PHOTO-E ECTRIC EFFECT

given by HERTZ
·

basically suggests lightisa particle

metal
ARTICLE NATURE
high energy radiation fall
the
on
surface
·

HIGH ENERGY RADIATION

electron
high frequency and
highenergetin
->
emission
low
wavelength
Tfreg. ↳ -

E h0
=

E hc
=
=

x wavelength
=
↳
I n 6.626x10
=
-
34

⑦ ⑦ O
5/5 ⑦
⑦ ⑦
E 0er 100 ev O ⑦ ⑦ ⑦ ⑦ ⑦
⑦
=
=

x(nm) x (A) ⑦ ⑦ ⑦
⑦ ⑦

whena radiation ofhighrequency

.
ar law
wavelength is made to
fall an a at
met

MARY
*
PARTICLE
NATURE
OF LIGHT
↑
Phatans= The radiation hit the metal do not
energy
· which
surface in photo-electric
effect
packets quanta
-

of came in the
farm of waves instead
they show particle nature

Particle nature. The called 'Photons' or

energy
-
↳
particles of lightare 'energy' packets ar

of light quanta of
I

energy

E no frequation
=
-

hC
-

7-
- -> instead
of being a

wave length light wave, a

is particle (PHOTON
radiation
radiation
-

does not always behaves like It has parside nature also. The
Light a wave.
·

terms particle nature of light are Photons or energy packels.

for possible to
Not

define particle nature of lightwithouttaking wave nature into accordance and vice-versa

SUMMARY
-
PROPERTIES OF PHOTON

cannotbe Newtonian mechanics

newtonian mechanics. Mass of photon defined in terms
of
the
rest most man at
of photon is
zero rest mass

rest (Phatan=0). A photon travels at speed of 2x100 m/s irrespective of frame of

a

reference
frame of refer. phaton neutral and remains undeviated under electric and
A ·
is

The
frame through magnetic field
and momentum
which speed and ·
each phatan has
definite energy
vel of a
body is
defined E hC=
PA
=

I N

Panatan hC/x F ·
Phatans
of light of a particular wavelength have same
energy
and
momentum
P h/x The collision
of phatan particle isassumed to be perfectly elasti
material
=
·
a with a

energyofeachdata..). If intensity of lightof a

given wavelength is increased, the no. of photons
intensity & energy will
in but
energy of each photon remains same

overall

·
dash collision
(refer back) REMARKS
-
-
 ⑦
EMISSION OF
2 FROM METAL SURFACE

free electrons - ets. The ets on the metal

surface of
metal are less
slightly bounded

present
on metal may as compared to 20in the bulk of the metal

that
are
loosely bound. Such cos are called electrans
free
Thermionic emission electron
Thermians free
28

Field emission 20 hulk

Photoelectric emission
Thermionic emission- electrons emitted thermally healing metal (THERMIONS)
by
Field emission -> metal placed between a
high electric
field
Photoelectric emission- The emission
of electrone when a
high energy
radiation made to metal
is
fall on a

The metals have

free electrons which are
lasely founded and can be
ejected from the
metal
by 7. Thermal emission,field emission. Photoelectric eminist

SUMMARY
 WORK FUNCTION

surface eO ·
The minimum amount
of energy required to remove a
surface et
iscalled
work
function of the metal

properly metal - the

same metal in any denoted
by d
anyfarmwillhave properly
e
of a mat

resume lowest I -
If the supplied energy is
greater than work
function even then there is no

guarantee of et emission as co
may
laase energy while
colliding with cans

KEmai supplied -
energy I Ec 6 and electron makes bestuse
of incident the electron
energy,
->

come with
out KoE
may
a

emitted electron have between 0 - E

can
any energy ma
-

The metal requires electron and that

a min
energy after which emitted
is min
energy reg. is
·

called work
function. Dothe supplied energy of then electron
may came with
out a

Kinetic
energy
SUMMARY
-
-
 THRESHOLD FREQUENCY
frequency of incident light
that
makes up the work
· The min
for function for the emission
-= (threshold
I of electron
greaency)
eo emission)
Umin I = == /Yar 6 hfo
=

h no
threshold
6 hvo
(r= frequency) KE
= ↑
(another eg far () mas
el
Lemitted
KEmax E = -

k
KE hU-hVo
max
=

oneo
y
mx +
C 5 (frequency)
Tvo
=

of phaton
=

no incident
d
=

The be than
frequency must
higher threshold
frequency for emission.
·

SUMMARY
-
-
 TRESHOLD WAVELENGTH
et be emitted
may is
·

x = ha
I I = 0
=0 mas
(Threshold hC
"mas=
mission
ha R
I d
=

I wavelength) ⑰
< Do
far
emission ·
The max
wavelength for which so
may seemilled threshold
is wavelenght
KE
KEmax
4-
=

-
KEma hc=

(I) -E?

y.
mx c
y
+
=

q 5.
=

The lower than et

wavelength be threshold
wavelength far emission
·

must

SUMMARY
-
-
 CHOTO CURRENT
cathode wartz window
positive paten an
anode
anade. ⑧ > as eO
-- as
-

re
↓
saturation current phatasensitive plate + Ve
current
when photo
wavelength
chart made to
fall metal plate (cathode)
lightof
an an
current become . is

emitted cathode ride

constant. (dees electrons are
from
not inc. with anade is et
in. the
patential wet
cathode, moves towards anade

in the patential) current

farmed opporte to
flow of electron - called photocurrent
space between calhade and anade farms space charge region. When there
·

no
is

potential on anade no
free electrons are able to
not came out became of
repulsion. patential is anode et
start to
e-e When the applied on
flow.
certain limit, and does not
constant
After a the
photocurrent
becomes increase
·

The
even on
increasing the
potential. current
iscalled saturation current

·
When manchromatic
light ismade to fall an calhade to start
flowing towards anade
Phatourrent
with the potential. The current formed opp. to flow of t called
is

SUMMARY
-
STOPPING POTENTIAL
stopping potential if in the above case, I anade is given-ve potential wet
cathode, et;
stopping voltage (vo) are repelled and photocurrentdecreases
·

Iwe keep
decreasing anode patential (making more and
it
more-vel, a
stage
Vo (KE) mas
=
comes when no et
can reach (A) and photocurrentbecomes zero. Thistrade
C
patential which stops
any et
from reaching anade is called
stopping
patential an is
topping valtage (vo) used in
work
electrastatic
curril against farce
Elphato aturation KEmax O

KElmax q DV =

⑧
(KE) max eVo
=

Vo
patent)
-

canode
Vo
KElmas
=

The minimum potential fastestelectron fails

for
whichthe to reach anade and photocurrent
becomes is called STOPPING POTENTIAL
zero.
STOPPING POTENTIAL VS FREQUENCY OF INCIDENT PUOTON

E= radiation
incident
energy
y> fo
for
emission
masterre e
↓
alope=h/e

y
manda I
mx
=
c
+

.
& Greq.
STOPPING POTENT US WAVELENGTH INCIDENTPROTON
OF

·
kF E =
-

0
x< o Vo
KE
4-
=

for emission

-
** - =

,
slope -
Vo
e e
=
-

y mx +
=
c
"xo
* e.=
INTENSITY AND PHOTOCURRENT
① intensity increase - no.
of Phatans increase

with increase in phatan-120release

intensing photocurrent no of photoelectrons increase - photocurrent increases
increases

Photocurrent
Patent
Intensity

intensity

elec. Then
· Gives relation between
intensity and photocurrent. If phatan gives rise to a

increase in a no.
of phatans results increase
in in no,
of photoelectrons which leads to increase
in photocurrent.
INTENSITY AND STOPPING POTENTIAL

Phatourrent ·vo
()max El
=

stopping patential vo
e
b
and
intensity stopping
=

patential have no relation

I I2 Hass intensly depends only an

phatocument
1
=

phatocurrent
1

12 1 =
Has
frequency depends an

stopping patent
3
2 I

>Vo

·
Shaws there
that is no relation between intensity and stopping potential
intensity depends on
phatacument. frequency depends an
stopping patential
 PARTICLE NATURE
centurewave
·Thewavematureaswelldefinedbya the
nature
of light
RI) in wave
of lightan increasing intensity the amplitude of wave
nature increases
(IXA2) increasing KE. But this data is experimentally wrong as Intensity
does not
depend an IE

R2) existence
of threshold frequency
If lightis lightof low incident
a wave, then even is
a
frequency is
·

metal
on surface, then electran keeps on
absorbing energy and should

overcame work funchan. But

hisdoes not happen. There III
is callisa

R3) ejection
instant
of photoelectran. (No time delay)
·

If lightwas a wave then the

energy of wave an collision would be distributed

over a
large no.
of electrons so would
energy per et be des and hence
There will
be lime
delay for et
eminion does not
(This happen)

shows that nature can't and

wave
prove photoelectric minian
gives data
·

which experimentally wrong.

is
WAVE
NATURE OF
MATTER

according to
DeGraglic- every moving particle has a wave associated
to t
-> This iscalled matter wave

wavelengthe naturel
The
wavelength of matter wave (N=
b momentum (particle naturel
X1 = De Braglie
mV
wavelength

> For heavier particles, is so small that

itcannot
be measured
·
wave nature can't
be seen.

for subatomic
significant
->
particles X is
X in TERMS KE
OF

x
tx =
.
=

(k)
x =

0 mv v1 kF
bmv2
=

= =

e
KE m
I
x
=
=

X=
=

h
2m(kE) KE
1
= 2 am(E)
P
=

=
2m(kE)
 X in TERMS OF
ACCELERATING POTENTIAL

KE eVo
=
gAV
=

x 1
=

for any x h
particle x 1
=

2mqar ->
=

am(KE) 2mq5V
x 1
50 =
=

2 mer

only for et gar eO

y e
=

5Imer- I =
12027
=
-

to
just putKE eVo=GAV =
in the equ
x=IKE getrelation of
lambda with
stopping potential
SUMMARY
 DE-BROGLIE (X) FOR GAS MOLECULE
manatomic
far gas
·

kT
X h =
kE =

3mkT
(I molecule) x
b amk.E
= n
=
I
my mass maleale 2m.
KT
K= baltzmann canst
K= baltzmann constant x 1
=

i- absalute temp 3mkT

mass / male MM
=

6.022x102 males x
= 25
n X = h -
=

I molecule AM 3
a KT
=

M- malecular may NA
T- temp in Kelvin

M5 kg x metre
=
DAVISSON AND GERMER SETUP
callimater (so that
et
go straight
It through it

--
Tungsten
e8
------------
,
Barium eO
oxide
,

caling (law 0)
/

eG
law voltage Nickel
, crystal
sliding
galvanom. circular
collector
WORKING
ct are emitted
from Barium oxide
coating of electrically heated
tungsten
·

filament
·
These et
are accelerated
through a patential (v)
These accelerated electrons strike nickel and are scattered
crystal
·

in all directions
movable collector (an circular scale) collects et's at
a
differentangles
·

connected to movable collector shows

a
galvanometre reading
·

reading of galvanometrex Intensity of 20

.

* The experiment
was
performed between
with
diff, accelerating patential but
significant
observered
intensity was un-68V

Best was at 500 and

500
Blattering angle
BRAG'S LAW
&2 x 2d isin 0 nx
=

⑧
⑦( ⑧
⑧
↑
d=distance between
d crystal layer
⑧ ⑧ ⑳
↓ ·-
angle between incident
beam
and atomic
layer
X- beam
incident
⑳ . ⑧
wavelength of
for Nickel d 0.91
=

A = 0.91x10-10m n Maxima
1,2,3
=
----

0 50°
= 0+ 412 90 0658
=

92.91Avin6s =X (n = 1
firstmax
X 1.6SA
=

= 1.65
Check I