Heredity and Evolution

HEREDITY
Introduction
- All living organisms give rise to new individuals (offspring) by a

process of reproduction.
- The offspring produced as a result is similar to their parent but not
identical i.e. they also show some differences.
- The mechanism of transmission of character is called Heredity or
Inheritance while the differences seen among individuals is called
variations
Accumulation of Variation during Reproduction
Variation
- The differences in the characters (or traits) among the parents and
their offspring, the offspring or the individuals of same specs is
called as variation.
- Some amount of variation is produced during asexual reproduction

while the number of successful variations are maximized by the
process of Sexual Reproduction.
Importance of Variation
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- Depending on the nature of variation, different individuals of a
species can have different advantages. E.g; Bacteria that can
withstand heat will survive better in a heat wave.
- Main advantage of variation to a species is that it increases the

chances of its survival in a changing environment.
Heredity
- The transmission of characters from parents to offspring is

called heredity.
Traits

Rule of Inheritance of Traits -
Gregor Mendel
- Considered as the "Father of Genetics".
- He was the first Scientist to make a

systematic study of patterns of inheritance.
- He used pea plants Pisum sativum for his

experiments.
Tall Short Round Yellow Green

Wrinkled Seed Color
Plant Height
Important Terms
Factor/Gene - It is a segment of DNA that determines a particular

character. Genes are represented by letters. A capital letter shows that
the gene is dominant, and a small one that it is recessive.
Alleles - Alternate forms of a gene. E.g, Pea plant height - Tall(T) & Short
(t) Allele

Dominant Allele - A dominant allele expresses itself in the presence or
absence of recessive allele. Example - Allele for tallness (T).
Recessive Allele - A recessive allele is able to express itself only in the
absence of a dominant allele. Example – Allele for shortness (t)
Genotype – It is the genetic composition of an individual. Example TT, Tt

or tt
Phenotype – It is the characteristic which is visible in an organism.

Example Tall or Short plant height.
Homozygous – An individual having identical alleles. Example TT or tt
Heterozygous – An individual having contrasting alleles. Example Tt
Monohybrid Cross
- In monohybrid cross, we consider one pair of contrasting trait.
1. Mendel selected true breeding tall pea plant (TT) and crossed
it with Short (tt) plant.
2. The plants formed as a result of the cross represented first

filial or F1 generation.
3. All the F1 plants obtained were tall.
4. Mendel self-pollinated the F1 plants (selfing) and observed that

plants in the F2 generation were 75% tall and 25% Short i.e.
phenotypic ratio 3:1
Parental Generation Tall X Short
TT tt
Gametes T T t t
F1 Generation Tt Tt Tt Tt
Phenotype – All tall Genotype - Tt
Selfing F1 Tall X Tall

Generation Tt Tt
Gametes T t T t
F2 Generation
Phenotypic Ratio - 3 Tall : 1 Short Genotypic Ratio - 1 TT : 2 Tt : 1 tt
3:1 1:2:1

Dihybrid Cross
- In Dihybrid cross, We consider two pairs of contrasting traits.

(Seed shape and Seed Colour)
Experiment
1) Mendel crossed pea plants bearing Round & Yellow seeds (Rryy)
with wrinkled green (rryy).
2) He obtained F1 generation with all pea plants having Round and

Yellow seeds (RrYy).
3) On Selfing F1 offspring, Mendel obtained 4 different types of

progeny in F2 generation: Round & Yellow, Round and Green,
Wrinkled & green and Wrinkled green in the ratio 9:3:3:1

Parental Generation Round & Yellow X Wrinkled & Green
RRYY rryy
Gametes RY Ry ry ry
F1 Generation
Phenotype –
Round & Yellow
Selfing F1 RrYy X RrYy

Generation
Gametes RY Ry rY ry RY Ry rY ry
F2 Generation RY Ry rY ry
Round & Yellow 9

RY
Round & Green 3
Wrinkled & Yellow 3
Ry Wrinkled & Green 1
rY Phenotype Ratio-
9:3:3:1
ry

Mendel's Laws
Law of Dominance -
Mendel's Law of dominance states that in a heterozygote, one

trait will conceal the presence of another trait.
E.g. Tall (TT) X Short (tt)
Tall (Tt)
Law of Segregation -
When an organism makes gametes, each gamete receives just one

gene copy, which is randomly. This is known as the law of
Segregation.
E.g. - Tall (Tt)
Gamete T t
Law of Independent Assortment -
Mendel's law of independent assortment that the alleles of two

more (or more) different genes get sorted into gametes
independently of one another.
E.g. - In a dihybrid cross, the shape of seed doesn't depend on

the colour of seed.

How do traits get expressed?
- Cellular DNA is the information source for making proteins in the

cell.
- A part of DNA that provides information for one particular

protein is called a gene for that protein.
- Example
Height of a plant depends upon growth hormone which in turn is
controlled by the gene. If the gene is efficient and more growth
hormone is s ecreted, the plant will grow tall. If the gene gets
altered and less hormone is secreted, then the plant will remain
short. Thus, genes control characteristics or traits.
Sex Determination
- The process by which sex of a new born individual is determined is

called Sex Determination.

Factors determination Sex Determination
Non - Genetically Genetically
- Environmental cues : In - In humans, genes inherited

turtles, Alligators, Crocodile, from parents decide the sex
temperature at which of the offspring.
fertilized eggs are kept
determines sex.
- In Snails, individuals can

change sex.
Sex determination in humans
- In humans, sex of the child depends on the

father or we can say, the male gamete that
fuses with the female gamete.
- Humans possess 23 pairs of chromosomes

out of which one pair comprises the sex
chromosomes.
(XX in females - perfect pair)
(XY in males - Mis-matched pair)

- At the time of fertilization, the egg cell
fuses with sperm resulting in the formation
of Zygote.
- During fertilization,
i) If the egg cell carrying X chromosome

fuses with sperm carrying X
chromosome, the offspring would be a
girl.
ii) If the egg cell carrying X chromosome
fuses w ith sperm carrying Y
chromosome, the offspring would be a
boy.

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HEREDITY

- All living organisms give rise to new individuals (offspring) by a

Accumulation of Variation during Reproduction

- Some amount of variation is produced during asexual reproduction

Subscribe to my YT channel - https://www.youtube.com/c/GauravSuthar

- Main advantage of variation to a species is that it increases the

- The transmission of characters from parents to offspring is

Subscribe to my YT channel - https://www.youtube.com/c/GauravSuthar

- Considered as the "Father of Genetics".

- He was the first Scientist to make a

- He used pea plants Pisum sativum for his

Tall Short Round Yellow Green

Factor/Gene - It is a segment of DNA that determines a particular

Subscribe to my YT channel - https://www.youtube.com/c/GauravSuthar

Genotype – It is the genetic composition of an individual. Example TT, Tt

Phenotype – It is the characteristic which is visible in an organism.

Homozygous – An individual having identical alleles. Example TT or tt

Heterozygous – An individual having contrasting alleles. Example Tt

- In monohybrid cross, we consider one pair of contrasting trait.

2. The plants formed as a result of the cross represented first

3. All the F1 plants obtained were tall.

4. Mendel self-pollinated the F1 plants (selfing) and observed that

Phenotype – All tall Genotype - Tt

Selfing F1 Tall X Tall

Phenotypic Ratio - 3 Tall : 1 Short Genotypic Ratio - 1 TT : 2 Tt : 1 tt

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- In Dihybrid cross, We consider two pairs of contrasting traits.

2) He obtained F1 generation with all pea plants having Round and

3) On Selfing F1 offspring, Mendel obtained 4 different types of

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Round & Yellow

Selfing F1 RrYy X RrYy

Round & Yellow 9

Wrinkled & Yellow 3

Ry Wrinkled & Green 1

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Mendel's Law of dominance states that in a heterozygote, one

E.g. Tall (TT) X Short (tt)

When an organism makes gametes, each gamete receives just one

E.g. - Tall (Tt)

Law of Independent Assortment -

Mendel's law of independent assortment that the alleles of two

E.g. - In a dihybrid cross, the shape of seed doesn't depend on

Subscribe to my YT channel - https://www.youtube.com/c/GauravSuthar

- Cellular DNA is the information source for making proteins in the

- A part of DNA that provides information for one particular

- The process by which sex of a new born individual is determined is

Subscribe to my YT channel - https://www.youtube.com/c/GauravSuthar

Non - Genetically Genetically

- Environmental cues : In - In humans, genes inherited

- In Snails, individuals can

Sex determination in humans

- In humans, sex of the child depends on the

- Humans possess 23 pairs of chromosomes

Subscribe to my YT channel - https://www.youtube.com/c/GauravSuthar

i) If the egg cell carrying X chromosome

Subscribe to my YT channel - https://www.youtube.com/c/GauravSuthar

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