthropology and geography. married but Father Obach refused to marry them
without the permission of Bishop of Cebu.
However, Rizal's most significant contribution in the
scientific world was his discovery of three To avoid a tragedy, Josephine accompanied Mr.
species: Taufer back to Manila. Mr. Taufer returned to Hong
1. Draco rizali – flying dragon Kong alone while Josephine stayed with the Rizals
2. Apogonia rizali – small beetle in Manila.
3. Rhacophorus rizali – rare frog
Having no priests to marry them, Rizal and
As a Civic Worker Josephine married themselves before the eyes of
God.
 Upon arriving in the province, he noticed its
poor condition.  Josephine as a SPY
 He drained the marshes of Dapitan to get rid of
malaria-carrying mosquitoes. The two were happy for they were expecting for a
 He also provided lighting system – coconut baby. However, Rizal played a prank on Josephine
oil lamps posted in dark streets – in the making her give birth to an eight-month baby boy.
province out of what he earned from being a The baby lived for only three hours. He was
physician. named “Francisco” in honor of Rizal’s father.
 He beautified Dapitan by remodelling the town
plaza, with the aid of his Jesuit teacher, Fr. Rizal and the Katipunan
Francisco Sanchez, and created a relief map
of Mindanao (footnote: using stones, soil and  Pio Valenzuela – emissary to Dapitan in order
grass) right in front the church. to inform Rizal of the plan of Katipunan during
the meeting at a little river called Bitukang
Manok.

13 | gab
 Venus – steamer Valenzuela boarded to reach He was given good accommodation by the
Dapitan. gallant captain, Enrique Santalo.
 Raymundo Mata – blind man who came with
Valenzuela to camouflage his mission  Rizal stayed in the cruiser for about a month,
 Rizal objected Bonifacio’s project because: from August 6 to September 2.
1. The people are not ready for a
revolution Outbreak of the Philippine Revolution
2. Arms and funds must first be collected
before raising the cry of revolution.  August 26, 1896 - the “Cry of Balintawak” was
raised by Bonifacio and his valiant
As a Volunteer Military Doctor Katipuneros.
 August 30 - revolutionists attacked San Juan.
 When Cuba was under revolution and raging Governor General Blanco proclaimed a state of
yellow fever Rizal to epidemic, wrote war in the first eight provinces (Manila,
Governor Ramon General Blanco offering his Bulacan, Cavite, Batangas, Laguna,
services as military doctor. Pampanga, Nueva Ecija and Tarlac).
 Governor Blanco later notified Rizal of the
acceptance of the offer. The notification came  Rizal worried for two reasons:
along with an instruction of acquiring first a 1. The violent revolution which he sincerely
pass for Manila from the politico military believed to be premature and would only
commander of Dapitan. cause much suffering and terrible loss of
human lives and property.
Adios Dapitan (The Song of the Traveller) 2. It would arouse Spanish vengeance against
all Filipino patriots.
 Upon receiving the acceptance of his offer to
go to Europe then to Cuba to help in the curing Departure for Spain
of patients suffering yellow fever, he wrote a
poem “El Canto del Viajero”  August 30, 1896 - Rizal received two letters
 July 31, 1896 - Rizal’s four-year exile has from Governor General Blanco
ended. 1. The Ministers of Wars
 España – steamer which brought Rizal to 2. The Ministers of Colonies
Manila from Dapitan.  September 2 – Rizal was transferred to the
steamer Isla de Panay which was sailing for
RIZAL BEFORE THE EXECUTION Barcelona, Spain.
From Dapitan to Manila  September 3 – the steamer left Manila Bay.

 July 31, 1896 - Rizal left Dapitan at midnight  Fellow passengers on board were Don Pedro
boarding the Espaňa . Roxas (rich Manila creole industrialist and is
 August 1 - He arrived in Dumaguete. He friend) and his son named Periquin.
visited his friend and former classmate -
Herrero Regidor. In Cebu, Rizal was fascinated Rizal in Singapore
by the entrance which he considered
“beautiful”. He did two operations of  Isla de Panay arrived Singapore.
strabotomy.
 He have observed some changes like there
 Rizal landed in Iloilo and visited Molo. are more Chinese merchants and less Indian.

 From Iloilo, Rizal’s ship sailed Capiz. After a  Don Pedro and his son disembarked at
brief stopover, it proceeded towards Manila via Singapore in the evening of September 7. He
Romblon. advised Rizal to stay behind too and take
advantage of the protection of the British law
Rizal Misses Ship Going to Spain but Rizal did not heed his advise. He also
ignored their appeal because he had given his
 The Espaňa arrived in Manila Bay early in the word of honor to Governor General Blanco.
morning of Thursday, August 6, 1896.
Unfortunately, Rizal was not able to catch the Victim of Spanish Duplicity
mail ship Isla de Luzon for Spain.
 By refusing to break his word of honor in
 Rizal was transferred to the Spanish cruiser Singapore, Rizal sealed his own doom. For
Castilla, by order of Governor General Blanco. without knowledge, Governor General Blanco
14 | gab
 was secretly conspiring with the Ministers of  September 2 – He transferred to Isla de
War and the Colonies for his destruction. Panay sailing to Barcelona Spain
 September 28 - Rizal arrested in Cueta
 Rizal was unaware that since his departure  October 3 – Isla de Panay arrived in
from Manila Bay on his way to Spain, Blanco Barcelona
and the Ministers of War and the Colonies  October 6 – Rizal would be shipped back to
were exchanging coded telegrams and Manila onboard the transport ship Colon
confidential messages for his arrest upon
reaching Barcelona. A Martyr’s Last Homecoming

Rizal Arrested Before Reaching Barcelona  Day by day, since leaving Barcelona, Rizal
conscientiously recorded his events in his diary.
 September 8 - The Isla de Panay left
Singapore at 1 pm.  He was given a good cabin in the second class
 September 25 – He saw the steamer Isla de and although strictly guarded, he was
Luzon, leaving the Suez Canal, crammed with courteously treated by the army officers.
Spanish troops.
 September 27 – He heard that a telegram  October 8, a friendly officer told Rizal that the
arrived from Manila reporting the execution of Madrid newspaper were full of stories about
Francisco Roxas, Genato, and Osorio. the bloody revolution in the Philippines and
 September 28 – a passenger told Rizal the were blaming him for it.
bad news that he would be arrested by order
of Governor General Blanco and would be sent Unsuccessful Rescue in Singapore
in Cueta (Spanish Morocco).
 September 30 – He was officially notified by  News of Rizal’s predicament reached his
Captain Alemany that he should stay in his friends in Europe and Singapore. From London,
cabin until further orders from Manila. Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor and Sixto Lopez
dispatched frantic telegrams to an English
Arrival in Barcelona as a Prisoner lawyer in Singapore named Hugh Fort to
rescue Rizal from the Spanish steamer when it
 September 30 – the steamer anchored in reached Singapore by means of habeas
Malta. corpus.
 October 3 – Isla de Panay arrived in
Barcelona. The trip from Manila to Barcelona  When the Colon arrived in Singapore, Atty.
lasted exactly 30 days. His jailor was the Fort instituted proceedings at the Singapore
Military Commander of Barcelona, who Court for the removal of Rizal from the steamer.
happened to be General Eulogio Despujol.
 Chief Justice Loinel Cox denied the writ on the
 On his second day in Barcelona, he noticed ground that the Colon was carrying Spanish
the city celebration of the feast of St. Francis troops to the Philippines.
of Assisi.
 October 6 – Rizal was awakened by the  Rizal was unaware of the attempt made by his
guards and escorted to the grim and infamous friends because he was then kept behind bars
prison-fortress named Monjuich. in the ship.

 With the same date, Rizal was interviewed by Arrival in Manila

General Despujol. In the interview , the
brusque general told Rizal that he would be  November 3, the Colon reached Manila. Rizal
shipped back to Manila on board the trasnport was quietly transferred under the heavy guards
ship Colon which was leaving that evening. from the ship to Fort Santiago.
 July 31, 1986 – He left Dapitan
 August 1 – He arrived in Dumaguete, the  Spanish authorities fished evidence against
following day he reached Cebu Rizal. Many Filipino patriots, including Deodato
 August 3 – He left Cebu going to Iloilo Arellano, Dr. Pio Valenzuela, Moises Salvador,
 August 6 – The steamer arrived in Manila Bay, Jose Dizon, Domingo Franco, Temoteo Paez,
since he didn't catch the mail ship for Spain he and Pedro Serrano Laktaw, were brutally
transferred to the Spanish cruiser Castilla tortured to implicate Rizal.
 From August 6 – September 2 – Rizal stayed
in the cruiser  Rizal’s own bother (Paciano) was arrested and
cruelly tortured.
15 | gab
 Preliminary Investigation 15. A poem by Laong Laan ( Rizal), entitled A
Talisay, in which the author makes the
 November 20, the preliminary investigation Dapitan schoolboys sing that they know how to
began. Rizal, appeared before the Judge fight for their rights.
Advocate, Colonel Francisco Olive .
The testimonial evidence consisted of the oral
Two kinds of evidence were presented: testimonies of Martin Constantino, Aguedo del
documentary and testimonial. Rosario , Jose Reyes, Moises Salvador, Jose
Dizon, Domingo Franco, Deodato Arellano,
Documentary Evidence, as follows: Ambrosio Salvador , Pedro Serrano Laktaw, Dr.
PioValenzuela, Antonio Salazar, Francisco Quison
1. A letter of Antonio Luna to Mariano Ponce, and Timoteo Paez.
showing Rizal’ s connection with the Filipino
reform campaign in Spain. November 26 – Colonel Olive transmitted the
2. A letter of Rizal to his family, stating that the records of the case to Governor General Blanco,
deportations are good for they will encourage and the letter appointed Captain Rafael
the people to hate tyranny. Dominguesz as special Judge Advocate.
3. A letter from Marcelo H. del Pilar to Deodato
Arellano, implicating Rizal in the Propaganda Immediately, Dominguez made a brief resume and
camapaign in Spain. transmitted it to the Judge Advocate General, Don
4. A poem entitled Kundiman. Nicolas de la Peňa.
5. A letter of Carlos Oliver to an unidentified
person, describing Rizal as the man to free After Peňa studied the papers, he submitted the
the Philippines from Spanish oppression following recommendations:
6. A Masonic document, honoring Rizal for his 1) The accused be immediately brought to trial
patriotic services. 2) He should be kept in prison
7. A letter signed Dimasalang ( Rizal pseudonym) 3) An order of attachment be issued his
to Tenluz ( Juan Zulueta’ s pseudonym), property to the amount of one million
stating that he was preparing a safe refuge for pesos as indemnity
Filipinos who may be presented by the 4) He should be defended in court by an army
Spanish authorities. officer, not by a civilian lawyer
8. A letter of Dimasalang to an unidentified
committee, soliciting the aid of the committee Rizal Chose his Defender
in the “ patriotic work”.
9. An anonymous and undated letter to the Editor  On December 8, Feast Day of the Immaculate
of the Hong Kong Telegraph, censuring the Conception, a list of 100 first and second
banishment of Rizal in Dapitan. lieutenants in the Spanish Army was
10. 1A letter of I ldefonso Laurel to Rizal, saying presented to Rizal.
that the Filipino people look up to him ( Rizal)
as their savior.  He choose Don Luis Taviel de Andrade, 1st Lt.
11. A letter to I ldefonso Laurel to Rizal, informing of the Artillery because the name was familiar
an unidentified correspondent of the arrest to him and Rizal proved that Lt. Luis is the
and banishment of Doroteo Cortes and oldest brother of Jose Taviel de Andrade his
Ambrosio Salvador. bodyguard in Calamba in 1887.
12. A letter of Marcelo H. del Pilar to Don Juan A.
Tenluz ( Juan Zulueta), recommending the Reading of Information of Charges to the
establishment of a special organization, Accused
independent of Masonry, to help the cause of
the Filipino people. December 11, the information of charges was
13. Transcript of a speech of Pingkian ( Emilio formally read.
Jacinto), reunion of the Katipunan in which the
following cry was uttered “ Long Live the  He was accused of being “the principal
Philippines! Long live Liberty! Long live Doctor organizer and the living soul of the Filipino
Rizal! Unity!” insurrection, the founder of societies,
14. Transcript of a speech of Tik-Tik ( Jose periodicals and books dedicated to fomenting
Turiano Santiago) in the same Katipunan and propagating ideas of rebellion”.
reunion, where in the katipunerus shouted:
Long live the eminent Doctor Rizal! Death of December 13 - Dominguez forwarded the papers
the oppressor nation!” of the Rizal case to Malacaňan Palace, same date
when General Camilio G. de Polavieja, with the
16 | gab
help of powerful Dominican friars, became Advocate), Lt. Enrique de Alcocer
Governor General of the Philippines. (Prosecuting Attorney ), and the spectators.
Among the spectator were Josephine Bracken ,
RIzal Manifesto to His People some newspapermen, and many Spaniards.

December 15 – Rizal wrote a manifesto to his The court asked Rizal whether he had anything
people appealing to them to stop the necessary to say. Rizal then read a supplement to his
shedding of blood and to achieve their liberties by defense, by twelve points:
means of education and industry.
1. He could not be guilty of rebellion, for he
 Fortunately for Rizal, Judge Advocate General advised Dr. Pio Valenzuela in Dapitan not to
Nicolas de la Peňa recommended to the rise in revolution.
Governor General Polavieja that the manifesto 2. He did not correspond with the radical,
be suppressed. Thus Rizal was “saved from revolutionary elements.
the shame of his manifesto’s being 3. The revolutionists used his name without his
misinterpreted and disobeyed by the Filipino in knowledge. If he were guilty he could have
arms.” escaped in Singapore.
4. If he had a hand in revolution, he could have
Rizal’s Saddest Christmas escaped in a Moro vinta and would not have
build a home, a hospital, and bought lands in
December 25 – All Christendom joyously Dapitan.
celebrated the birthday of Christ, but Rizal 5. 5. If he were the chief of the revolution, why
celebrated it with a dark and cheerless Christmas. was he not consulted by the revolutionists?
6. It was true that he wrote the by-laws of the
 Truly, the Christmas of 1896, his last on earth, Liga Filipina, but this is a civic association –
was the saddest in Rizal’s life. not a revolutionary society.
7. The Liga Filipina did not live long, for after the
 Brooding over his hopeless case, he wrote a first meeting he was banished to Dapitan and
letter to Lt. Taviel de Andrade. it died out.
8. If the Liga was recognized nine months later,
The Rat in the Kangaroo Court he did not know about it.
9. The Liga did not serve the purpose of the
On the morning of December 26, the Filipino revolutionists, otherwise they would not have
patriot who was once figuratively referred to by supplanted it with the Katipunan.
Spanish officials as a “trapped rat” appeared in the 10. If it were true that there were some bitter
kangaroo court inside the military building, “Cuartel comments in Rizal’ s letters, it was because
de Espana”. they were written in 1890 when his family was
being persecuted, being dispossessed of
 He was tried before seven members of the houses, warehouse, lands, etc. and his
military court with Lt. Col. Jose Tagores Arjona brother and all his brothers-in-law were
as the president. deported.
11. His life in Dapitan had been exemplary as the
The Trial of Rizal politico- military commanders and missionary
priests could attest.
The trial of Rizal was an eloquent proof of Spanish 12. It was not true that the revolution was inspired
injustice and misrule. His case was prejudged; by his one speech at the house of Doroteo
he was considered guilty before the actual trial. Ongjunco, as alleged by witnesses whom he
would like to comfort.
December 26 – the court-martial of Rizal started in
the military building called Cuartel de Espaňa. The military court, prejudiced as it was, remained
Seated in a long table were the seven members of indifferent to Rizal’s pleading. The president
the military court, dressed in their respective army considered the trial over and ordered the hall
uniforms, as follows: Lt. Col. Jose Togores Arjona cleared. The military court unanimously voted for
(president), Capt. Ricardo Muňoz Arias, Capt. the sentence of death. On the same day, the court
Manuel Reguera, Capt. Santiago Izquierdo Osorio , decision was submitted to Gov. Gen. Polavieja,
Capt. Braulio Rodriguez Nuňez, Capt. Manuel Diaz and he immediately sought the opinion of Judge
Escribano, and the Fermin Perez Rodriguez. Advocate General de la Peňa on the court decision.
The latter affirmed the death verdict.
 Also present at the courtroom were Rizal, Lt.
Taviel, Capt. Rafael Dominguez (Judge
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 Polavieja Signs Rizal’s Execution

December 28 – Polavieja approved the decision of

the court-martial and ordered Rizal to be shot at
7:00 o’clock in the morning of December 30 at
Bagumbayan Field (Luneta).

 For signing the fatal document ordering the

execution of Dr. Rizal, Polavieja won the
eternal odium of the Filipino people.

 The death of Rizal will evermore remain as

obnoxious villains in Philippine history.

RIZAL’S LAST 24 HOURS

 After being court-martialed, Rizal returned to

his cell in Fort Saniago to prepare his
rendezvous with destiny.
 Dec. 30, 1896 he was busy meeting visitors
which includes his family and friends.
 He was also able to write his last poem - his
final contribution for the emancipation of the
Filipino people.

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  Jose Rizal’s last words. “Consummatum
Est!” (It is finished!) were Rizal’s last words
during his execution by the firing squad in
Bagumbayan on December 30, 1896. His
words are said to have been the same once
used by Jesus Christ shortly before he died of
crucifixion.

 Rizal’s original execution photo features a

dog, the mascot of the firing squad. It is said
that the dog ran around the corpse whining
after a soldier fired one last shot in Rizal’s
head to make sure he was dead.

Rizal’s Last Wishes

Jose Rzal’s Quick Facts

 During Rizal’s execution, a total of 8

Filipinos armed with Remingtons formed
the firing squad. There were also 8 Spanish
soldiers with Mausers behind them, ready to
shoot the Filipino soldiers if they refused to
execute Rizal.

 A descendant of one of the executioners,

Adolfo Pastor Quetcuti, revealed that the
captain of the guards put only one live
bullet in one of the rifles, while placing
blanks in the others. He explained that this is
to ease their guilt as they already knew in the
beginning that Rizal was innocent.

 Not all of Rizal’s skeletal remains were buried

under the monument in Luneta. A vertebra or a
piece of the backbone where Rizal was
allegedly hit by the bullet was claimed by his
family and is now displayed at the Rizal Shrine,
Fort Santiago.

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