AUGUSTE COMTE “social soul” in

SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONIST
terms of religious and philosophic than
PERSPECTIVE scientific

Social Sciences shifted the focus from RODNEY STARK the “study of the
body and soul to the relationship patterns and processes of human
between the self and the external relations”
world
EMILE DURKHEIM “Father of Modern
The growth and development of the Sociology”
person is a byproduct of the
interaction of the self with external LUNDERG AND ASSOCIATES “a body
reality of scientific knowledge with theories
based on scientific investigations and
SOCIAL observations, rather than armchair
and speculations.”
CONSTRUCTIONISM
A theory that examines how people The systematic study of the
learn, develop or construct their own relationship between the individual
understanding and knowledge of the and society and of the consequences
world including the self through of different types of relationships
experiences

ANTHROPOLOGY
The self, cannot be separated from its
The scientific study of humanity,
social context
concerned with human behavior,
human biology, and societies, in both
The person’s identity, every now and
the present and past, including past
then, is impacted by the social
human species
environment

Main focus is on the origin or evolution

The individual change and adapt
of man including culture which man
itself depending on the social
possesses, creates, and controls
circumstance.

Other concerns include indigenous

SOCIOLOGY groups and how these people maintain
The term was coined by French their traditional culture despite the
philosopher Auguste Comte changes and modernities of life
(1798–1857), who would become
known as the “Father of Sociology” The word came from two words:
o anthropos → man
The word was derived from two words o logos → study
namely:
o socius → group or partners
o logus → science or study
MARCEL MAUSS emphasized that Sociologist W.I. Thomas (1966)
every self has two manifestations emphasized the importance of
★ PERSONNE - what it means to definitions and meanings in social
be he is; taken in a social behavior and its consequences. He
context on how to behave in a suggested that humans respond to
given expectations and their definition of a situation rather
influences from others than to the objective situation itself.
★ MOI - person’s sense of who he Hence Thomas noted that situations
is; basic identity that we define as real become real in
their consequences

Self is morphed according to

circumstance and context It also suggests that our identity or
sense of self is shaped by social
interaction
SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
Focuses on the relationships among We develop our self-concept by
individuals within a society observing how others interact with us
and label us. By observing how others
Society is composed of several view us, we see a reflection ourselves
symbols to which we act and react that Cooley calls the “looking glass
based on meanings attributed to self.”
those things and according to how the
person interprets the situations SOCIALIZATION
The process through which people are
MARGARET MEAD contribution is in taught to be proficient members of a
the development of Symbolic society
Interactions Perspective
Is not the same as socializing, it is a
★ MACRO SOCIOLOGY looks at sociological process that occurs
the big picture of society through socializing
★ MICRO SOCIOLOGY is
concerned with the social A person develops a sense of
psychological dynamics of self-conscious awareness of
individuals interacting in small possessing a distinct identity that
groups separates you from other members of
★ SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM society
emphasizes that human
behavior is influenced by LOOKING GLASS SELF
definitions and meanings that
THEORY
are created and maintained
The self is mirrored in the reaction of
through symbolic interaction
the others
with others
According to sociologist CHARLES awareness and self-image, is a
HORTON COOLEY, individuals product of social experience
develop their concept of self by
observing how they are perceived by Conceptualizes the mind as the
others individual importation of the social
process
Describes the process wherein
individuals base their sense of self on Presented the self and the mind in
how they believe others view them terms of a social process. As gestures
are taken in by the individual
Using social interaction as a type of organism, the individual organism also
“mirror,” people use the judgments takes in the collective attitudes of
they receive from others to measure others, in the form of gestures, and
their own worth, values, and behavior reacts accordingly with other
organized attitudes.
Cooley’s theory is notable because it
suggests that self-concept is built not Only certain people like family at a
in solitude, but rather within social certain periods of life influence
settings identity

Society and individuals are not He further believes that at a young

separate, but rather two age, individuals were not actually
complementary aspects of the same influenced by others in any way
phenomenon because they see themselves as being
the focus of their own world aside
★ PRESENTATION how he from the fact that they lack the ability
presents himself to others to take the perspective of another
★ IDENTIFICATION visualizes person
how others evaluate him
But it is different when they grow up
★ SUBJECTIVE
because the perception of other
INTERPRETATION develops
people about them becomes more
feeling about himself based
important
upon others’ perception of him

DRAMATURGICAL
ROLE TAKING THEORY
PERSPECTIVE
One of the most important sociological
Introduced by ERVING GOFFMAN
approaches to the self was developed
by American sociologist GEORGE
Everyday life is like a stage where
HERBERT MEAD
each individual needs to learn to
perform the assigned roles to him by
The self, which is the part of a
other people through the process
person's personality consisting of self-
called socialization
 time and influence the direction
It is termed a "fully two-sided view of development takes
human interaction."

Most of the time in our life is spent in

THE SELF FROM
the front stage. We need to deliver
and perform accordingly in front of PSYCHOLOGICAL
others. But we need to allow ourselves PERSPECTIVES
to retreat too and be at the
backstage or our private space where
we can be our real selves PSYCHOLOGY
The word was derived from two words
namely:
ECOLOGICAL THEORY
o psyche → soul or spirit
Views human behavior as the result of o logos → knowledge or study
the relationship between individuals
and their environments The Scientific study of behavior and
mental processes
Introduced by URIE
Study of human beings- how they behave,
BRONFENBRENNER
how they feel, how they think, how they
adjust or fail to adjust, how they get along
Explains how the inherent qualities of with one another, and how they become
children and their environments individuals that they are
interact to influence how they grow
and develop
DIFFERENT THEORIES OF
LEVELS OF EXTERNAL INFLUENCE DEVELOPMENT

★ MICROSYSTEM the everyday

PSYCHOANALYSIS
immediate environment
SIGMUND FREUD is the founder of
★ MESOSYSTEM the connections
Psychoanlaysis
or interrelationships among the
various aspects of the
Focused on childhood traumatic
microsystem
conflicts and experiences affecting the
★ EXOSYSTEM contexts that the
self
individual is not part of but
that may nevertheless influence Individuals are innately aggressive
their development
★ MACROSYSTEM larger cultural, He described the self or personality as
social class context in which multi-layered that consists of the
development occurs conscious, pre conscious and
★ CHRONOSYSTEM changes in unconscious mind
the individual or the
environment that occurs over
The PRECONSCIOUS contains those
psychic materials that are out of
awareness but are accessible to
conscious awareness as need arises

The CONSCIOUS operates in the

reality principle it navigates the
environment in a reasonable, mindful
and functional manner ID
The primitive and instinctual part of
Contains all of the thoughts, the mind that is impulsive (and
memories, feelings, and wishes of unconscious) as it responds directly
which we are aware at any given and immediately to basic urges, needs
moment and desires

This is the aspect of our mental Operates on the pleasure principle so

processing that we can think and talk that every wishful impulse should be
about rationally satisfied immediately, regardless of
the consequences
The UNCONSCIOUS mind is the
storehouse of individual’s rugged EGO
instincts, painful memories, unfulfilled The decision-making component of
wishes,childhood fantasies and personality as it ideally works by
unacceptable impulses which might reason
trigger anxiety in the individual if they
are not foreced out of the conscious Operates according to the reality
awareness principle, working out realistic ways of
satisfying the id’s demands, often
compromising or postponing
satisfaction to avoid negative
consequences of society

Considers social realities and norms,

etiquette and rules in deciding how to
behave

The ego has no concept of right or

wrong; something is good simply if it
achieves its end of satisfying without
Freud also asserted about a SELF that causing harm to itself or the id
is consist of the ID, EGO and
SUPEREGO SUPER EGO
Incorporates the values and morals of unhealthier personality and sense of
society which are learned from one's self. These stages, however, can be
parents and others resolved successfully at a later time

Develops around the age of 3 – 5 years TRUST VS. MISTRUST (birth to 1

year) Human life is a social endeavor
that involves linkages and interactions
THEORY OF PSYCHOSOCIAL among people.
DEVELOPMENT
ERIK ERICKSON said that o Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (2
individuals develop a “healthy to 3 years) as children begins to crawl,
personality” by mastering “life’s outer walk, climb, and explore, a new
and inner dangers” conflict confronts them; whether to
assert their will or not.
Erikson maintained that personality
develops in a predetermined order INITIATIVE VS. GUILT (4 to 5
through eight stages of psychosocial years) the repertoire of motor and
development, from infancy to mental abilities that are open to
adulthood
children greatly expands

During each stage, the person

Parents who give their children
experiences a psychosocial crisis
which could have a positive or freedom in running, sliding, bike
negative outcome for personality riding are allowing them to develop
development initiative

For Erikson (1958, 1963), these crises Parents who curtail this freedom are
are of a psychosocial nature because giving children a sense of themselves
they involve psychological needs of as nuisances and inept intruders in an
the individual (i.e., psycho) conflicting adult world
with the needs of society (i.e., social)
INDUSTRY VS. INFERIORITY
According to the theory, successful (6 to 11 years) during elementary
completion of each stage results in a school years, a child becomes
healthy personality and the concerned with how things work and
acquisition of basic virtues how they are made

Basic virtues are characteristic As children move into the world of

strengths which the ego can use to school, they gain a sense of industry
resolve subsequent crises. Failure to by winning recognition for their
successfully complete a stage can achievements
result in a reduced ability to complete
further stages and therefore an But they may also acquire a sense of
inadequacy and inferiority
 INTEGRITY VS. DESPAIR (Old
IDENTITY VS. ROLE age) As individuals approach the end
CONFUSION (12 to 18 years) of life, they tend to take stock of the
The psychological question one must years that have gone before
answers in this age is “Who am I?”
Some feel a sense of satisfaction with
In the process, teenagers must their accomplishments. Others
develop an integrated and coherent experience despair- “the feeling that
sense of self the time is now short, too short for the
attempt to start another life and to try
When the adolescent fails to develop a out alternative roads to integrity"
“centered” identity, he or she becomes
trapped in either role confusion or a HORNEY’S PSYCHOANALYTIC
“negative identity” SOCIAL THEORY
KAREN HORNEY (pronounced
INTIMACY VS. ISOLATION Horn-eye) built on the assumption that
(Young Adulthood) As Erikson view social and cultural conditions,
intimacy is the capacity to reach out especially childhood experiences, are
and make contact with other people largely responsible for shaping
personality
It means to fuse one’s own identity
with those others People who do not have their needs
for love and affection satisfied during
Intimacy finds expression in deep childhood develop basic hostility
friendship, close involvement, however toward their parents and, as a
may result in rejection consequence, suffer from basic
anxiety
Consequently, some individuals opt for
relationship of a shallow sort Horney theorized that people combat
basic anxiety by adopting one of three
GENERATIVITY VS. fundamental styles of relating to
STAGNATION (Middle Adulthood) others:
GENERATIVITY defined as a reaching
out beyond one’s own immediate ➔ Moving toward people
concerns to embrace the welfare of ➔ Moving against people
society and of future generations, it ➔ Moving away from people
entails selflessness
Normal individuals may use any of
STAGNATION is a condition in which these modes of relating to other
individuals are preoccupied with their people, but neurotics are compelled to
material possessions or physical rigidly rely on only one
well-being.
Their compulsive behavior generates a of mental well-being or peace of mind.
basic intrapsychic conflict that may If the way that I am is not aligned
take the form of either an idealized with how I want to be, the
self-image or self-hatred incongruence, or lack of alignment,
will result in mental distress or anxiety
The idealized self-image is expressed
as (1) neurotic search for glory (2) The greater the level of incongruence
neurotic claims or (3) neurotic pride between the ideal self and real self,
the greater the level of resulting
Self-hatred is expressed as either distress
self-contempt or alienation from self
HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY
REAL VS. IDEAL SELF CARL ROGERS (1902-1987) was a
The real self and the ideal self are humanistic psychologist who agreed
terms used to describe personality with the main assumptions of
domains Abraham Maslow

The real self is who we actually are Humans have one basic motive, that is
to self-actualize
It is how we think, how we feel, look,
and act Every person could achieve their
goals, in life when self-actualization
This can be seen by others, but took place
because we have no way of truly
knowing how others view us, the real The self-actualizing tendency which
self is our self-image help shape/develop his/her
self-concept over a period of time
The ideal self, on the other hand, is who based on the feedback from this field
want to be of reality

It is an idealized image that we have

However, Rogers (1959) added that for
developed over time, based on what
a person to "grow", they need an
we have learned and experienced
environment that provides them with
genuineness (openness and
The ideal self could include
self-disclosure), acceptance (being
components of what our parents have
seen with unconditional positive
taught us, what we admire in others,
regard), and empathy (being listened
what our society promotes, and what
to and understood)
we think is in our best interest
A person can be a fully functioning
THE IMPORTANCE OF ALIGNMENT
individual when they’re in touch with
If the way that I am (the real self) is
the here and now, his or her subjective
aligned with the way that I want to be
experiences and feelings, continually
(the ideal self), then I will feel a sense
growing and changing
 life, and always looking for new
5 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE challenges and experiences
FULLY FUNCTIONING PERSON
INNER PERSONALITY OR
OPEN TO EXPERIENCE SELF-CONCEPT
The person accepts the experience of This is defined as "the organized,
both positive and negative emotions consistent set of perceptions and
beliefs about oneself
He/she does not deny negative
feelings but worked it through rather Without these, relationships and healthy
than resorting to ego defense personalities will not develop as they
mechanisms should

EXISTENTIAL LIVING Also called self-construction, self-identity,

self-perspective or self-structure
The individual is in touch with different
experiences as they occur in his/her
Self-concept includes the person’s
life characteristics, attitudes and dispositions

Being able to live and fully appreciate It differs from self-esteem

the present, not always looking back
to the past or forward to the future Since self-concept is a cognitive or
descriptive component of one's self (ex. "I
am a fast learner"), while self-esteem is
TRUST FEELINGS
evaluative and opinionated (ex. "I feel
As the individual lives in the present
good about being a fast learner")
moment, they pay attention to their
feelings, instincts, and gut-reactions According to Rogers, we want to feel,
experience and behave in ways which are
The person trusts that their own consistent with our self-image and which
decisions are the right ones, and trust reflect what we would like to be like, our
that he/she makes right choices ideal-self

The closer our self-image and ideal-self

CREATIVITY
are to each other, the more consistent or
A functioning individual manifests congruent we are and the higher our sense
creative thinking and risk-taking of self-worth
behaviors in his/her life
THE SELF-CONCEPT HAS 3
They do not play safe all the time DIFFERENT COMPONENTS

This involves the ability to adjust and SELF-IMAGE

change and seek new experiences the mental picture that is quite
resistant to change
FULFILLED LIFE
The person is happy and satisfied with It depicts the details that are
potentially available to objective ➔ SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS
investigation by others (height, explain the person’s association
weight, hair color, etc.) as well as the or inclusion in a group
items that have been learned by that
person from personal experiences or
PHYSICAL SELF
by internalizing the judgments of
others
Refers to the body which is a
A person's self-image is their answer wonderful and complex container
to the question "What do you believe
people think about you?". A responsive machine with which we
interface with our environment and
SELF-IMAGE MAY CONSIST OF 3 TYPES fellow beings.
➔ How the individual sees themself
➔ How others see the individual A concrete dimension; tangible aspect
➔ How the individual perceives of the person that can be directly
others see them or not
observed and examined

SELF – ESTEEM /SELF WORTH

BEAUTY
The value that the individual places on
The person or nature or things’
himself/herself
combination of qualities, such as shape,
color, or form that pleases the aesthetic
Reflects a person's overall subjective sense, especially the sight
emotional evaluation of his or her own
worth; belief about oneself; as well as SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT
emotional states such as triumph,
despair, pride and shame A. BEAUTY IS UNIVERSAL
According to De Mello (2014), this is
It is a judgment of oneself as well as true if all cultures appear to have the
an attitude toward the self. same notion of what beauty is
Ex. "I am competent“; "I am worthy"
B. BEAUTY IS NOT UNIVERSAL.
IDEAL SELF ● Cultural conditioning influences
What the person wishes to be really perception of beauty
like ● Ideas of beauty vary
throughout history and across
3 QUALITIES RELATED TO SELF different cultures.
CONCEPT ● Tastes change over time hence
BEAUTY IS NOT UNIVERSAL
➔ PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS ● Beauty is a subjective concept
are physiological attributes
➔ PERSONAL Evolutionary perspective explains that
CHARACTERISTICS are both men and women have considered
personality traits certain physical features such as
HEALTH AND GOOD GENE as For scientists, a face is attractive when
indicators of beauty ideal measurement is achieved for the
space between the eyes, the length of
the chin, the height of the eyes, the
Fitness and BEAUTY is characterized
length and width of the nose, and the
by a clean and unblemished skin, thick
width and the shape of the mouth.
shiny hair, and symmetrical face.

However, what we observe in the

That is, individuals with unusual facial
physical appearance may be different
features are seen as more beautiful
from the way we perceive them
since they are more noticeable than
those with average facial features.
Both men and women, although
women appear to be more conscious
Swami and Harris (2012) further
of their beauty, take extra effort, time
added that a person’s inclination for
and money to engage in activities that
physical attractiveness and choice of a
enhance their appearance just to meet
mate is dependent on the latter’s
the beauty standards that modern
capability for reproduction
society seem to promote.

Female beauty is also defined

REASONS WHY SOME PEOPLE
by youthfulness and fertility.
ADAPT TO THE SEEMINGLY
Male beauty on the other hand is said UNREALISTIC AND
to be associated with physical traits UNATTAINABLE STANDARDS OF
that are predominantly determined by BEAUTY
their hormone
The harsh treatment from various
HOWEVER, a woman who is thinking media
of a long-term or short-term
relationship with a man would have This kind of treatment has
varied preferences. psychological implication as it affects
women at its core. The latter leads to
It is mentioned that for women who the development of low self-esteem,
intend to have a long- term negative body image, eating
relationship, men with capabilities to disorders, stress, and anxiety
raise their family on the basis of
financial means are said to be more Putting photo-shopped and
attractive than those who possess computer-enhanced models in
physical masculinity and fertility advertisements, society has built up
impossible standards of beauty, which
INFLUENCE OF CULTURE TO has led to feelings of inadequacy
BEAUTY among women.
Beauty is cultural as well.
Why is it that women and men SELF-MORTIFICATION comprises
alike feel bad when their physical avoidance of activities that gives
appearance is put in bad light? pleasure to the body like sex and
eating meat to the extent of assuming
GOOD LOOKS SEEM TO BE ONE a modest living condition

OF THE SOURCES OF ESTEEM

While FASTING is said to be an act of
refuting oneself which may take in the
But this is not a good source of esteem
form of refraining from consuming
since beauty fades as one gets older;
meat during the Lenten season as
still a lot of women and men conform
practiced by the Christians, the
to the society’s standards of beauty to
purpose of which is to attain oneness
maintain their youthful look.
with Christ
Ultimately, looking young despite
old age, increases one’s self-esteem
Another practice which promote the
latter is part-taking in the EUCHARIST.
CAREER AND RELATIONSHIP
The mentioned religious practices
PUSH WOMEN TO CONFORM TO
have been an important part of
BEAUTY STANDARDS Christian life which for many years
provided guidance in terms of what to
According to psychologists, the
do with the body
overwhelming emphasis on beauty
results to difficulty in obtaining
gratification in their relationship for BEAUTY or BEING BEAUTIFUL is
both men and women, as well as, a concept that we automatically
women being forced to subscribe to attached to the body or physical
costly beauty products and risky appearance. The society’s
cosmetic surgeries standards of beauty sometimes
contribute to the development of a
person’s unhealthy body image or
Others go to extreme measures as
incapacitating beliefs.
body modification to meet the
society’s standards of beauty.
Therefore, beauty should not be the
only measure of a person’s worth.
Body modification refers to the
Nonetheless, the physical aspect is
physical alteration of the body
one of the areas that a person may
improve on so that he can achieve a
Some practices are promoted for body
healthy self-image.
preservation, these are usually
observed in some religious practices
like fasting, abstinence, and
self-mortification
 CONDITION OF HUMAN
SEXUAL SELF
SEXUALITY IN THE
PHILIPPINES
Another aspect of one’s humanity is Philippines is said to be predominantly
the experience of oneself as a dominated by conservative views and
SEXUAL BEING little understanding of HUMAN
SEXUALITY and oneself as a sexual
One who is capable of experiencing being
pleasurable sensations and sexual or
romantic attractions with another Hence, there is no systematic program
body geared towards promoting sex
education in any domain in the
This is called HUMAN SEXUALITY country.

HUMAN SEXUALITY: is a subject OBJECTIVE OF SEXUAL SELF

matter that has been subject of taboo DISCUSSION IN UTS
and too much social regulation at ● Provide one scientific
some point in the history of human understanding of the topic
society “Sexual Self”
● Lessen, if not eradicate,
CONSEQUENCES: OF TABOO AND ignorance, prejudices and
SOCIAL REGULATION stigmatizing attitudes towards
● Lots of generation grew up sexuality-related factors
developing confused attitudes ● Promote a more healthy and
about it meaningful attitude towards
● Curiosity which is often met not one’s sexual self
with clear information but with
resounding “NO” or “DON’T” BASIC CONCEPTS ON THE
from adults STUDY OF SEXUALITY
● Teens explore other sources like Sexuality refers to the WAYS in which
peers, pornographic reading and human beings EXPERIENCE
video materials to satisfy and EXPRESS themselves as SEXUAL
cravings for sexual information BEINGS
● Relying on age stories among
folks in the neighborhood Components of Sexuality:
● Sex
In the mid 20th century, there was a ● Sexual orientation
slow opening of more informed ● Gender expression
discussion on SEXUALITY. ● Gender identity

SEX
from the Latin word which stands for
“TO CUT or DIVIDE” which is
expressed as MALE or FEMALE based The sex of an individual depends on
on the external genitalia of penis and the 23rd pair of chromosome during
vagina that sets the biological fertilization…
structural difference
XX – female XY – male
GENDER
Signifies the STATE or EXPERIENCE of Around the end of the 2nd month of
being male or female which results pregnancy, sexual differentiation and
from SOCIALIZATION WITHIN ONE’S development of the external sex organ
CULTURE begins

GENDER IDENTITY At birth, the basis of assigning one’s

One’s concept of being male or female sex or gender is determined by the
structure of the external genitalia or
GENDER ROLES the structures of reproduction which
are the behavioral expectations of are called PRIMARY SEXUAL
both male and female within a society CHARACTERISTICS
or culture
SECONDARY SEX
GENDER EXPRESSIONS CHARACTERISTICS
How a person actualizes hid/her Begins to develop during puberty or
gender identity through manner of the start of teen years
dressing, appearance or conduct
Not essential to reproduction but as
SEXUAL ORIENTATION they develop they set for a more
One’s erotic attraction and romantic visible differentiation between a male
interest with the opposite or same and a female
gender
With the appearance of secondary sex
Ex. homosexuality, bisexuality and characteristics comes the
heterosexuality maturation of the reproductive system
for both sexes.

Upon the onset of menstruation for

girls through the advent of first
menstruation called the menarche and
initial seminal emission in males
usually through nocturnal emissions or
“wet dreams,” the female and male
bodies are ready to fulfill
reproductive functions or to produce
THE STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT offspring.
OF OUR SEXUAL BODY
THE BIOLOGY OF SEXUAL EROGENOUS ZONES (Nevid, et. al,
BEHAVIOR 1993).
Human sexuality is not just sexual
anatomy. Our SKIN is the largest zone of
pleasure in the body that is sensitive
Human Sexuality is also characterized to tactile stimulation.
by expression (or suppression of in
some cases) of sexual feelings and Primary erogenous zones like the
thoughts into certain actions either genitals, inner thighs, lips and mouth,
individually or with another sexual tongue, earlobes and breasts, neck
being and navels are endowed with more
nerve endings, thus, their extreme
THE BIOLOGY OF SEXUAL sensitivity to stimulation
BEHAVIOR
Secondary erogenous zones are body
parts that are not naturally sensitive
Specific Sexual Behaviors:
to sexual stimulation but they have
become sexually excitable due to
● Sharing of erotic or affectionate
repeated experience.
feelings with others to add
meanings in our relationships
One may feel sexual arousal when a
● When we stimulate our bodies for
partner strokes one’s hair, or arms, or
sexual satisfaction
legs, since these have been the usual
● When we engage in a sexual act
parts that receive affectionate
with another being for the purpose
attention from the partner over time.
of reproduction

Why do we even feel the urge to BIOLOGICAL BASES OF LUST,

express our sexual feelings and LOVE, ATTACHMENT
thoughts into certain actions? As sexual beings, humans normally
Because the human body has been experience the need to be physically
created to be sensitive to sexual intimate, to feel desire for somebody,
excitation or to long for deep and constant
affiliation with another person.
TOUCHING, CARESSING, STROKING
and other related modalities are Biologically speaking, the three
capable of eliciting sexual arousal emotion systems rely on specific
especially in sensitive regions of the neurobiological circuity in the human
body where there are concentration of brain.
nerve endings.
SEX DRIVE OR LUST is
There are specific parts of the body characterized by the urge to
that are sensitive to sexual experience pleasure through sexual
stimulation that are called intimacy with someone and is
influenced by neurophysiological The pituitary gland directs the sex
mechanisms such as certain areas in glands in both males and females to
the brain and the production of secrete sex hormones like estrogen
hormones like estrogens and and progesterone in females, and
androgens androgens like testosterone
in males
ESTROGEN is any of a group of
steroid hormones that promote the ROMANTIC LOVE
development and maintenance of Often the beginning of most long-term
female characteristics of the body. relationships or the most common
Such hormones are also produced reason why people decide to commit
artificially for use in oral or marry in due time.
contraceptives or to treat menopausal
and menstrual disorders This love is characterized by strong
feelings of attraction and passionate
ANDROGENS are a group of desire for the other person.
hormones that play a role in male
traits and reproductive activity. It may start as an infatuation where
Present in both males and females, the one may find himself or herself
principle androgens are testosterone preoccupied most of the tim with the
and androstenedione thought of the person of interest, the
urge to be in the presence of the
Our experience of lust is mediated by other— a situation people often call
both the cerebral cortex (or the “being in love” or “falling in love.”
thinking part of the brain) and the
subcortical regions, consisting of the Our experience of such kind of
limbic system, which regulate sexual “love” seems to be governed by
processes specifically through the the attraction system in our brain
hypothalamus, which subsequently characterized by an increased
oversees the body’s hormonal system production of the neurotransmitters
through the pituitary gland dopamine and norepinephrine and
low level of serotonin (chemical
The limbic system is the portion of the messenger that carries, boosts, and
brain that deals with three key balances signals between neurons, or
functions: emotions, memories and nerve cells, and other cells in the
arousal (or stimulation). ... body)
The thalamus is located within the
brainstem and is part of the pathway Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter
of information into the cerebrum, that plays an important role in
which is the section of the brain that is alertness is involved in the body's
responsible for thinking and fight or flight response
movement
Dopamine plays an important role in
the coordination of body movements
 relations with another, while being
Serotonin plays an important role in deeply attracted to another person,
regulating and modulating mood, and is in a committed relationship with
sleep, anxiety, sexuality, and appetite yet, another individual

ATTACHMENT
A phenomenon regulated
by emotion system in the brain
through the neuropeptides oxytocin
and vasopressin which are released by
hypothalamus

In humans, these pituitary

neuropeptides are usually released on
the following instances:

● After partners experienced

fullness of sexual union
(vasopressin)
● During childbirth, nursing a
baby and cuddling (oxytocin)
● Other emotionally intimate
activities.

These brain chemicals facilitate pair

bonding, group bonding and
mother-infant bonding in mammals

These three emotion systems in the

brain are used interchangeably or
simultaneously, referring to, every
time, LOVE.

These emotion circuits in the brain are

intertwined with one another, yet, they
could function differently and
independently. That explains why
some people may have sexual