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Grade 11 Chemistry (3U) EXAM Review

Chemistry (Best notes for high school - EN-CA)

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SCH 3U EXAM REVIEW

Matter and Bonding

1. Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false.

(a) The radius of an ion is always larger than the atomic radius of the original atom.

(b) Carbon-12 and carbon-14 have different atomic numbers.

2. Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the
question.

____i. The atomic number of an element is defined as the

a. number of neutrons in the nucleus
b. number of protons in the nucleus
c. number of electrons in the nucleus
d. number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
e. electron to proton ratio

____ii. The relative atomic mass of chlorine (35.452 u) is a good indication that
a. Chlorine is a compound, not an element.
b. Chlorine is a mixture of isotopes.
c. Chlorine nuclei contain fractions of a neutron.
d. Chlorine consists of the molecule Cl2.
e. Chlorine is radioactive.

____iii. Electron affinity increases as you go from left to right on the periodic table because
a. atomic radius decreases d. all of the above
b. ionization energy decreases e. none of the above
c. of the periodic law

____iv. The mass listed for each element in the periodic table is
a. the mass of all of the isotopes of the element combined
b. the mass of the average number of neutrons in all of the isotopes of the
element
c. the average of the atomic masses of all of the isotopes of the element
d. the exact mass of the protons and neutrons in the most common isotope of
the element
e. the weighted average of the atomic masses of all of the isotopes of the
element

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____v. Why does atomic radius increase from top to bottom in a chemical family?
a. Nuclear charge increases from top to bottom in a chemical family.
b. Nuclear charge decreases from top to bottom in a chemical family.
c. The number of energy levels increases from top to bottom in a chemical
family.
d. The number of energy levels decreases from top to bottom in a chemical
family.
e. The number of electrons decreases from top to bottom in a chemical family.

____vi. Why does ionization energy increase from left to right in a period?
a. Nuclear charge increases from left to right in a period.
b. Nuclear charge decreases from left to right in a period.
c. The number of energy levels increases from left to right in a period.
d. The number of energy levels decreases from left to right in a period.
e. The number of electrons decreases from left to right in a period.

3. Complete the table below.

Element Element Atomic Group Family Period Metal or
name symbol number number name number nonmetal
fluorine

Ba

noble gas 3

4. What is electronegativity?

5. What is the difference between ionization energy and electron affinity?

6. Explain why, in general, ionization energy and electron affinity follow the same trends
throughout the periodic table.

7. Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false.

(a) Metals usually combine with nonmetals to form covalent compounds.

(b) If a molecule has a positive end and a negative end it is considered to be

polar.

(c) Nonmetals combine to form molecular compounds.

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8. Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____i. According to the Lewis model of the atom, the number of bonding electrons in a nitrogen atom is
a. 1 d. 5
b. 2 e. 7
c. 3

____ii. Which of the following atoms is believed to contain three lone pairs of electrons?
a. H d. C
b. Al e. Cl
c. B

____iii. The IUPAC name for NO2 is

a. nitrite d. nitrogen dioxide
b. nitrate e. dinitrogen dioxide
c. dinitrogen oxide

____iv. The chemical formula for iodine pentafluoride liquid is

a. IF5(l) d. I2F5(l)
b. I5F(l) e. I5F
c. I5F5(l)

____v. A student records the following evidence in a lab book.

Unknown Pure State Solubility in Solution
Substance Water Conductivity
I solid high low
II solid low low
III solid high none
IV solid high high

Which of the substances shown in the table above is most likely an ionic compound?
a. I d. IV
b. II e. none of the above
c. III

____vi. The IUPAC name for Na2CO3(s) is

a. sodium(II) carbonate d. napthium carbonate
b. sodium(II) carbonite e. sodium carbonate
c. sodium carbon trioxide

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____vii. The IUPAC name for CaCl2(s) is

a. calcium chloride d. calcium chlorate
b. calcium(II) chloride e. monocalcium dichloride
c. calcium dichloride

____viii. The IUPAC name for Fe2O3(s) is

a. iron(II) oxide d. iron(III) oxide
b. iron trioxide e. ferric oxide
c. iron oxide

____ix. The IUPAC name for AgNO3(s) is

a. silver(I) nitrite d. silver nitrogen trioxide
b. silver nitrate e. silver(II) nitrite
c. silver(I) nitrate

____x. Which of the following is the proper electron dot diagram for NaCl?
a. d.

b. e.

c.

9. Draw Lewis diagrams to explain the empirical formula for the following substances.
(a) KI(s)
(b) Br2(l)
(c) O2(g)
(d) BaCl2(s)

10. Draw the electron dot diagram for carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.

11. Draw the electron dot diagrams for hydrogen, fluorine, magnesium, and argon.

Chemical Reactions

1. Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the
question.

____(i) The reaction of silver nitrate with zinc would be classified as a

a. combustion reaction d. decomposition reaction
b. synthesis reaction e. single displacement reaction

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c. double displacement reaction

____(ii) Baking soda can be used to neutralize some battery acid that has leaked or spilled. This reaction would
be classified as a
a. synthesis reaction d. single displacement reaction
b. decomposition reaction e. double displacement reaction
c. combustion reaction

____(iii) When baking soda is heated, sodium carbonate, water, and carbon dioxide gas are formed. This
reaction can be classified as
a. synthesis d. single displacement
b. combustion e. double displacement
c. decomposition

____(iv)The substance that would be expected to form a precipitate as a product of a chemical reaction is
a. silver hydroxide d. lithium chloride
b. calcium sulfide e. chromium(III) sulfate
c. sodium phosphate

____(v) Which of the following combinations would result in the formation of a precipitate?
a. acetic acid and potassium hydroxide solutions
b. magnesium nitrate and sodium sulfide solutions
c. sulfuric acid and barium hydroxide solutions
d. sodium sulfate and copper(II) chloride solutions
e. sodium chloride and ammonium nitrate solutions

____(vi). Which metal would not displace lead, Pb, in a lead nitrate, Pb(NO3)2, solution?
a. copper, Cu d. magnesium, Mg
b. potassium, K e. none of the above
c. lithium, Li

____(vii) Which metal would not displace gold, Au, from a compound?
a. copper, Cu d. magnesium, Mg
b. potassium, K e. none of the above
c. lithium, Li

____(viii) Which metal could be used to leach copper, Cu, out of copper(II) sulfate, CuSO 4?
a. silver, Ag d. all of the above
b. gold, Au e. none of the above
c. iron, Fe

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____(ix) Which ion could a technician add to water to test for chloride ions, Cl –?
a. Na+ d. Cu2+
+
b. Ag e. K+
c. NH4+

____(x) Which of the following reactions will produce a precipitate?

a. sodium chloride and hydrochloric acid
b. sodium nitrate and barium nitrate
c. barium chloride and sodium hydroxide
d. ammonium chloride and silver nitrate
e. lead(II) nitrate and lithium bromide

2. List the metals, by number, in order of least to most likely to corrode.

1. silver
2. gold
3. aluminum
4. tin

3. Predict the products for the following chemical reactions:

(a) A sulfuric acid spill is neutralized by a sodium hydroxide solution.
(b) Copper wire is added to an aqueous solution of silver nitrate to recover the silver.
(c) Aqueous calcium chloride is added to a small amount of solution suspected to contain
sodium phosphate.
(d) Pure methane gas is burned in a barbecue.

Quantities in Chemical Reactions

1. Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the
question.

____(i) Silicon has three naturally occurring isotopes, as follows:

3.10% silicon-30 (atomic mass = 29.974 u); 4.67% silicon-29 (atomic mass = 28.976 u);
and 92.23% silicon-28 (atomic mass = 27.977 u).
The average atomic mass of silicon is
a. 28.1 u d. 30.0 u
b. 29.2 u e. 28.9 u
c. 29.8 u

____(ii). The relative atomic mass of a given element most closely resembles the total number of
a. neutrons in the nucleus d. neutrons and protons in the
nucleus
b. neutrons and electrons e. neutrons and electrons
c. protons in the nucleus

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____(iii) The molar mass of copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate, CuSO 4.5H2O, is

a. 245.6 g/mol d. 241.5 g/mol
b. 177.5 g/mol e. 249.6 g/mol
c. 219.2 g/mol

____(iv) There are 3.01 x 1023 atoms present in

a. 0.5 mol of C d. none of the above
b. 0.5 mol of Na e. all of the above
c. 0.5 mol of Ar

____(v) The number of carbon atoms present in 0.062 mol of acetic acid, CH 3COOH, is
a. 7.5 x 1022 atoms d. 6.0 x 1023 atoms
b. 3.8 x 1022 atoms e. 4.4 x 1022 atoms
23
c. 1.5 x 10 atoms

____(vi) If the molar mass of an unknown substance is found to be 98.2 g/mol, determine the mass of 6.3 mol
of the substance.
a. 15.6 g d. 6.2 x 102 g
b. 6.4 x 10–2 g e. 219.3 g
c. 102.3 g

____(vii) he number of moles of molecules in 71.6 g of methane, CH 4, (molar mass = 16.0 g/mol) is
a. 0.22 mol d. 9.77 mol
b. 4.48 mol e. 1145 mol
c. 8.77 mol

____(viii) The mass found in 0.10 mol of KHC 4H4O6 is

a. 4.6 g d. 37.6 g
b. 19 g e. 55.8 g
c. 23.7 g

____(ix) The total number of atoms represented in the formula Be(C 2H3O2)2 is
a. 4 d. 22
b. 8 e. 29
c. 15

____(x) Ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3, is commonly used for fertilizer. The percentage of nitrogen, by
mass, in this fertilizer is
a. 17.5% d. 47.5%
b. 22.5% e. 55.0%
c. 35.0%

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____(xi). A 100.0-g sample of a compound is made up of 35.9 g of aluminum and 64.1 g of sulfur. The
empirical formula of the compound is
a. Al2S3 d. Al3S2
b. Al4S6 e. Al6S4
c. AlS

____(xii) A compound has a molar mass of 170.0 g/mol and an empirical formula of SiF 3. The
compound's molecular formula is
a. SiF3 d. Si4F12
b. Si5F15 e. Si3F9
c. Si2F6

2. Determine the number of carbon atoms found in 2.50 mol of methane, CH 4.

3. Convert a mass of 89.7 g of lithium hydroxide into an amount in moles.

4. What is the empirical formula of a compound whose percentage composition is found to be

69.9% iron and 30.1% oxygen?

5.
____(i) Which of the following statements is true if 10.0 g of substance A reacts with 15.0 g of substance B?
a. Substance A is the limiting reagent.
b. Substance B is the limiting reagent.
c. Substance A is the excess reagent.
d. Substance B is the excess reagent.
e. not enough information

____(ii) Consider the following equation: Cl2 + AlBr3 Br2 + AlCl3

When this equation is correctly balanced, the coefficient of Br 2 will be
a. 1 d. 2
b. 3 e. 4
c. 5

____(iii) Consider the following equation: NaHCO3 + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2
When this equation is properly balanced, the coefficients for the substances in the equation are, in
order from left to right,
a. 2, 1, 1, 2, 2 d. 2, 1, 1, 1, 3
b. 1, 2, 2, 1, 1 e. 1, 2, 2, 1, 1
c. 2, 1, 2, 2, 2

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____(iv) When a piece of solid zinc is placed into a solution of hydrochloric acid, the resulting products are a
diatomic gas and zinc chloride. The balanced equation for this reaction is
a. Zn(s) + HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
b. 2Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) 2ZnCl(aq) + H2(g)
c. Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
d. Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl(aq) + H2(g)
e. 3Zn(s) + HCl(aq) 3ZnH2(aq) + Cl2(g)

____(v) The limiting reagent of a chemical reaction is

a. the reactant of a chemical process that is not consumed completely
b. the product of a chemical process that is consumed completely
c. the product of a chemical process that is not consumed completely
d. the reactant of a chemical process that is consumed completely
e. none of the above

6. Define the term "limiting reagent".

7. Consider the following balanced equation: 4ZnS + 6O 2 4ZnO + 4SO2

Determine the number of moles of zinc oxide produced when 2.5 mol of zinc sulfide is
combined with excess O2.

8. If 74.5 g of ammonium nitrate was the actual amount obtained in a reaction for which the
theoretical yield was 99.6 g, determine the percentage yield.

9. Potassium chlorate decomposes to form potassium chloride and oxygen gas. What mass of
potassium chlorate is required to form 120.0 g of potassium chloride?

10. Consider the following reaction: AlCl3(aq) + 4NaOH(aq) NaAlO2(aq) + 3NaCl(aq) + 2H2O(l)
How many grams of sodium chloride can be obtained from 4.46 g of AlCl 3?

11. Consider the following balanced equation: 2AgNO 3 + CaCl2 2AgCl + Ca(NO3)2
Calculate the number of moles of AgCl that will be produced when 135.0 g of calcium
chloride are reacted.

12. Consider the following reaction: CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O

How many grams of carbon dioxide will be produced when 15.0 g of CH 4 and 30.0 g of O2
are available for reaction?

13. Consider the following balanced equation: H 2S + 2NaOH Na2S + 2H2O

Determine the mass of Na2S produced when 9.19 g of H2S is combined with 16.1 g of
NaOH.

Solutions and Solubility

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1. Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the
question.

____(i) The parts of a water molecule that surround the sodium ions when salt dissolves are the
a. positive hydrogen ends d. positive oxygen ends
b. negative hydrogen ends e. chloride ions
c. negative oxygen ends

____(ii) The dissociation equation K3PO4(s)  3K+(aq) + PO4–3(aq) represents

a. soluble potassium phosphate d. soluble potassium phosphide
b. insoluble sodium phosphate e. soluble potassium phosphite
c. soluble potassium carbonate

____(iii) What is the molar concentration of 0.20 mol of potassium hydroxide in 0.75 L of solution?
a. 0.37 mol/L d. 0.27 mol/L
b. 3.75 mol/L e. 0.17 mol/L
c. 2.66 mol/L

____(iv) A solution whose precise concentration is known is called a

a. standard solution d. chemical solution
b. traditional solution e. concentrated solution
c. dilute solution

____(v) What volume of water should be added to 500 mL of a 1.0 mol/L CuSO 4 solution to dilute it to
0.5 mol/L?
a. 500 mL d. 125 mL
b. 1.0 L e. 375 mL
c. 250 mL

____(vi) Which of the following contains 1 mol of dissolved copper(II) nitrate?

a. 500 mL of a 0.5 mol/L solution d. 1 L of a 0.9 mol/L solution
b. 750 mL of a 0.75 mol/L solution e. 2 L of a 0.4 mol/L solution
c. 500 mL of a 2.0 mol/L solution

2. Match each term with its correct definition below.

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a. intramolecular e. hydrogen bonds

b. intermolcular f. ionic compounds
c. polar g. dissociation
d. nonpolar h. London forces

____positive metallic ion bonded to a nonmetallic negative ion

____intermolecular forces that exist between hydrogen and oxygen on separate molecules

____forces that hold molecules close to one another

____specific attraction within a molecule (ionic or covalent bonds)

____separation of ions as an ionic compound dissolves in water

____weak intermolecular forces mainly between nonpolar molecules

____molecules that have a slightly positive and negative charged end

____molecules that are symmetrical and have no overall polarity

3. Explain how an ionic substance like KCl dissolves in water.

4. A solution of cupric sulphate is used at blood donor clinics to test donor blood for low
iron. Calculate the concentration of this solution, in mol/L, if 125 g of CuSO 4 crystals are
dissolved in 1.0 L of water.

5. The concentration of an HCl acid solution is initially 6.0 mol/L. What would the
concentration of a new solution be if 200 mL of the original HCl solution is diluted to 1.0
L with water?

6. One brand of mineral water contains 1.55 ppm of dissolved nitrate. Calculate the mass
of nitrate in an 11.0-L container of this bottled water.

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7. Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the
question.

____(i) Which of the following anions in solution would precipitate the silver ion, Ag +?
a. SO42– d. all of the above
2–
b. S e. a and b only
c. Cl–

____(ii) Which of the following cations in solution would precipitate the NO 3– ion?
a. Na+ d. Cu2+
2+
b. Ca e. none of the above
3+
c. Fe

____(iii) Which of the following combinations of aqueous solutions would produce a precipitate?
a. ammonium sulphide and zinc bromide
b. potassium chloride and sodium nitrate
c. iron(III) nitrate and potassium hydroxide
d. all of the above
e. a and c only

____(iv) Based on the solubility rules, which of the following is insoluble?

a. CaCl2 d. (NH4)2CO3
b. Fe(NO3)3 e. PbBr2
c. LiBr

8. Match the following solubility terms with the correct statement below.

a. saturated e. gases
b. unsaturated f. solids
c. supersaturated g. immiscible
d. solubility h. miscible

____solubility of these substances increases as water temperature decreases

____solution with the maximum solute quantity at a specific temperature

____property of a solute

____liquids that do not dissolve very well in water

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____solution with less than the maximum solute quantity at a specific temperature

____solubility of these substances increases as water temperature increases

____liquids that dissolve very well in water

____solution with more than the maximum solute quantity at a specific temperature

9. Using the solubility table below, state whether the following ionic compounds are soluble or
insoluble in water.

Compound Soluble or insoluble

(a) PbI2
(b) KClO3
(c) CaCO3
(d) BaSO4

10. A sample of well water is known to contain a high concentration of iron. What solution could
you use to test the water to get a positive precipitate test for the dissolved iron?

11. Consider the following reaction: Barium chloride solution is mixed with potassium sulphate
solution to produce a solid precipitate barium sulphate and a solution of potassium chloride.

For this reaction, write

(a) a balanced chemical equation
(b) a total ionic equation
(c) a net ionic equation

12. 500 g of copper metal is reacted with 2.5 L of 3.0 mol/L nitric acid solution. Calculate how
much of the copper metal remains after the reaction is complete.

13. Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____(i) Which of the following is the correct dissociation reaction for calcium hydroxide?
a. Ca(OH)2(s)  Ca2+(aq) + 2OH–(aq)
b. CaOH(s)  Ca+(aq) + OH–(aq)
c. Ca(OH)2(s)  2Ca2+(aq) + OH–(aq)
d. Ca(OH)3(s)  Ca3+(aq) + 3OH–(aq)
e. Ca(OH)2(s)  2 Ca2+(aq) + 2OH–(aq)

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____(ii) Blackberries have a [H+(aq)] = 4.0 x 10–4 mol/L. What is their pH?
a. 3.4 d. 8.0
b. 4.0 e. 5.0
c. 2.0

____(iii) Household ammonia has a pH of 12.5 and lye has a pH of 13.5. Which of the following is true?
a. Ammonia is ten times more basic than lye.
b. Lye is two times more basic than ammonia.
c. There is no significant difference in the acidities of ammonia and lye.
d. Lye is ten times more basic than ammonia.
e. Ammonia is less acidic than lye.

____(iv) Which of the following is true for hydrochloric acid?

a. HCl(aq)  H+(aq) + Cl–(aq) (< 99%)
b. It is a weak acid.
c. HCl(aq)  H+(aq) + Cl–(aq) (> 99%)
d. HCl(aq)  H+(aq) + Cl–(aq) (> 50%)
e. HCl(aq)  H+(aq) + Cl–(aq) (< 30%)

14. Calculate the pH of seawater which has a hydrogen ion concentration of 1 x 10 –8 mol/L.

15. A swimming pool has a pH of 7.5. Calculate the hydrogen ion concentration in the pool.

16. A quality-control technician is testing the concentration of muriatic acid (hydrochloric acid)
to check that the concentration is within certain limits. Calculate the concentration of the
hydrochloric acid if a 15.0-mL sample (diluted by factor of 10) is titrated with standard
sodium carbonate solution. The titration required 10.00 mL of 0.250 mol/L sodium
carbonate to neutralize the acid.

17. A teaspoon of milk of magnesia contains 12.0 mg of magnesium hydroxide. What volume of
0.01 mol/L HCl in a person's stomach would be neutralized by this teaspoon of antacid?

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SCH 3U EXAM REVIEW SOLUTIONS

Matter and Bonding

1. (a) F (b) F
2. (i) B (ii) B (iii) A (iv) E (v) C (vi) A
3.
Element Element Atomic Group Family Period Metal or
name symbol number number name number nonmetal
fluorine F 9 17 halogens 2 nonmetal
barium Ba 56 2 alkali earth 6 metal
metals
argon Ar 18 18 noble gas 3 nonmetal

4. Electronegativity is a measure of an element's ability to attract electrons.

5. Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom. Electron affinity is the energy
released when an atom accepts an electron.

6. They are both dependent on the same thing, atomic radius. When the atomic radius is small, it is more
difficult to remove an electron, so ionization energy is high. At the same time, it is easier for the atom to
accept another electron, so it releases energy when an electron is added and electron affinity is high.

7. (a) F (b) T (c) T

8. (i) C (ii) E (iii) D (iv) A (v) D (vi) E (vii) A (viii) D (ix) B (x) B

9.
(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

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10.
carbon dioxide carbon monoxide

11.
hydrogen fluorine magnesium argon

Chemical Reactions

1. (i) E (ii) E (iii) C (iv) A (v) C (vi) A (vii) E (viii) C (ix) B (x) D, E
2. 2, 1, 4, 3
3.(a) H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) 2HOH(l) + Na2SO4(aq)
(b) Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) Cu(NO3)2(aq) + Ag(s)
(c) 3CaCl2(aq) + 2Na3PO4(aq) Ca3(PO4)2(s) + 6NaCl(aq)
(d) CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

Quantities in Chemical Reactions

1. (i) A (ii) D (iii) E (iv) E (v) A (vi) D (vii) B (viii) B (ix) C (x) C (xi) A (xii) C
2.

Since there is one carbon atom in each methane molecule, there are 1.51  1024 atoms of carbon present.

3.

A mass of 89.7 g of LiOH is equivalent to 3.74 mol.

4.

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mFe = 69.9%  100.0 g Fe = 69.9 g MFe = 55.8 g/mol

mO = 30.1%  100.0 g O = 30.1 g MO = 16.00 g/mol

The molar ratio for Fe:O is 1.25:1.88. Dividing by 1.25 to obtain the lowest ratio, we obtain the molar ratio of
Fe:O to be 1:1.5. Multiplying this ratio by 2, we obtain a final 2:3 ratio.
The empirical formula of the compound is Fe2O3.

5. (i) E (ii) B (iii) A (iv) C (v) D

6.
The limiting reagent is the first reactant in a chemical reaction to be completely consumed before the
remaining reactant(s) is/are.

7.

mole ratio ZnS:ZnO = 1:1

8.

9.
balanced equation: 2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2

mole ratio: KClO3:KCl = 1:1

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The amount of potassium chlorate required to produce 120.0 g of KCl is 197.3 g.

10.
mole ratio: AlCl3:NaCl = 1:3

The mass of sodium chloride that can be obtained is 5.86 g.

11.
mole ratio: CaCl2:AgCl = 1:2

The number of moles of AgCl that will be produced is 2.433 mol.

12.
We can determine the number of moles of oxygen gas needed to react completely with 15.0 g of methane.

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mole ratio: CH4:O2 = 1:2

There is not enough O2 available for 15.0 g of methane to react completely. The oxygen gas is the limiting
reagent.

mole ratio: O2:CO2 = 2:1

The mass of carbon dioxide produced is 20.6 g.

13.
We can determine the number of moles of NaOH needed to react completely with 9.19 g of H 2S.

mole ratio: H2S:NaOH = 1:2

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There is not enough NaOH available for 9.19 g of hydrogen sulfide to react completely. The NaOH is the
limiting reagent.

mole ratio: NaOH:Na2S = 2:1

The mass of sodium sulfide produced is 15.8 grams.

Solutions and Solubility

1. (i) C (ii) A (iii) D (iv) A (v) A (vi) C
2. From top to bottom of the list: F, E, B, A, G, H, C, D
3. Positive potassium ions attract the negatively charged oxygen atoms of water molecules, and negative
chloride ions attract the positively charged hydrogen atoms of the water molecules. The KCl is
completely dissociated when all of the potassium and chloride ions have become hydrated or
surrounded by water molecules.

4.

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The molar concentration of the solution is 0.78 mol/L.

5.

The concentration of the diluted HCl solution is 1.2 mol/L.

6.

The container of mineral water contains 17.0 mg of dissolved nitrate.

7. (i) D (ii) E (iii) E (iv) E

8. From top to bottom: E, A, D, G, B, F, H, C
9.
Compound Soluble or insoluble
(a) PbI2 insoluble
(b) KClO3 soluble
(c) CaCO3 insoluble
(d) BaSO4 insoluble

10. Many possible answers – sodium hydroxide would work.

A sodium hydroxide solution. (There are several other possibilities that students could choose by using a
solubility rules table.)

11.
(a) BaCl2(aq) + K2SO4(aq)  BaSO4(s) + 2KCl(aq)
(b) Ba2+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) + 2K+(aq) + SO42– (aq)  BaSO4 (s) + 2K+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq)
(c) Ba2+(aq) + SO42– (aq)  BaSO4(s)

12.

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3Cu(s) + 8HNO3(aq)  4H2O(g) + 3Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2NO (g)

500 g 2.5 L
m 3.0 mol/L

The mass of copper metal left unreacted is 320 g.

13. (i) A (ii) A (iii) D (iv) C

14.

Seawater has a pH of 8.0.

15.

The hydrogen ion concentration of the swimming pool is 3.2  10–8 mol/L.

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16.
2HCl(aq) + Na2CO3(aq)  H2CO3(aq) + 2NaCl (aq)
15.0 mL 10.00 mL
C 0.250 mol/L

Since the sample of HCl had been diluted by a factor of 10, the original concentration of the HCl must be 10
times greater.
The original concentration was 3.33 mol/L.

17.
Mg(OH)2(aq) + 2HCl(aq)  MgCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
12.0 mg 0.01 mol/L
58.31 g/mol v

The milk of magnesia can neutralize 40 mL of stomach acid.

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