Lessons for

Semi-finals
Phrase, Clause and
Sentence
 Pre-Activity
(check prior knowledge on identifying phrases,
clause and sentences)
Directions: Identify the following statement if it
is a PHRASE, CLAUSE or SENTENCE.

1. Under the weather

2. After the game ended
3. In the loop
4. On the fence
5. After the game ended, they
celebrated their victory
6. By the way

7. In the dark

8. Because she was tired

9. Although it was raining

10. Although she was tired, she continued

working
11. The cat is sleeping peacefully

12. She plays the piano beautifully

13. The students are studying for their exams

14. He enjoys reading science fiction novels

15. They will go to the beach tomorrow

1. Clause 10. Clause
/ Sentence
1. Phrase 11.
Sentence
1. Phrase 12.
Sentence
1. Clause / Sentence 13. Sentence
1. Phrase 14.
Sentence
1. Phrase 15.
 - is a group of words
that is incomplete in
thought and lacks a
subject and/or a
What is a Phrase? predicate.

Example:
In the dark
Phrases can further Examples:
mean:
❏ Naming a word / words ❏ The Golden Gate Bridge

❏ Modifying a word / words ❏ The car with the red seats

❏ Explaining a word / words ❏ The building, which was

constructed in the 19th
❏ A group of words in a century
sentence ❏ In the park, under the old oak
tree
 Kinds of Phrases:
I. Noun Phrases
● has at least one noun that is modified by a determiner and/or
another modifier or modifiers.
● This may also be found before or after a verb.

Examples:

Before the verb: My diamond bracelets are in the vault.

After the verb: They watched a romantic movie.
 My diamond bracelets

determiner adjective noun

Let students give examples:
 Kinds of Phrases:
II. Verb Phrases
● Is a verb with another word or words, such as helping verbs,
that indicate tense, mood, or person.

Examples:

Will have gone, can dance, did eat, go up

Let students give examples:
 Kinds of Phrases:

III. Prepositional Phrases

● Starts with a preposition and always has an object (a noun or

a pronoun) after it.
● It has two classifications.
Two classifications of prepositional phrase:
A. Prepositional adjective phrase
● Describes the noun or pronoun in a sentence by telling its
location or its association with the modified word.

Examples:

❏ The bag with red beads is mine.

❏ I see the rays of the sun beyond the horizon.
❏ My mother bought the one near the blue blouse.
Two classifications of prepositional phrase:
B. Prepositional adverb phrase
● Describes a verb, an adjective or another adverb.

Examples:

❏ The prima ballerina danced with all grace.

❏ She is the most intelligent among them.
❏ We left early in the morning.
Let students give examples:
 Kinds of Phrases:

IV. Appositive Phrases

● Is a noun phrase that renames, identifies or explains the

noun or the pronoun placed before it.
● It adds more information or details to the said noun or
pronoun.
Examples:

❏ Melba, the tall and thin girl, is also a smart and dedicated student.

❏ I was already given my schedule, a better one.

❏ We gave Remily a gift, a bunch of red roses, when she left to go

abroad.
Let students give examples:
 Kinds of Phrases:
V. Verbal Phrases

● A verbal is a verb form which functions either as a noun, an

adjective or an adverb. It may be a phrase if words are added
to it.
● There are three categories.
Three categories of verbal phrase:
A. Participial phrases
● Starts with a present participle or a past participle and
functions as an adjective.

Examples:
❏ The girl sleeping on the beach is our neighbor.

❏ Edith’s talent, hidden all these years, was finally known.

Three categories of verbal phrase:
B. Gerund phrases
● Verbs with -ing, become gerund phrases when words are
added to them. Gerund phrases, like gerunds function as
nouns.

Examples:
❏ Eating on time will prevent ulcer.
❏ The thing I taught Fely this year was driving automatic cars.
Three categories of verbal phrase:
C. Infinitive phrases
● Which are formed by adding “to” before a verb, become
infinitive phrases when words are added to them.
● Infinitive phrases, like infinitives, function as nouns, as
adjective or as adverbs.
Examples:
❏ To eat on time will prevent ulcer.
❏ The person to consult about the book is my publisher.
❏ It is practical to leave early in the morning for an important
appointment.
Let students give examples:
 - is a group of words
containing a subject
and a verb.

What is a Clause? - can sometimes act as a

sentence but it's
not always the case.
 Two main kinds of Clauses:
Independent or Main Dependent Clause
Clause
- It is incomplete by itself and needs
to be attached to an independent or
- It has complete meaning on
main clause to make sense.
its own. In other words, an
independent or main clause
- It starts with a subordinating
is a simple sentence.
conjunction.
Independent or Main Dependent Clause
Clause
Examples:
I could not see because he was in front
Examples:
of me.
Gale eats her food slowly.

Although it was not obvious, Ronnie was

I could not see because he was
truly nervous when he gave the
in front of me.
presentation.
Let students give examples:
Three different kinds of dependent or subordinate clauses:

A. Noun Clause

- Begins with the relative pronoun (that, which, whichever, whom,

whomever, who, whoever, whose, whosoever, the four W’s (what,
when, where and why) , how, if, or whether.

- May be found in the usual position of nouns in a sentence.

 Function Examples
subject Whether he agrees or not does not matter.

direct object I don’t understand whatever it is on your mind.

indirect object Rochelle gave whoever sent her flowers a note.

predicate noun The question is why left early.

object of the preposition Give the promotion to whoever deserves it.

Appositive He gave his demand, that he be left alone.

Three different kinds of dependent or subordinate clauses:

B. Adjective Clause
- Generally describes a noun or a pronoun. May start with relative pronoun
(that, which, whom, who or whose) and comes after the word it describes.

Examples:
The guy who made faces at me is my rude neighbor.

The book I bought is cheap.

 Word described Examples
subject The movie which we watched is so funny.

direct object I found the book that my friend gave me.

object of the preposition She gave the letter to her friend who is leaving next
week.

predicate nominative That is my nephew whom I took to the movie

house last Friday.
gerund Working without taking a break is stressful.

infinitive To work without taking a break is stressful.

Three different kinds of dependent or subordinate clauses:

C. Adverb Clause (Adverbial Clause)

- describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.

- It starts with a subordinate conjunction.

Word described Examples
verb I turned on the lights when I heard a loud noise.

adjective Gabby is still sleepy although she slept for ten

hours.
adverb Sam came early before the sun even rose.

participle Kiko, working since he was just 16, opened his own
business.

infinitive Fixing the plumbing was so difficult to do that I

called the plumber immediately.
IF clause
Here are the several uses of the If clause:

1. If the situation has the possibility to be true

Examples:
If you are good at this, let others know.

If you had been careful, then why did this happen?

IF clause
Here are the several uses of the If clause:

2. In “if it were not for” which is an expression that signals attribution to a

significant person or thing.

Examples:

If it were not for Merle, I would not make it here.

IF clause
Here are the several uses of the If clause:

3. In conditionals
● Take note that the tense of the verb used has to be consistent.

Examples:
If you do this, you will be famous for sure. (present)
If you did this, you would be famous for sure. (past)
If you had done this, you would have been famous for sure. (perfect)
IF clause
Here are the several uses of the If clause:

3. In conditionals
● The modals were, had and should are also used.

Examples:
If I were there, they would have known what to do.
If Frannie had declined the invitation, Gigi would not have come too.
If it should be possible that you stay here, please do.
IF clause
Here are the several uses of the If clause:

3. In conditionals
● These modals also create variety in sentence arrangement by
canceling the word “if” and fronting the modals.

Examples:
Were I there, they would have known what to do.
Had Frannie declined the invitation, Gigi would not have come too.
Should it be possible that you stay here, please do.
Activity: Drawing for Deeper Understanding
● Individually, Draw what you have learned today either using a
representational or organizational drawing.

(Mapping and linking each concepts with arrows, annotations and

other relational markings in order for us to understand the big
picture)

● Draw in a Long Size bond paper. Submit next meeting.

 - is a group of words that has a
complete and independent
thought and has a subject and
a predicate.

What is a - It is always composed of at

least one independent clause.
Sentence? - begin with a capital letter and
ends with a full stop(period), a
question mark or exclamation
point.
 A sentence has two main parts:
Subject Predicate

● Doer of the action or the one ● Is the information about the

being talked about in the subject.
sentence.
● It is composed of a group of
● Either be a nouns, pronouns, words that states what the
gerunds, infinitives or clauses and subject does or is.
are placed either before or after
the verb.
Examples:

Jane went home late.

Jane is the smartest student in our class.

Subject
Different kinds of subject:
A. Complete subjects or simple subjects

Complete subjects - is a noun, a pronoun, or a group of words which is the

doer or the one being talked about in the sentence. It may include modifiers.

Simple subjects - is the important noun, pronoun, or group of words that

cannot be taken out of the complete subject.
Examples:

The new teacher taught English to foreigners.

Take note of the complete subject and simple subject.

Complete Subject: The new teacher

Simple Subject: teacher
Another example:

What you told me is interesting.

What is the Complete Subject?

What is the Simple Subject?

Different kinds of subject:
B. Compound subjects

- is composed of two or more subjects that have the same verb. The subjects
are joined by the coordinating conjunction and or or.

Example:
Ann and her young daughter left the house early.

Complete Compound Subject: Ann and her young daughter

Simple Compound Subject: Ann, daughter
Different kinds of subject:
C. Other Kinds of Subjects
1. Dummy Subject - subject with no concrete reference.

Examples: It is raining hard outside!

It is dark inside the room.

1. Hidden subject - subject before the verb in imperative sentences.

Examples: (You) Keep up the good work!

(You) Please, pass the salt.
Predicate
Different kinds of predicate:
A. Complete predicates or simple predicates

Complete predicates - is a verb or verb phrase, as well as any modifiers

and/or complements that tell what the complete subject does or is.

Simple predicates- is the important verb or verb phrase in the sentence. It

cannot be taken out of the complete predicate.
Examples:

The new teacher taught English to foreigners.

Take note of the complete predicate and simple predicate.

Complete predicate: taught English to foreigners.

Simple predicate: taught
Another example:

My teacher gave us a quiz on grammar and reading

comprehension.

What is the Complete Predicate?

What is the Simple Predicate?

Different kinds of predicate:
B. Compound Predicates

Compound predicate - composed of two or more verbs that have the same
subject. The verbs are joined by a coordinating conjunction.

Example: Ann left the house early but arrived late for work.

Compound Predicate: left the house early but arrived late for work.
Simple Predicate: left, arrived.
Complements
 - is a word or a group of
words added to
What is a predicates to complete
or to add meaning.
Complement?
Some sentences are complete by having only a subject and a verb.

Example: Jane sang.

But some have words like modifiers.

Example: The young boy studied hard.

However, many other sentences are still incomplete by having only a subject
and a verb, or a subject, a verb and modifiers. To complete their meaning, one
should add complements.
 INCOMPLETE COMPLETE

Jane gave. (Jane gave what to Jane gave me a cake.

whom?)

The young boy is. (The young The young boy is smart.
boy is what?)
Five different kinds of complements:
● Direct objects ● Predicate nominatives

● Indirect objects ● Predicate adjectives

● Objective complements (often called subjective

complements and are found
(Found in sentences with transitive with linking verb)
verbs)
I. Direct Objects

- Is a noun, pronoun or a group of words which receives the action of a

transitive verb. It answers the questions What? Or Whom? after an action
verb.

Example:
Jane made a cake for her sister.
(Jane made what? a cake)

The young boy called his mother at the office.

(The young boy called whom? his mother)
II. Indirect Objects
- Is a noun, pronoun or a group of words that names the person or the thing to
whom/which something is given or to whom/which something is done for. It
receives a direct object and answers the question To/For whom? Or To/For what?
after an action verb.

Example:
Jane made her sister a cake.
(Jane made a cake for whom? her sister)

The young boy taught his dog new tricks.

(The young boy taught new tricks to what? his dog)
Indirect object usually appear with verbs such as ask, bring, buy, give, lend,
make, promise, show, teach, tell and write.
III. Objective complements
- Is a noun or an adjective that comes with a direct object and either describes or
renames it. To know whether a word is an objective complement, one could say
the verb and direct object and then ask What?
Example:
Jane made her sister happy.
(Jane made her sister what? happy)

The young boy called his mother his inspiration.

(The young boy called his mother what? His inspiration)

Objective complements may appear with verbs such as appoint, call,

consider, declare, elect, judge, label, make, name and select.
IV. Predicate nominatives

- Is a noun (also called a predicate noun) or pronoun that comes after a linking verb
and either renames, explains or identifies the subject of a sentence.

Example:
Jane is a chef.

The chef is she.

In the first example, the predicate nominative chef renames the subject Jane. This is
also true with second example, only, the predicate nominative here is the pronoun she.
V. Predicate Adjectives

- Comes after a linking verb and describes the subject of a sentence.

Example:
Jane is happy.

The young boy looks smart.

In the first example, the predicate adjective happy describes the subject Jane. In the
second, smart describes the subject boy.
Sentence Functions
 - Helps in conveying the
What is Sentence purpose of a sentence and
Function? each takes a corresponding
punctuation.
4 Types of 1. Declarative Sentence
Sentences 2. Interrogative Sentence
3. Imperative Sentence
according to 4. Exclamatory Sentence
functions:
 1. Declarative Sentence
- declares a fact or an opinion and ends with a
period.

Example:
Bob arrived early at the airport.

The lecture was very helpful.

 2. Interrogative Sentence
-used for asking a question and ends with a question
mark.

Examples:
● Will the field trip push through?

● Did Eric and Arleen make it on time?

 3. Imperative Sentences
-Used for making a demand or a request, this sentence usually ends
with a period. However, if the sentence conveys a strong emotion or
passion, an exclamation point is used. (This can also be considered as
exclamatory sentence).
- An imperative sentence also begins with a verb and has a subject in
the second person point of view.

Examples:
● (You) Try to come to school early.
● (You) Please, bring this to the manager.
● (You) Get your feet off the grass!
 4. Exclamatory Sentence
- Suggests a strong emotion or passion and can be any of the
kinds of sentences that were mentioned.
- An exclamation point is used in an exclamatory sentence.

Examples:
● It was morning when you left! (declarative)
● You’re leaving now?! (interrogative)
● Stop that! (imperative)
Sentence Structures
 - refers to the arrangement of
words, phrases, and clauses within
a sentence.
- It encompasses the organization
of elements such as subjects,
verbs, objects, adjectives, and
What is Sentence adverbs in a coherent and
Structure? meaningful way.
- Sentence structure involves
understanding how these
components come together to
form a grammatically correct
sentence.
 1. Simple Sentence
4 Types of
2. Compound Sentence
Sentences 3. Complex Sentence
according to 4. Compound-complex
Sentence
structures:
1. Simple sentence (S + V)

- Is composed of a single independent clause. This means

that it consists of one or more subjects and one or more
verbs.
 Examples
One subject and one verb The bird built a nest made of twigs and
leaves for its young.

One subject and two verbs The actress cried and laughed at the
same time.

Two subjects and one verb Pam and Tony were given awards by
the school principal.
Compound sentence (I + I)

- Has two or more independent clauses joined by a

coordinating conjunction. Therefore, two or more simple
sentences put together can make up a compound
sentence.
 Examples

Two independent She dictated, and I typed.

clauses
(The coordinating conjunction and joins the two
independent clauses.)

Three independent The meal was expensive, but it was spoiled, so I

clauses threw it.

(The coordinating conjunctions but and so join the

three independent clauses.)
Complex sentence (I+D)

- Has one independent clause and one or more

dependent clauses.
Examples:

● He went abroad because he wanted to earn money for

his family.
● The school which was built ten years ago was already
renovated when I saw it.
Compound complex sentence (I+I+D)

- Contains two or more independent clauses and one or

more dependent clauses.
Examples:

● We can talk about anything, and we will go anywhere just as long

as we are together.
● Whenever afternoon comes, most employees chat in the internet
and write e-mail but others prefer to eat their snack.
● The school, which was built ten years ago, was very popular, yet I
saw it torn down.
● I danced while he sang, but they won because they also played
the piano.
Sentence Patterns
 - refers to a specific model
or template that illustrates
the arrangement of
elements in a sentence.
What is Sentence - It outlines the basic
framework of how a
Pattern? particular type of sentence
is constructed, including
the order and relationship
of its components.
 1. S-IV
6 Types of 2. S-TV-DO
Sentences 3. S-TV-IO-DO
4. S-TV-DO-OC
according to 5. S-LV-PN
patterns: 6. S-LV-PA
1. S-IV (Subject-Intransitive Verb)
Examples:
James and Ann danced.
S IV

The doctor left already.

S IV
 2. S-TV-DO (Subject-Transitive Verb-Direct
Object)
Examples:
James bought a new car.
S TV
DO

The doctor left the building

already.
S TV
 3. S-TV-IO-DO (Subject-Transitive Verb-
Indirect Object-Direct Object)
Examples:
James bought his brother a
new car.
S TV IO
DO

The doctor gave me free

medicine.
4. S-TV-DO-OC (Subject-Transitive Verb-
Direct Object- Objective Complement)
Examples:
James made his brother happy because of
the car.
S TV DO OC

I consider the doctor a generous

man.
S TV DO
 5. S-LV-PN (Subject-Linking Verb-Predicate
Nominative)
Examples:
James is a wonderful
brother.
S LV
PN

The doctor is an expert.

S LV PN
 6. S-LV-PA (Subject-Linking Verb-Predicate
Adjective)
Examples:
James sounds wonderful.
S LV PA

The doctor is generous.

S LV PA
Questions?
● Check our google classroom for your
take home quiz.

● Read and Answer.

— End —