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THIRD DIVISION

[ G.R. No. 209278, September 15, 2021 ]

IRENE CONSTANTINO DATU, PETITIONER, VS. ALFREDO FABIAN DATU, RESPONDENT.

DECISION

LEONEN, J.:

Psychological incapacity, a ground to void marriage under Article 36 of the Family Code, is a legal, not a medical,
concept. As such, it is enough that parties prove that an enduring part of their personality renders them incapable of
performing their essential marital obligations. That the psychological incapacity be rooted in a particular
psychological illness is no longer necessary.

This Court resolves a Petition for Review on Certiorari1 assailing the Decision2 and Resolution3 of the Court of
Appeals, which affirmed the Regional Trial Court Decision4 that voided the marriage between Irene Constantino
Datu (Irene) and Alfredo Fabian Datu (Alfredo) due to the latter's psychological incapacity.

Irene and Alfredo were married on December 15, 1980 in Subic, Zambales.5 Together, they had two children.6

On January 3, 2005, Alfredo filed before the Regional Trial Court of Olongapo City a Complaint7 for declaration of
nullity of marriage due to psychological incapacity. On September 6, 2005, the City Prosecutor of Olongapo City,
after having been deputized to appear on behalf of the Republic, manifested that "no evidence of collusion exists
between the parties."8 Irene filed her Answer on April 25, 2006, which was later amended on July 5, 2006.9

During trial, Alfredo testified that he was formerly employed by the United States Navy in 1978. However, after only
14 months in service, he was discharged for medical and psychiatric reasons. Specifically, after undergoing
psychiatric and medical evaluations, he was found to have been suffering from schizophrenia.10

Alfredo had already been discharged when he was introduced to Irene by some of her friends at church, the
Assembly of God.11 They had already been acquainted when Alfredo fetched Irene at Shakey's Pizza, Olongapo City
where Irene worked. They then went to Irene's boarding house and ended up sleeping together.12

The next morning, Irene was washing some clothes when her older sister dropped by and saw that Alfredo was
sleeping on her bed. Irene's sister then demanded that the two get married, which led to their civil marriage. They
then lived together at the boarding house and eventually had a church wedding.13

Alfredo also recalled an incident that happened before their church wedding, where Irene suddenly got angry at him
for mixing what she was cooking. Her "disgusting attitude"14 made Alfredo leave, but when Irene apologized, he
accepted her apology "for the sake of religion."15

Alfredo said that he likewise thought that Irene violated her marital covenant because she did not submit to him as
was written in the Book of Ephesians. Irene allegedly became materialistic, forcing him to loan money to build their
conjugal home. Irene was allegedly a nagger, because of which, he did not find peace and contentment in his
marital life.16

Alfredo believed that his utterances come from God. According to him, he had himself discharged from the United
States Navy because of a premonition that he would suffer a severe tragedy. He also refused to work or to engage
in business to fulfill God's prophecy. To answer to this higher calling, he left Irene. Alfredo said that he has been
living with his maid and has no plans of marrying again.17

Alfredo's aunt, Policornia Dela Cruz Fabian (Policornia), likewise testified for Alfredo. She corroborated his
testimony that he was discharged from the United States Navy for medical and psychiatric reasons.18 She described
her niece-in-law Irene as "inggitera,"19 "mukhang pera,"20 and "tsismosa."21 She recounted incidents when Irene
would allegedly ask Alfredo to borrow money from her. She added that Irene allegedly spread rumors about her
husband's laziness. There were times when Policornia advised Irene to be more patient with Alfredo. Policornia also
testified that Alfredo recited spiritual messages that God allegedly directs his actions.22

Alfredo also offered in evidence, among others, the expert opinion of clinical psychologist Martha Johanna D. Dela
Cruz (Dela Cruz). The psychologist testified that Alfredo had gone to her office in Olongapo City for a psychological
evaluation. She also contacted Irene for an evaluation, but Irene, in writing, declined her invitation.23

Dela Cruz's assessment of Alfredo's mental status revealed that he "[did] not have any psychomotor agitation but
his judgment [was] impaired."24 She found that Alfredo's psychosis was due to schizophrenia, paranoid type. She
likewise said that there was no cure for Alfredo's psychosis, although Alfredo was already under medication for his
schizophrenia. She maintained that at the time she testified in court, Alfredo was still suffering from schizophrenia.25

Dela Cruz likewise analyzed the letter Irene sent declining her invitation for psychological evaluation. Based on the
letter, she determined that Irene was suffering from shared psychotic disorder, concluding that the spouses cannot
live together or both will become suicidal.26

For her part, Irene testified that she was a junior supervisor at Shakey's Pizza in Olongapo City before marrying
Alfredo, but she resigned to become a full-time wife and mother. When she testified in court, Irene admitted that she
separated herself from Alfredo because he has already found another woman in his life.27

According to Irene, she and Alfredo executed an agreement where Alfredo would give her 60% of his salary as
monthly support. However, Alfredo eventually failed to comply with the agreement, refusing to give support despite
Irene's requests. This led Irene to do her best to support herself and her children, including securing scholarships for
their children when they were in college. Also, with the help of an investigator from the United States Veterans
Affairs Office, she was able to claim $400.00 as a benefit for being Alfredo's legal wife. Irene said that she used the
money for daily expenses, no longer insisting on asking for support from Alfredo, who had allegedly insulted her.28

Irene admitted that she and Alfredo have different religious beliefs, and that Alfredo believed himself to be the son of
God who can have as many wives as he pleases. Irene also said that Alfredo indeed believed that wives should be
submissive to their husbands. As for their children, Irene admitted that her children are on speaking terms with their
father and that he gives them money personally.29

On re-direct examination, Irene admitted that she did not want her marriage voided because the financial support
she has been receiving might be cut off. Finally, on re-cross examination, Irene admitted that the benefit she
receives from the United States Veterans Affairs Office was due to her husband's schizophrenia.30

The Regional Trial Court ruled in favor Alfredo, finding that he was psychologically incapacitated to comply with his
essential marital obligations to Irene. In so ruling, the trial court emphasized that the multiple expert opinions Alfredo
offered in evidence sufficiently proved that he had schizophrenia even before he married Irene, and that the mental
disorder was a manifestation of his psychological incapacity.31

These pieces of evidence included a medical certificate from Dr. Jose Rommel T. Soriano (Dr. Soriano), a
psychiatrist who stated that Alfredo was suffering from schizophrenia; written findings by the United States Veteran
Affairs Office confirming the psychosis; and the report from Dela Cruz, the psychologist who testified that Alfredo
has exhibited symptoms of schizophrenia.32 The trial court held:

Plaintiff has sufficiently proven that he is suffering from schizophrenia (paranoid type) even before they
got married. No less than three expert opinions were offered in evidence to prove the same.

Convincing documentary and testimonial pieces of evidence were presented to show that the plaintiff
was discharged from the U.S. Navy because of such mental disorder. There is admission on re-cross
examination from the defendant (wife) that they are receiving monthly apportionment from the U.S.
Veterans Affairs due to her husband's mental illness of schizophrenia.

....

The question now is whether or not the plaintiff's mental disorder can be considered as a psychological
incapacity within the context of Article 36 of the Family Code.

....

It was unanimously proven by different expert opinions that the plaintiff's schizophrenic behavior
includes his delusion of being an emissary of God, who may have several wives and when he decided
to leave the defendant, he believes that it was God's order. . . .

....

The pieces of evidence presented by both parties indicate that the plaintiff indeed failed to comply with
his essential marital obligations, such as his failure to live with his wife due to his belief that God
ordered him to leave his wife and that he can have many women to live with him, like King Solomon.
He also failed to observe mutual love, respect and fidelity to his wife because of his hallucinations that
God has been speaking to him. He also failed to support his children because he believes that God
ordered him not to work. These facts are bolstered by the testimony of his wife and the evaluations of
the expert witnesses.
 . . . The fact that his condition has never improved for almost thirty years, which includes the period of
the subsistence of his marriage to the defendant bespeaks of the gravity of his illness.

. . . Staying together as a couple no longer served the core purpose of their union. Having each other
proved to be of no help anymore to the condition of the plaintiff. In fact, the defendant admitted on re-
direct examination that she only wanted the marriage to subsist because of the monthly apportionment
that she gets from the plaintiff's disability benefits. Both of them admitted that life was better off without
each other because of the mental disposition of both parties. These things indicate that the plaintiff’s
incapacity is beyond medical help if he would be with the defendant.

In view of all these, the Court finds that the plaintiff is indeed psychologically incapacitated to assume
his essential marital obligations to the defendant.33

The trial court, however, found no evidence of juridical antecedence and incurability of Irene's psychological
incapacity. Since the psychologist, Dela Cruz, found that Irene acquired shared psychotic disorder after she had
married Alfredo, it held that the mental disorder had no juridical antecedence and only existed after Irene had
married Alfredo.34

Finally, the trial court held that despite the marriage being void, Alfredo's obligation to support his two children
subsists and must still be fulfilled.35

The dispositive portion of the Regional Trial Court's September 25, 2007 Decision reads:

WHEREFORE, judgment is hereby rendered declaring the marriage of herein parties null and void due
to the psychological incapacity of the plaintiff to assume his essential marital obligations to the
defendant.

The plaintiff is, however, obliged to continuously provide support to his two (2) children with the
defendant and the latter is entitled to his visitation rights.

Upon finality of this Decision, let copies thereof be furnished [to] the Municipal Civil Registrar of Subic,
Zambales, and the National Statistic Office, Quezon City, for proper annotation in its Book of Marriages,
after payment of the necessary legal fees.

SO ORDERED.36 (Emphasis in the original)

On October 23, 2007, Irene filed a Motion for New Trial on the ground of collusion, conflict of interest on the part of
Alfredo's counsel, and fraud which allegedly caused the grant of Alfredo's Complaint.37

The trial court, however, denied the Motion for New Trial in its December 27, 2007 Order,38 finding that none of the
grounds under Rule 37 of the Rules of Court were present in this case. The trial court noted how Irene actively
participated in the proceedings, with the trial court even admitting her late amended Answer. As such, "[t]o raise
howl about the proceedings only after the case was decided against her interest makes her claim look like an
afterthought."39

Furthermore, the trial court refused to believe that Alfredo's psychological incapacity was merely "feigned" given the
"tightly corroborated testimonies of the psychologist and [Alfredo], as well as [Irene], convincingly proving [Alfredo's]
personality aberration."40

This caused Irene to file an appeal, which was nevertheless denied by the Court of Appeals in its September 28,
2012 Decision.41

The Court of Appeals echoed the trial court's findings, upholding that Alfredo suffered from schizophrenia. It
highlighted that even Irene herself admitted that the pension she receives from the United States Veterans Affairs
Office was due to Alfredo's schizophrenia.42 It also gave credence to the evidence offered by Alfredo to confirm his
schizophrenia.43 The Court of Appeals then held that Alfredo's schizophrenia, from which he had been suffering
even before his marriage to Irene, justified the marriage's dissolution.44

On Irene's claims that the trial proceedings were tainted by fraud, collusion between the parties, and conflict of
interest on the part of Alfredo's counsel, the Court of Appeals said that these were baseless and self-serving.45 As to
the prosecutor's perceived lackadaisical performance of duty, the Court of Appeals found this observation subjective
and could not be considered an error so as to grant the appeal.46

The dispositive portion of the September 28, 2012 Decision reads:

WHEREFORE, the Appeal is DENIED. The Decision of the lower court is AFFIRMED.

SO ORDERED.47 (Emphasis in the original)

Irene moved for reconsideration,48 but the Court of Appeals denied it in the September 18, 2013 Resolution.49

Irene filed her Petition for Review on Certiorari on October 16, 2013.50 Upon the directive of this Court,51 Alfredo filed
his Comment,52 to which Irene filed a Reply.53
Irene takes exception from the Court of Appeals' declaration that it had made independent findings of fact, stating
that it "contented itself in merely lifting portions of the trial court's decision as well as those stated in Alfredo's
Petition without duly considering the basis and veracity thereof."54 She also disputes the competence of Alfredo's
documentary evidence, specifically, the written findings of the United States Veterans Affairs Office and the medical
certificate issued by Dr. Soriano. According to Irene, nothing in the written findings of the United States Veterans
Affairs Office provided that Alfredo was discharged due to schizophrenia, and worse, these written findings were not
even authenticated in court, just like Dr. Soriano's medical certificate. Thus, Irene insists that the trial court and the
Court of Appeals should not have relied on these pieces of evidence.55

Irene likewise impugns Dela Cruz's evaluation of Alfredo, saying that the psychologist allegedly only paraphrased
the descriptions stated in Dr. Soriano's medical certificate.56 Irene says her findings, along with those of the United
States Veterans Affairs office and Dr. Soriano, did not even conform with the symptoms of schizophrenia as
described in People v. Madarang.57 As such, she insists that the lower courts had no basis to rule that Alfredo
suffered from schizophrenia.58

Because Alfredo allegedly did not have schizophrenia, Irene argues that the characteristics of psychological
incapacity—gravity, juridical antecedence, and incurability59—are not present. With no competent evidence of
Alfredo's schizophrenia, she contends that gravity and incurability were not proven. Furthermore, with no evidence
that, prior to his marriage, Alfredo was discharged from the United States Navy due to schizophrenia, Irene says
juridical antecedence was likewise absent.60

Lastly, Irene insists that the trial proceedings were tainted by fraud, collusion, and conflict of interest on the part of
Alfredo's counsel. According to her, the prosecutor halfheartedly performed his duty when he submitted a one-page
manifestation on the lack of collusion between the parties. She also emphasizes that she had to write the court for
the prosecutor to file an Answer on her behalf. As for respondent's counsel, she alleges that she was the first to
engage the services of Atty. Alreuela M. Bundang-Ortiz (Atty. Bundang-Ortiz), consulting the latter about her marital
problems. It was even Atty. Bundang-Ortiz who allegedly drafted the agreement of support that the spouses
executed. Thus, the lawyer allegedly had a conflict of interest when she acted as counsel for Alfredo.61

Countering Irene, Alfredo mainly argues that the issues raised in the Petition were substantially factual, which are
not cognizable by this Court. As such, he says the findings that he was discharged from the United States Navy due
to schizophrenia and that he has been suffering from the disorder even before he married Irene may no longer be
disturbed.62

Alfredo maintains that his psychological condition rendered him psychologically incapacitated to comply with his
essential marital obligations. He argues that he has clearly shown that his inability was attended by gravity, juridical
antecedence, and incurability.63

Lastly, Alfredo argues that the trial proceedings were not tainted by fraud and collusion. For one, Irene failed to
substantiate her claims. As for the alleged conflict of interest, he says all that Atty. Bundang-Ortiz did was notarize
the agreement of support between the parties, which did not make her a counsel for either party at that time.64

The issues for this Court's resolution are:

First, whether or not respondent Alfredo Fabian Datu indeed suffered from schizophrenia;

Second, whether or not all the elements of psychological incapacity have been proven by respondent Alfredo Fabian
Datu; and

Finally, whether or not the proceedings before the trial court were tainted by fraud, warranting a reversal of the
assailed Decision.

The Petition for Review on Certiorari is denied.

Rule 45, Section 165 of the Rules of Court is clear that only questions of law, or those pertaining to the law applicable
to a given set of facts, may be raised in a petition for review on certiorari. This Court is not a trier of facts and,
therefore, is generally bound by the findings of fact of the Court of Appeals.66

Of course, there are exceptions to this rule. In some instances, this Court may take cognizance of questions of fact,
or those requiring a "review [of] the truthfulness or falsity of the allegations of the parties"67 or an "assessment of the
'probative value of the evidence presented."'68 A question of fact is also involved when this Court is asked to
determine "the correctness of the lower courts' appreciation of the evidence presented by the parties."69 These
exceptions are:

(1) When the conclusion is a finding grounded entirely on speculation, surmises or conjectures; (2)
When the inference made is manifestly mistaken, absurd or impossible; (3) Where there is a grave
abuse of discretion; (4) When the judgment is based on a misapprehension of facts; (5) When the
findings of fact are conflicting; (6) When the Court of Appeals, in making its findings, went beyond the
issues of the case and the same is contrary to the admissions of both appellant and appellee; (7) The
findings of the Court of Appeals are contrary to those of the trial court; (8) When the findings of fact are
conclusions without citation of specific evidence on which they are based; (9) When the facts set forth
in the petition as well as in the petitioner 's main and reply briefs are not disputed by the respondents;
 and (10) The finding of fact of the Court of Appeals is premised on the supposed absence of evidence
and is contradicted by the evidence on record.70 (Citation omitted)

Here, Irene asks this Court to review the truthfulness of Alfredo's allegation that he was discharged from the United
States Navy because of schizophrenia, and that he already had the disorder even before he married her. Irene also
assails the assessment, both of the trial court and the Court of Appeals, of the evidence presented by Alfredo,
specifically, the written findings of the United States Veterans Affairs Office, the medical certificate issued by Dr.
Soriano, and the psychiatric evaluation and testimony of Dela Cruz. Obviously, Irene raises factual issues, which
this Court finds no reason to review.

For one, the lower courts' factual findings are the same. It is true that the Court of Appeals heavily lifted portions of
the Regional Trial Court Decision in making its findings, but this only means that it agreed with the trial court's
findings.

Also, the finding that Alfredo suffered from schizophrenia is sufficiently supported by evidence. Even if we disregard
the purportedly unauthenticated documents issued by the United States Veteran Affairs Office and Dr. Soriano, we
find that Dela Cruz's expert testimony sufficiently proved that Alfredo suffered from schizophrenia. Irene herself, on
re-cross examination during trial, admitted that she receives pension from the Veterans Affairs Office because of
Alfredo's schizophrenia.

Given that Alfredo's disorder was sufficiently established, this Court has no reason to review, much less overturn,
this factual finding.

II

Irene nevertheless claims that Alfredo's schizophrenia does not make him automatically psychologically
incapacitated under Article 36 of the Family Code, which provides:

ARTICLE 36. A marriage contracted by any party who, at the time of the celebration, was
psychologically incapacitated to comply with the essential marital obligations of marriage, shall likewise
be void even if such incapacity becomes manifest only after its solemnization.

Irene is correct in the sense that psychological incapacity is not a medical illness. That a person is suffering from a
certain psychosis, such as schizophrenia, will not make them automatically psychologically incapacitated to comply
with the essential marital obligations under Articles 68 to 71 of the Family Code.71 This was clear in Tan-Andal v.
Andal,72 where this Court emphatically declared that psychological incapacity is a legal concept, not a medical one.

The erroneous medical orientation toward defining psychological incapacity originated from Republic v. Court of
Appeals and Molina,73 which explicitly required in its second guideline that the root cause of the psychological
incapacity "be identified as a psychological illness[.]"74

Tan-Andal, however, clarified that psychological incapacity, as envisioned by the Family Code Revision Committee,
is, again, a legal concept.75 Instead of being a medical illness, psychological incapacity is "[a] durable or enduring
[aspect] of a person's personality, called 'personality structure,' which manifests itself through clear acts of
dysfunctionality that undermines the family. The spouse's personality structure must make it impossible for him or
her to understand and, more important, to comply with his or her essential marital obligations."76

As a legal concept, psychological incapacity cannot be characterized as incurable.77 Instead, it is permanent relative
to a specific partner. However, psychological incapacity can be grave, not in the sense that it is a serious or
dangerous mental illness, but that it excludes "mild characterological peculiarities, mood changes, occasional
emotional outbursts[.]"78 The incapacity must be shown to be due to a genuinely serious psychic cause.79 And, as
explicitly required by the law, the incapacity must have existed before or during the celebration of the marriage.

Here, this Court finds that Alfredo is psychologically incapacitated to comply with his essential marital obligations,
not because he suffers from schizophrenia per se, but because his psychosis has been found to be an enduring part
of his personality structure. This psychosis, in turn, led him to do clear acts of dysfunctionality that undermined Irene
and their family. As the lower courts found, Alfredo believes himself to be the son of God. In his mind, his refusal to
live with Irene and to provide for the family was God's will. He also believes that he can have as many wives as he
wants, which is not only illegal but is in utter disrespect and disregard of his marital vow to Irene. His incapacity is
grave, not a "mild characteriological peculiarity," a ''mood change," or an "occasional emotional outburst"; his
psychosis was grave enough for him to be discharged from military service.

Irene insinuates that Alfredo might just be faking his illness and, relatedly, his psychological incapacity, saying that "it
is easy to feign and manipulate insanity on the basis of what one says his beliefs and ideals are."80 She also argues
that the documentary and testimonial evidence Alfredo offered did not show that he exhibited the symptoms of
schizophrenia as this Court described in People v. Madarang.81 In Madarang:

Medical books describe schizophrenia as a chronic mental disorder characterized by inability to

distinguish between fantasy and reality and often accompanied by hallucinations and delusions.
Formerly called dementia pracecox, it is the most common form of psychosis. Symptomatically,
schizophrenic reactions are recognizable through odd and bizarre behavior apparent in aloofness or
periods of impulsive destructiveness and immature and exaggerated emotionality, often ambivalently
directed. The interpersonal perceptions are distorted in the more serious states by delusions and
hallucinations. In the most disorganized form of schizophrenic living, withdrawal into a fantasy life takes
 place and is associated with serious thought disorder and profound habit deterioration in which the
usual social customs are disregarded. During the initial stage, the common early symptom is aloofness,
a withdrawal behind barriers of loneliness, hopelessness, hatred and fear. Frequently, the patient would
seem preoccupied and dreamy and may appear "faraway." He does not empathize with the feelings of
others and manifests little concern about the realities of life situations. The schizophrenic suffers from a
feeling of rejection and an intolerable lack of self-respect. He withdraws from emotional involvement
with other people to protect himself from painful relationships. There is shallowness of affect, a paucity
of emotional responsiveness and a loss of spontaneity. Frequently, he becomes neglectful of personal
care and cleanliness. A variety of subjective experiences, associated with or influenced by mounting
anxiety and fears precede the earliest behavioral changes and oddities. He becomes aware of
increasing tension and confusion and becomes distracted in conversation manifested by his inability to
maintain a train of thought in his conversations. Outwardly, this will be noticed as blocks or breaks in
conversations. The schizophrenic may not speak or respond appropriately to his companions. He may
look fixedly away, or he may appear to stare, as he does not regularly blink his eyes in his attempt to
hold his attention.82 (Emphasis in the original, citations omitted)

Madarang, however, is a criminal case where the accused had to prove beyond reasonable doubt that he indeed
suffered from schizophrenia to justify his exoneration of parricide. Such strict level of scrutiny is not required here,
where only clear and convincing evidence is the required quantum of proof.83 We need not even focus on whether
the evidence presented proved that Alfredo indeed suffered from schizophrenia because, to reiterate, psychological
incapacity need not be identified as a psychological illness. What is clear, however, is that Alfredo, due to a genuine
psychic cause, failed to comply with his essential marital obligations. As the trial court said:

The pieces of evidence presented by both parties indicate that the plaintiff indeed failed to comply with
his essential marital obligations, such as, his failure to live with his wife due to his belief that God
ordered him to leave his wife and that he can have many women to live with him, like King Solomon.
He also failed to observe mutual love, respect, and fidelity to his wife because of his hallucinations that
God has been speaking to him. He also failed to support his children because he believes that God
ordered him not to work. These facts are bolstered by the testimony of his wife and the evaluations of
the expert witnesses.84

Consequently, Alfredo and Irene's marriage is void due to Alfredo's psychological incapacity.

III

Finally, we find no evidence of extrinsic fraud to warrant Irene a new trial85 of the case. Fraud, as a ground for filing
a motion for new trial:

. . . refers to a fraud committed to the unsuccessful party by [their] opponent preventing [their] from fully
exhibiting [their] case by keeping him away from court, a false promise of a compromise; or where the
defendant never had knowledge of the suit, being kept in ignorance by the acts of the plaintiff; or when
an attorney fraudulently or without authority connives at his defeat.86 (Citation omitted)

Here, there is no evidence that Alfredo committed fraud to prevent Irene from fully exhibiting her case in court.
Neither was there any evidence of a false promise or compromise. On the contrary, Irene was fully informed of the
trial proceedings, including the filing of the Complaint for declaration of nullity of marriage. When Irene initially had
no means to avail herself of legal services, the trial court allowed her to file a belated Answer with the assistance of
the Public Attorney's Office.

As to the claim that Atty. Bundang-Ortiz had a conflict of interest when she represented Alfredo in court, we find that
Irene failed to substantiate this. Conflict of interest "exists when a lawyer represents inconsistent interests of two or
1aшphi1

more opposing parties. The test is whether or not in behalf of one client, it is the lawyer's duty to fight for an issue or
claim, but it is his duty to oppose it for the other client."87

Here, there is no evidence that Atty. Bundang-Ortiz had ever represented Irene before she represented Alfredo. As
to the lawyer's admission that she notarized the agreement of support between the parties, we see no conflict of
interest, for she did not represent either of the parties in her capacity as a notary public.

With no evidence of the fraud she alleges, Irene's Motion for New Trial was correctly denied.

WHEREFORE, the Petition for Review on Certiorari is DENIED. The September 28, 2012 Decision and September
18, 2013 Resolution of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. CV No. 93166 are AFFIRMED.

SO ORDERED.

Carandang, Zalameda, Rosario, and J. Lopez,* JJ., concur.

Footnotes

* Designated additional Member per Special Order No. 2836.

1
Rollo, pp. 3-33.
2
Id. at 35-49. The September 28, 2012 Decision in CA-G.R. CV No. 93166 was penned by Associate Justice
Michael P. Elbinias and was concurred in by Associate Justices Isaias P. Dicdican and Nina G. Antonio-
Valenzuela of the Thirteenth Division, Court of Appeals, Manila.
3
Id. at 69-70. The September 18, 2013 Resolution in CA-G.R. CV No. 93166 was penned by Associate
Justice Michael P. Elbinias and was concurred in by Associate Justices Isaias P. Dicdican and Nina G.
Antonio-Valenzuela of the Thirteenth Division, Court of Appeals, Manila.
4
Id. at 71-79. The September 25, 2007 Decision in Civil Case No. 02-0-2005 was penned by Assisting
Presiding Judge Consuelo Amog Bocar of the Regional Trial Court of Olongapo City, Branch 73.
5
Id. at 35. Court of Appeals Decision.
6
Id.
7
Id. at 37.
8
Id. at 38.
9
Id. at 73. Regional Trial Court Decision.
10
Id. at 72-73.
11
Id. at 72.
12
Id.
13
Id.
14
Id.
15
Id.
16
Id.
17
Id.
18
Id. at 73.
19
Id.
20
Id.
21
Id.
22
Id.
23
Id.
24
Id.
25
Id.
26
Id.
27
Id. at 74.
28
Id.
29
Id.
30
Id.
31
Id. at 75-76.
32
Id.
33
Id. at 75-78.
34
Id. at 78.
35
Id. at 79.
36
Id.
37
Id. at 40, Court of Appeals Decision.
38
Id. at 80-81.
39
Id. at 80.
40
Id. at 81.
41
Id. at 35-39.
42
Id. at 43.
43
Id. at 44.
44
Id. at 46.
45
Id. at 47.
46
Id. at 47-48.
47
Id. at 48.
48
Id. at 50-67.
49
Id. at 69-70.
50
Id. at 3.
51
Id. at 82. Resolution dated December 9, 2013.
52
Id. at 89-93.
53
Id. at 96-100.
54
Id. at 16, Petition for Review on Certiorari.
55
Id. at 18-19.
56
Id. at 19-20.
57
387 Phil. 846 (2000) [Per J. Puno, First Division].
58
Id. at 22.
59
See Santos v. Court of Appeals, 310 Phil. 21 (1995) [Per J. Vitug, En Banc].
60
Rollo, pp. 24-26, Petition for Review on Certiorari.
61
Id. at 26-30.
62
Id. at 89-91.
63
Id.
64
Id. at 91.
65
RULES OF COURT, Rule 45, sec. 1 provides:

Section 1. Filing of petition with Supreme Court. — A party desiring to appeal by certiorari from a judgment,
final order or resolution of the Court of Appeals, the Sandiganbayan, the Court of Tax Appeals, the Regional
Trial Court or other courts, whenever authorized by law, may file with the Supreme Court a verified petition for
review on certiorari. The petition may include an application for a writ of preliminary injunction or other
provisional remedies and shall raise only questions of law which must be distinctly set forth. The petitioner
may seek the same provisional remedies by verified motion filed in the same action or proceeding at any time
during its pendency.
66
Id. at 182.
67
Id. at 183.
68
Id.
69
Id.
70
Id. at 182-133.
71
See Republic v. Court of Appeals and Molina, 335 Phil. 664, 678 (1997) [Per J. Pangban, En Banc], where
this Court held that "[t]he essential marital obligations must be those embraced by Articles 68 up to 71 of the
Family Code as regards the husband and wife as well as Articles 220, 221 and 225 of the same Code in
regard to parents and their children." These provisions are as follows:

ARTICLE 68. The husband and wife are obliged to live together, observe mutual love, respect and fidelity, and
render mutual help and support.

ARTICLE 69. The husband and wife shall fix the family domicile. In case of disagreement, the court shall
decide. The court may exempt one spouse from living with the other if the latter should live abroad or there
are other valid and compelling reasons for the exemption. However, such exemption shall not apply if the
same is not compatible with the solidarity of the family.

ARTICLE 70. The spouses are jointly responsible for the support of the family. The expenses for such support
and other conjugal obligations shall be paid from the community property and, in the absence thereof, from
the income or fruits of their separate properties. In case of insufficiency or absence of said income or fruits,
such obligations shall be satisfied from the separate properties.

ARTICLE 71. The management of the household shall be the right and the duty of both spouses. The
expenses for such management shall be paid in accordance with the provisions of Article 70.

....

ARTICLE 220. The parents and those exercising parental authority shall have with the respect to their
unemancipated children or wards the following rights and duties:

(1) To keep them in their company, to support, educate and instruct them by right precept and good
example, and to provide for their upbringing in keeping with their means;

(2) To give them love and affection, advice and counsel, companionship and understanding;

(3) To provide them with moral and spiritual guidance, inculcate in them honesty, integrity, self-
discipline, self-reliance, industry and thrift, stimulate their interest in civic affairs, and inspire in them
compliance with the duties of citizenship;

(4) To furnish them with good and wholesome educational materials, supervise their activities.
recreation and association with others, protect them from bad company, and prevent them from
acquiring habits detrimental to their health, studies and morals;

(5) To represent them in all matters affecting their interests;

(6) To demand from them respect and obedience;

(7) To impose discipline on them as may be required under the circumstances; and

(8) To perform such other duties as are imposed by law upon parents and guardians.

ARTICLE 221. Parents and other persons exercising parental authority shall be civilly liable for the injuries
and damages caused by the acts or omissions of their unemancipated children living in their company and
under their parental authority subject to the appropriate defenses provided by law.

....

ARTICLE 225. The father and the mother shall jointly exercise legal guardian ship over the property of the
unemancipated common child without the necessity of a court appointment. In case of disagreement, the
father's decision shall prevail, unless there is a judicial order to the contrary.

Where the market value of the property or the annual income of the child exceeds P50,000, the parent
concerned shall be required to furnish a bond in such amount as the court may determine, but not less than
ten per centum (10%) of the value of the property or annual income, to guarantee the performance of the
obligations prescribed for general guardians.

A verified petition for approval of the bond shall be filed in the proper court of the place where the child
resides, or, if the child resides in a foreign country, in the proper court of the place where the property or any
part thereof is situated.

The petition shall be docketed as a summary special proceeding in which all incidents and issues regarding
the performance of the obligations referred to in the second paragraph of this Article shall be heard and
resolved.

The ordinary rules on guardianship shall be merely suppletory except when the child is under substitute
parental authority, or the guardian is a stranger, or a parent has remarried, in which case the ordinary rules on
guardianship shall apply.
72
G.R. No. 196359, May 11, 2011, [Per J. Leonen, En Banc].
 73
335 Phil. 664 ( 1997) [Per J. Panganiban, En Banc).
74
Id. at 677.
75
Tan-Andal v. Andal, G.R. No. 196359, May 11, 2021, [Per J. Leonen, En Banc].
76
Id. at 31.
77
Id. at 33.
78
Id. at 34 citing Republic v. Court of Appeals and Molina, 335 Phil. 664 (1997) [Per J. Panganiban, En Banc].
79
Id.
80
Rollo, p. 26, Petition for Review on Certiorari.
81
387 Phil. 846 (2000) [Per J. Puno, First Division].
82
Id. at 859-860.
83
Tan-Andal v. Andal, G.R. No. 196359, May 11, 2021, 27 [Per J. Leonen, En Banc].
84
Rollo, p. 77, Regional Trial Court Decision.
85
RULES OF COURT, Rule 37, sec. 1 partly provides:

Section 1. Grounds of and period for filing motion for new trial or reconsideration. — Within the period
for taking an appeal, the aggrieved party may move the trial court to set aside the judgment or final
order and grant a new trial for one or more of the following causes materially affecting the substantial
rights of said party:

(a) Fraud, accident, mistake or excusable negligence which ordinary prudence could not have guarded
against and by reason of which such aggrieved party has probably been impaired in his rights; or

(b) Newly discovered evidence, which he could not, with reasonable diligence, have discovered and
produced at the trial, and which if presented would probably alter the result.
86
Baclaran Marketing Corp. v. Nieva, 809 Phil. 92, 103 (2017) [Per J. Jardeleza, Third Division].
87
Paces Indusrrial Corp. v. Atty. Salandanan, 814 Phil. 93, 98 (2017) (Per J. Peralta, En Banc].

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