Transformation Fourier

Fourier Series
Periodic Function: Periodic function is a function that repeats itself at regular intervals. A
function y= f(x) is said to be a periodic function if there exists a positive real number P such that
f(x + P) = f(x), for all x belongs to real numbers. The least value of the positive real number P is
called the fundamental period of a function. This fundamental period of a function is also called
the period of the function, at which the function repeats itself.
The sine function is a periodic function with a period of 2π. Sin(2π + x) = Sinx. The following are
the graphs of some of the periodic functions.
Orthogonal functions: Two non-zero functions, f(x) and g(x) are said to
be orthogonal on 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏 if,
𝑏
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑎
Example:
𝜋
1. ∫−𝜋 sin(𝑚𝑥) cos(𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝜋
2. ∫−𝜋 sin(𝑚𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝜋
3. ∫−𝜋 cos(𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 0
Fourier Series: A Fourier series is an expansion of a periodic function f(x) in terms of an

infinite sum of sines and cosines. Fourier Series makes use of the orthogonality relationships of
the sine and cosine functions. If f(x) has period 2L, then the Fourier series expansion of f(x) can
be written as
∞
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑[𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠( ) + 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛( )]
2 𝐿 𝐿
𝑛=1
Where:
f(x) is the function, we want (such as a square wave)
L is half of the period of the function
𝑎0 , 𝑎𝑛 and 𝑏𝑛 are coefficients that we need to calculate.
1 𝐿
𝑎0 = ∫−𝐿 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝐿
1 𝐿 𝑛𝜋𝒙
𝑎𝑛 = ∫−𝐿 𝑓(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠( )𝑑𝑥
𝐿 𝐿
1 𝐿 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = ∫−𝐿 𝑓(𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛( )𝑑𝑥 𝑛 = 1,2,3, …
𝐿 𝐿
Uses of Fourier Series:

Most of the phenomena that are studied in Engineering and Science are periodic in nature. For
instance, current and voltage in an alternating current circuit. These periodic functions could be
analyzed into their constituent components (fundamentals and harmonics). It can be done by using
a process called Fourier analysis. Examples of the Fourier series are trigonometric functions like
sin x and cos x with period 2π and tan x with period π.
Fourier series is a periodic series which mostly used for denotes any kind of wave forms. For
example, if I want to record your voice for one second saying something, it will be found. It is a
Fourier series which may look something like this.
Voice= sin(x) + 1/10 sin(2x) + 1/100 sin(3x)…

So, these are some other basic applications of Fourier series in daily life.
1. Signal Processing. It may be the best application of Fourier analysis.

2. Approximation Theory. We use Fourier series to write a function as a
trigonometric polynomial.
3. Control Theory. The Fourier series of functions in the differential equation
often gives some prediction about the behavior of the solution of differential
equation. They are useful to find out the dynamics of the solution.
4. Partial Differential equation. We use it to solve higher order partial differential
equations by the method of separation of variables.
Wi-Fi modulation uses orthogonal combinations of amplitude and phase to encode every bit in a
stream, and even makes room for redundant data to counter the loss due to fading, reflections,
multi-path, etc. All this is synthesized in a DSP engine using FFT and IFFT.
Without Fourier, we could only encode data like old FM radios, and we’d have to wait 1 minute
to load this page, or leave the laptop all night downloading a single you tube video.
Telephones use a ridiculous number of DSP tricks to keep an acceptable voice quality, including
deconvolution, noise reduction, compression, echo cancellation, equalization, etc. All this done by
codec DSPS or FPGA that calculate Fourier millions of Fourier coefficients per second.
If Fourier wasn’t used, phone calls would sound like pre-WW2 radios or even worse: people would
have to talk louder the farther away they called from, calls would be interrupted by noise every
time people walked behind a tree or around cars because of reflections.
All of Internet uses Spatial-domain Fourier transforms to handle pictures and videos.
All Photoshop tricks and video morphing are based on Fourier transforms. Without Fourier,
Pictures would be still edited in photographic labs, with scissors and ink pen, and videos would
look like those funny psychedelic effects from the ‘70s.

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Fourier Series

Fourier Series: A Fourier series is an expansion of a periodic function f(x) in terms of an

Uses of Fourier Series:

Voice= sin(x) + 1/10 sin(2x) + 1/100 sin(3x)…

1. Signal Processing. It may be the best application of Fourier analysis.

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