‫مدرسة جلوبال الفلبینیة‬

THE PHILIPPINE GLOBAL SCHOOL

Leader in Academic Excellence and Values Formation
Hadbat Al Zaafaranah, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
“TPGS: Gearing towards a Sustainable Future by Strengthening Excellence in Education”

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Lesson

1 Colors of Light

Have you ever wondered how a majestic rainbow is formed? Why do we see
spectacular events in the sky like red sunset, blue sky, and rainbows? How is the
arrangement of color determined by nature?

In this lesson, you will try to find through simple activities how light disperse
to form the colors of light.

What’s In

Activity 1

Draw and Color the rainbow on a separate sheet of paper using your coloring
materials based on how well you remember how a rainbow looks like.

https://pixabay.com/illustrations/mountain-river-landscape-rainbow-3995571/
 What’s New

Activity 2

Perform the activity below and answer the questions on a separate sheet of
paper.

Objective:

At the end of the activity, you will be able to infer that white light is made up
of many different colors of light.
Materials:

Flashlight or any source of light

big bowl

water

small mirror

paper

Procedure:

1. Fill the big bowl with water almost to its rim.

2. Place the mirror with its part partially submerged into the water.

3. Hold the paper above the bowl with one hand and use the other hand to turn on
the flashlight or any source of light into the submerged part of the mirror.

4. Adjust the position of the mirror until you see color bands on the paper.

5. Record your observation.

Questions:

Q1. What happens when the light hits the mirror?

Q2: List and arrange the observed colors based on how they appear on the paper.
 What is It

Color

Were you able to get good sets of data from the activity? Did you enjoy
watching how the rainbow colors appear in the paper? Light is a kind of energy that
can travel through space in a form of wave. Light from the sun or flashlights looks
white, but it is really a mixture of many colors. The colors in white light are red,
orange, yellow, green, blue indigo and violet. We highlight here the arrangement of
colors of light as ROYGBIV when dispersion happens. Dispersion is a kind of
refraction which provided us colors of light. This phenomenon is observed when
white light passes through a prism.

A prism is a transparent optical element with flat and polished surfaces that
disperses light. Usually a prism has a triangular base and rectangular sides.
Prisms can be made from any transparent materials like glass, plastic or fluorite.
Water in a glass can also acts as prism. It also breaks white light into constituent
colors namely: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet (ROYGBIV). You
can see these colors when you look at a rainbow in our sky. A rainbow is caused by
both the reflection and refraction of light in water droplets on the Earth’s
atmosphere. The water droplets serve as tiny prisms that refract, reflect, and
disperse sunlight into spectrum of light appearing in the sky.

Figure 1. White Light through a Prism

https://pixabay.com/vectors/refraction-prism-optics-150853/
 What’s More

Activity 3

Use crayons or colored pencils to fill in the color spectrum below and label
the dispersed colors on the blank provided. Choose your answers from the words in
the box. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

Figure 2. Dispersion of White Light

(Illustrated by: Jinemerie C. Atendido)

Blue Red Violet

Green Orange Indigo Yellow

What I Have Learned

Fill in the blanks to complete the sentences. Write your answers on a

separate sheet of paper.
1. is a kind of energy that can travel through space. It looks white, but it is
really a combination of many colors.
2. The colors in light are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.
3. When light appears white, it is made up of different colors just like the colors of
the rainbow. The colors can be separated by shining light into .
4. is the separation of white light into its component colors as it passes
through a prism.
5. The main purpose of the prism is to separate visible light into constituent colors
namely: , , , , , , and (ROYGBIV).
 What I Can Do

Activity 4

Objective: At the end of the activity, you will be able to separate the colors of light
passing through a casing of polygonal-shaped pen.

Materials: paper, pencil, casing of polygonal-shaped pen

Procedure: Make your own prism using a casing of a polygonal-shaped pen. Be

patient and do the experiment until you get the angle just right. Draw what you
observed on a separate sheet of paper.

Additional Activities

Activity 5

Perform the activity below and answer the questions on a separate sheet of
paper.

Objective: At the end of the activity, you will be able to make your own rainbow
using simple experiment.

Materials: water, sunlight, clear glass, small mirror

Procedures:
1. Fill the glass with water.
2. Put the mirror into the water inside the glass at a slant position so that it leans
against the side of the glass.
3. Position the glass so that sunlight shines directly at the mirror. You may have to
shift the mirror so that sunlight perfectly strikes on it.
4. Look for a reflection on the wall. It would be easier to see if the room is dark.
5. Adjust the position of the mirror until you see a rainbow on the wall.
Questions:
Q1. What is the order of colors in the rainbow shown on the wall?

Q2. How are rainbows formed in nature?

 Lesson

2 Hierarchy of Colors

In the previous lesson, we learned about the arrangement of colors of white

light. But what does the arrangement of colors of light exhibit in terms of energy?
Which color of light has the greatest energy? The next activity will provide you with
answers to these questions. In this lesson, you will be able to relate the
arrangement of colors and its corresponding energy.

What’s In

Activity 6

Give what is asked. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Write the colors of the rainbow that each letter stands for:

R=
O=
Y=
G=
B= _
I= _
V=

2. Use crayons to draw what happens to the beam of light when it passes through
the prism.

Figure 3. Dispersion of light

 What’s New

Activity 7

Objectives:
At the end of the activity, you will be able to infer that:
1. light is composed of colors of different frequencies and wavelengths;
2. frequencies of the colors of light are inversely proportional to the wavelength;
3. arrangement of colors of light shows the hierarchy of the colors with
corresponding energy.

Study the table and answer the questions that follow on a separate sheet of paper.
Table 1. Range of Wavelength, Frequency and Energy of Light

Wavelength Frequency Photon Energy

Color
(nm) (THz) (eV)
Violet 380-445 675-789 2.80-3.26
Indigo 445-450 668-675 2.75-2.80
Blue 450-495 606-668 2.50-2.75
Green 495-570 526-606 2.17-2.50
Yellow 570-590 508-526 2.10-2.17
Orange 590-620 484-508 2.00-2.10
Red 620-750 400-484 1.65-2.00
Lifted from: DepEd Science 8 Learner’s Module
Legend: nm (nanometer: unit of wavelength)
THz (Terahertz: unit of frequency)
eV (electron volt: unit of energy)

Questions:

Q1. Which color has the highest frequency? the shortest wavelength?

Q2. Which color has the lowest frequency? the longest wavelength?

Q3. What did you observe about the wavelengths and frequencies of the different
colors of light?

Q4. Do the frequencies of colors of light increase from red to violet?

Q5. What did you observe about the corresponding energies from red to violet?
 What is It

The frequency of light wave refers to the number of waves that move past a
certain point in one second. Frequency is generally measured in Hertz, the units
of cycles per second. Color has the frequency ranging from 430 trillion Hertz to
750 trillion Hertz. Waves can also go beyond and below those frequencies, but they
are not visible to the human eye.

Wave frequency is related to wave energy. The more energy in the wave,
the higher its frequency. The lower the frequency is, the less energy in the
wave. When it comes to light waves, violet has the highest energy while red has
the lowest energy. Related to energy and frequency is the wavelength, or the
distance between corresponding points on subsequent waves. You can measure
wavelength from peak to peak, trough to trough or between two consecutive
corresponding points of waves.

Within the band of visible light, the different wavelengths are perceived by
people as different colors. The shortest wavelength is violet, and the longest
wavelength is red.

Figure 4. Wavelengths of Visible light

(nanometers Illustrated by: Jinemerie C.
Atendido
 What’s More

Activity 8
Observe the illustration below and answer the questions by writing Yes if
the statement is correct and No if the statement is incorrect. Write your answers on
a separate sheet of paper.

Figure 5. Refraction of Colors

bulb: https://pixabay.com/vectors/bulb-light-electric-energy-power-307687/

1. Does white light split into different colors?

2. Do all colors of light travel at the same speed in a vacuum?
3. Do all colors of light have the same energy?
4. Does blue have the shortest wavelength?
5. Does red have the longest wavelength?

What I Have Learned

Fill in the blanks to complete the sentences. Write your answers on a

separate sheet of paper.
1. The color of white light ranges from , 430 trillion Hertz, to , 750 trillion
Hertz.
2. The more energy in a wave, the its frequency. The lower the frequency is,
the energy in the wave.
3. _ has the highest energy color while has the lowest energy.
4. The shortest wavelength is , and the longest wavelength is .
5. The energy of the wave, the faster it moves from one medium to another.
On the other hand, the energy of the wave, the slower it travels from one
medium to another.
 What I Can Do

Activity 9

Give what is asked. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

1. List the colors of white light in
the order of decreasing wavelength. 2. List the colors of white light in
the order of decreasing energy.
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
6. 6.
7. 7.

3. State the relationship among frequency, energy and wavelength of colors.

_ _ _
_ _ _

Additional Activities

Activity 10

Give what is asked. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

Q1. The figure below shows the visible spectrum with their wavelengths. Identify
the color that is asked using the given wavelengths.

Figure 6. Wavelengths of Visible light (nanometers)

(Illustrated by: Jinemerie Atendido)

A. D. G.
B. E.
C. F.

Q2. Which of the colors has the highest frequency and energy?

Q3. Which of the colors has the longest wavelength? the shortest wavelength?
 Lesson

3 Bending of Colors

Rainbows are created just like the colors of light appeared in previous
activity. A prism separates the white light into the different colors of light. With the
different refractive indices of the colors of light, bending is also different for each of
the colors of light. In this lesson, you will know which color bend the most and
which color bend the least.

What’s In

Activity 11
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the correct answers found in the box below.
Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
Using a 1. , you can split up white light to form a spectrum. It is a
block of glass with a triangular cross-section. The light waves are 2. as they
enter and leave the prism. The shorter the wavelength of light, the 3. its
frequency and the longer the wavelength, the 4. its frequency. The colors are
arranged in the order from longest wavelength: 5. , 6. , 7. ,
8. , 9. indigo and violet. Thus, when it comes to light waves, 10.
has the highest energy color while red has the lowest energy color.

red prism orange yellow violet

refracted higher lower blue green
 What’s New

Activity 12

Use the table below as your guide in answering the questions below.

Table 2. Colors of light and variation of refractive index

Index of Refraction
Color Wavelength (nm)
in Crown Glass

Red 620-750 1.512 Arranged

from
Orange 590-620 1.514
least
Yellow 570-590 1.518 bent to
most
Green 495-570 1.519
bent
Blue 450-495 1.524
Indigo 445-450 1.526
Violet 380-445 1.530
Lifted from: DepEd Science 8 Learner’s Module

Legend: nm (nanometer: unit of wavelength)

Modified True or False

Write TRUE if the statement is correct but if it is false, change the
underlined word to make the whole statement correct. Write your answers on
separate sheet of paper.
1. Red has the greatest refractive index among the seven colors.
2. Violet has the lowest refractive index among them.

3. Red is the least bent color among them.

4. Violet is the most bent color among them.

5. The greater the refractive index of the color of light, the more bending
is observed.
 What is It

Light exhibits the characteristics of a wave. It moves in its maximum speed

in vacuum but this speed decreases as it moves along different media. Refraction
is the bending of light when it travels from one medium to another. When light
crosses the boundary of two media of different optical density, a change in
speed takes place. The optical density is the measurement of a component’s ability
to slow the transmission of light. This change in speed is manifested by the
bending of the light ray. A known indicator of the optical density of a material is the
index of refraction of the material (n). The index of refraction of a material is a
quantity that compares the speed of light in a material to its speed in a vacuum.

Normal line

Angle of incidence (1)

Angle of refraction (2)

Incident ray
Index of refraction in glass (n2)

Figure 7. Refraction of Light in a Prism

(Illustrated by: Jinemerie C. Atendido)

In figure 7, light travels from air to the prism. When the light enters the
glass, which is denser than air, it slows down and is bent. You observe that the
angle of incidence (1) is greater than the angle of refraction (2). You can see that
the light ray refracts or bends towards the normal. Thus, light bends towards the
normal when travelling from a less dense medium to a higher density medium and
light bends away from the normal when travelling from denser to less dense
medium like when light ray leaves the prism.

The incoming ray is called the incident ray from medium 1 and the outgoing
ray is the refracted ray in medium 2, and the associated angles are the angle of
incidence and the angle of refraction.
When white light enters a prism, separation into seven different colors is
observed. The refractive indices of the different colors of light indicate that it travels
at different speeds in the prism which accounts for the different degrees of bending.

In terms of frequency and energy of colors, blue, indigo and violet are the
ones with the highest frequency and energy. These colors are the ones that are bent
the most. At the end of the spectrum, red is the one with the lowest frequency and
energy. It is the color that is bent the least and violet is the most bent.

What’s More

Activity 13
Observe the illustration and answer the questions after. Write your answers
on a separate sheet of paper.

Figure 8. Bending of white light

Illustrated by: Jinemerie C. Atendido

1. Which color has the higher index of refraction (n)? Lower index of refraction (n)?

2. Based from the illustration, which color is the most bent? Least bent?

3. What is the relationship between the bending of colors to its index of refraction?
 What I Have Learned

Fill in the blanks to complete the idea of the sentences. Write your answers
on a separate sheet of paper.
1. is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another of
different optical densities.
2. The of a material is a quantity that compares the speed of light in that
material to its speed in a vacuum.
3. When light moves from one medium to another of different , the speed
changes, bringing changes in the direction of the refracted ray with respect to
the normal line.
4. The component colors of white light arranged from the bent to the bent
are as follows: Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo and Violet.

What I Can Do

Activity 14
Objective: At the end of the activity, you will be able to give scientific explanations
of certain superstitious beliefs related to observable phenomena in the sky.
Materials: Paper and Pen

Procedure:
You are to give the scientific explanation to clarify the beliefs of the people in your
locality on phenomena.

1. Red sky in the afternoon (Sunset)

2. Rainbows only appear after the rain

3. There’s a pot of gold at the end of the rainbow.

Scoring Rubrics
3: Discussions did not have misconceptions with complete scientific evidence. 2: Discussions did not
completely show scientific evidence.
1: Discussions did not show complete scientific evidence with misconceptions. 0: There was no discussions
shown.
 Additional Activities

Activity 15
Objective: At the end of the activity, you will be able to make a color wheel
showing the wavelengths, frequencies and energies of the colors of light.
Materials:
Color wheel pattern
Folder/Any paper
Cutter/Scissors
Glue/Paste
Split Pin/button fastener/coconut broomstick

Procedures:
1. Cut the color wheel patterns (already distributed by the teacher) that make up
the wheel found in the next page.
2. To make it thicker, put the color wheel patterns on a folder or any paper and cut
it out.
3. Cut the shapes drawn on the top wheel. The shapes which will be the small
window located near the center of the wheel should be completely cut out and
removed.
4. Punch a hole at the center of the two wheels. You may use split pin/ button
fastener/coconut broomstick to secure the two wheels together one on top of the
other, but both should be free to rotate relative to each other.
5. When you see a region of the color spectrum that shows up in the open window
and the wavelength, frequency, and energy that corresponds to the region, then
you know that you have done it correctly.
 Assessment

Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. Which has the least energy among the colors of a rainbow?
A. green C. red
B. orange D. violet

2. Violet is bent most among the seven colors because it has the .
A. highest frequency C. longest wavelength
B. lowest frequency D. shortest wavelength

3. Which of the following can separate white light into seven colors?
A. box C. paper
B. cellphone D. prism

4. Nina sent an arrow beam of white light through a prism. As a result,

she observed the light dispersing into .
A. four colors C. five colors
B. three colors D. seven colors

5. Rainbows are formed through .

I. dispersion
II. reflection III. refraction

A. I only C. III only

B. I and II D. I, II and III
6. What can prisms do?
A. Change sunlight into a single color.
B. Invert a light ray’s frequency and wavelength.
C. Separate the incoming light into its constituent colors.
D. Slow down light to few meters per second, when used back to back.

7. For visible light, which property changes with color?

I. frequency
II. period III. wavelength

A. III only C. I and III

B. I and II D. I, II, and III

8. Which of the following colors has the highest energy?

A. orange C. violet
B. red D. yellow
9. What refers to the bending of light as it passes from one medium into another?
A. frequency C. refraction
B. reflection D. wavelength

10. Which of the following arrangements of visible light colors shows decreasing
wavelength?
A. red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet
B. red, yellow, green, orange, violet, blue, indigo
C. violet, blue, green, orange, red, indigo, yellow
D. violet, indigo, blue, green, orange, yellow, red

11. A ray of light passes through a glass block. When it passes through the glass, it
changes direction. Which of the refracted rays A, B, C or D is most likely to
leave the glass block?

A. A C. C
B. B D. D

12. What refers to the splitting of white light into seven different colors?
A. dispersion C. reflection
B. refractive index D. refraction

13. Refractive Index is a ratio between the speed of light in vacuum and .
A. speed of light in vacuum C. speed of light in a medium
B. speed of sound in vacuum D. speed of sound in a medium

14. The diagram shows a ray of white light passing through a prism and emerges
as a band of colored light which strikes a screen. What is the color of X and Y?

A. X=Blue, Y=Red C. X=Green, Y=Red

B. X=Red, Y=Violet D. X=Green, Y=Blue
15. Based on the colors of light, what color comes between red and yellow?

A. indigo
B. green
C. orange
D. violet
References
Campo, Pia C., et.al. Science 8 Learner’s Module. Pasig: Vibal Publishing House,
Inc.,2013.

Picture of a prism. https://pixabay.com/vectors/refraction-prism-optics-150853/