Condensing Cooling System-27042020

Condensing & Cooling
System
BY
SURA K. BHOJRAJ
Introduction
The juice concentration in evaporator and
crystallization in pans are carried out under
vacuum and for producing vacuum, special
equipment has to be installed in sugar mills. In
its simple form the equipment consists of
‘ Condensing & Cooling system’
Cold water is continuously pumped into the
condenser, which condenses the vapour and
water gets heated. The hot water from the
condensers has to be reused for which special
cooling system is installed involving atmospheric
cooling by spray in ponds or surface cooling in
towers.
Condenser
Condenser is a cylindrical closed vessel with a long pipe
attached to the bottom open at t he lower end. The cylindrical
body of the condenser is usually constructed of M.S. or S.S.
plates b u t the conical bottom and throat of the condenser as
well as tail pipe should preferably be made of C.I. or S.S. The
condenser is a vessel with a barometric column extended into
a well with water seal and is therefore installed on a special
platform at a height of 11 m. above the well so as to maintain
water column of 10 m. since the injection water has to flow by
gravity from the condenser and the water column
corresponding the perfect vacuum of 760 mm is 0.76 x 13.6 =
10.34 m. the density of mercury being 13.6.
Types of Condenser
Two major types of condensers are :
 Condenser with separate arrangement for air extraction
 Condenser with combined vapour and air extraction.
In the first type are—

 co-current condenser wherein the water and air flow are
in the same direction.
 Counter current condenser in which air circulation is in
opposite direction to water flow. Multijet condenser
belongs to the class of cocurrent condensers which
remove both vapours and air.
In a condenser the vapours entering, transfer heat to
the cold injection water, the heat transmission
depending on the temperature and quantity of water.
Based on the h e a t balance the equation for arriving at
the quantity of injection water is.
W = (I-t2)/(t2 - t1) where W = Kg of injection water
per Kg of vapour
I = heat of vapour in Kcal/kg
t1 = temperature of injection water in °C
t2 = temperature of condenser outlet water in °C.
Under normal conditions the cooling water ratio to
vapour condensed in around 50.
Multi Jet Double Entry Multi Jet Single Entry
Condenser Condenser
Surface Condenser
Cooling System
If the required quantity of water is not available
from spring or river water (or from the sea, in
the case of factories situated on the coast), it is
necessary to resort to a cooling system to which
the warm water leaving the condenser is
pumped, and which cools it for re-use.
Types of cooling system
There are two principal types of cooling
system:
Natural draft Cooling System –
1. Spray pond.
2. Fan-less Jet Cooling Tower.
Mechanical draft Cooling System-

Mechanical draft towers utilize large fans to
force or suck air through circulated water.
Spray Pond Cooling System
Fan-less Jet Cooling Tower
Mechanical draft towers
Mechanical draft towers are available in the
following airflow arrangements:
1. Counter flows induced draft.
2. Counter flow forced draft.
3. Cross flow induced draft.
In the counter flow induced draft design, hot
water enters at the top, while the air is
introduced at the bottom and exits at the top.
Both forced and induced draft fans are used.
In cross flow induced draft towers, the water
enters at the top and passes over the fill. The air,
however, is introduced at the side either on one
side (single-flow tower) or opposite sides
(double-flow tower). An induced draft fan draws
the air across the wetted fill and expels it
through the top of the structure.
Cooling Tower Performance
The important parameters, from the point of
determining the performance of cooling towers,
are:
i) "Range" is the difference between the cooling tower

water inlet and outlet temperature.
ii) "Approach" is the difference between the cooling tower
outlet cold water temperature and ambient wet bulb
temperature. Although, both range and approach
should be monitored, the 'Approach' is a better
indicator of cooling tower performance.
iii) Cooling tower effectiveness (in percentage) is the ratio
of range, to the ideal range, i.e., difference between
cooling water inlet temperature and ambient wet bulb
temperature,
or in other words it is = Range / (Range + Approach).
iv) Cooling capacity is the heat rejected in kCal/hr,
given as product of mass flow rate of water,
specific heat and temperature difference.
v) Evaporation loss is the water quantity
evaporated for cooling duty and, theoretically,
for every 10,00,000 kCal heat rejected,
evaporation quantity works out to 1.8 m3. An
empirical relation used often is:
*Evaporation Loss (m3/hr) = 0.00085 x 1.8 x
circulation rate (m3/hr) x (T1-T2)
T1-T2 = Temp. difference between inlet and
outlet water.
Thank You

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Condensing & Cooling

 Condenser with combined vapour and air extraction.

In the first type are—

2. Fan-less Jet Cooling Tower.

Mechanical draft Cooling System-

i) "Range" is the difference between the cooling tower

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