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 1. Introduction to Java
1. Why you must learn Java
2. What is a Programming Language
3. What is an Algorithm
4. What is Syntax
5. History of Java
6. Magic of Byte Code
7. How Java Changed the Internet
8. Java Buzzwords
9. Object Oriented Programming
1.1 Why you must learn Java

1. One of the most popular language. Java

currently runs on 60,00,00,00,000
devices.
2. Wide Usage (Web-apps, backend,
Mobile apps, enterprise software).
3. High paying and a lot of Jobs
4. Object Oriented
5. Rich APIs and Community Support
 1.2 What is a Programming Language

Humans use natural language (like Hindi/English) to communicate

1.2 What is a Programming Language

Computers only understand 0/1 or on/off

 1.2 What is a Programming Language
• Giving instructions to a
computer
• Instructions: Tells
computer what to do.
• These instructions are
called code.
• Human instructions are
given in High level
languages.
Compiler converts high level languages to low level languages or
machine code.
1.3 What is an Algorithm
 1.3 What is an Algorithm

An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem or

performing a task.
1.4 What is Syntax

• Structure of words in a
sentence.
• Rules of the language.
• For programming exact
syntax must be followed.
 1.5 History of Java

Developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems (Early 1990s):

Originally named 'Oak', later renamed Java in 1995.
1.5 History of Java

First Release (1995): Introduced

"Write Once, Run Anywhere"
concept with cross-platform
compatibility.
 1.5 History of Java

Developed with vision of backward compatibility. Should not

break with new version release.
1.5 History of Java
Rapid Growth and
Diversification (Late 1990s
- 2010s): Expanded from
web applets to server-side
applications; standardized
into different editions for
various computing
platforms.
1.5 History of Java
1.6 Magic of Byte Code
 1.7 How Java Changed the Internet

Portability with Write Once Security because of Code

Run Anywhere running on Virtual Machine
1.8 Java Buzzwords
Robust
Java is robust due to its strong
memory management,
exception handling, and type-
checking mechanisms, which
help in preventing system
crashes and ensuring reliable
performance.
1.8 Java Buzzwords
Multithreaded
Multithreading in programming
is the ability of a CPU to execute
multiple threads concurrently,
allowing for more efficient
processing and task
management.
1.8 Java Buzzwords
Architecture Neutral
Java is architecturally neutral
because its compiled code
(bytecode) can run on any
device with a Java Virtual
Machine (JVM), regardless of
the underlying hardware
architecture.
1.8 Java Buzzwords
Interpreted and High
Performance
Java combines high
performance with
interpretability, as its bytecode
is interpreted by the Java Virtual
Machine (JVM), which employs
Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation
for efficient and fast execution.
1.8 Java Buzzwords
Distributed
Java is inherently distributed,
designed to facilitate network-
based application development
and interaction, seamlessly
integrating with Internet
protocols and remote method
invocation.
1.9 Object Oriented Programming
1.9 Object Oriented Programming
 Revision
1. Why you must learn Java
2. What is a Programming Language
3. What is an Algorithm
4. What is Syntax
5. History of Java
6. Magic of Byte Code
7. How Java Changed the Internet
8. Java Buzzwords
9. Object Oriented Programming
 KG Coding
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 2. Java Basics
1. Installing JDK
2. First Class using Text Editor
3. Compiling and Running
4. Anatomy of a Class
5. File Extensions
6. JDK vs JVM vs JRE
7. Showing Output
8. Importance of the main method
9. Installing IDE(Intellij Idea)
10.Creating first Project
 2.1 Installing JDK

Search JDK Download

Make sure to download from the

oracle website.

Download the latest version

2.2 First Class using Text Editor
2.3 Compiling and Running
2.4 Anatomy of a Class
 2.5 File Extensions
.Java
• Contains Java Source Code
• High Level Human Readable
• Used for Development
• File is editable
.Class
• Contains Java Bytecode
• For consumption of JVM
• Used for Execution
• Not meant to be edited
 2.6 JDK vs JVM vs JRE

.JDK
• It's a software development kit required to develop Java applications.
• Includes the JRE, an interpreter/loader (Java), a compiler (javac), a doc generator
(Javadoc), and other tools needed for Java development.
• Essentially, JDK is a superset of JRE.
 2.6 JDK vs JVM vs JRE

.JRE
• It's a part of the JDK but can be downloaded separately.
• Provides the libraries, the JVM, and other components to run applications
• Does not have tools and utilities for developers like compilers or debuggers.
 2.6 JDK vs JVM vs JRE

.JVM
• It's a part of JRE and responsible for executing the bytecode.
• Ensures Java’s write-once-run-anywhere capability.
• Not platform-independent: a different JVM is needed for each type of OS.
2.7 Showing Output
 2.8 Importance of the main method

• Entry Point: It's the entry point of a Java program, where the execution starts.
Without the main method, the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) does not know where to
begin running the code.
• Public and Static: The main method must be public and static, ensuring it's accessible
to the JVM without needing to instantiate the class.
• Fixed Signature: The main method has a fixed signature: public static void
main(String[] args). Deviating from this signature means the JVM won't recognize it
as the starting point.
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FF5F1F
2.9 What is IDE
1. IDE stands for Integrated
Development Environment.
2. Software suite that consolidates basic
tools required for software
development.
3. Central hub for coding, finding
problems, and testing.
4. Designed to improve developer
efficiency.
FF5F1F
2.9 Need of IDE
1. Streamlines development.
2. Increases productivity.
3. Simplifies complex tasks.
4. Offers a unified workspace.
5. IDE Features
1. Code Autocomplete
2. Syntax Highlighting
3. Version Control
4. Error Checking
2.9 Installing IDE(Intellij Idea)

Search Intellij IDEA

Make sure to download the

community Version.

Keep Your Software up to

date.
2.9 Installing IDE(Intellij Idea)
2.9 Installing IDE(Intellij Idea)
2.9 Installing IDE(Intellij Idea)
2.9 Installing IDE(Intellij Idea)
2.10 Creating first Project
2.10 First Java Class
2.10 Project Structure
 Revision
1. Installing JDK
2. First Class using Text Editor
3. Compiling and Running
4. Anatomy of a Class
5. File Extensions
6. JDK vs JVM vs JRE
7. Showing Output
8. Importance of the main method
9. Installing IDE(Intellij Idea)
10.Creating first Project
FF5F1F

Tasks:
1.Create a class to output “good morning” using a text
editor and check output.
2.Create a new Project in Intelij Idea and output
“subscribe” on the console.
3.Show the following patterns:
FF5F1F
Practice Exercise
Java Basics

Answer in True/False:
1.Computers understand high level languages like Java, C.
2.An Algorithm is a set of instructions to accomplish a task.
3.Computer is smart enough to ignore incorrect syntax.
4.Java was first released in 1992.
5.Java was named over a person who made good coffee.
6.ByteCode is platform independent.
7.JDK is a part of JRE.
8.It’s optional to declare main method as public.
9..class file contains machine code.
10.println adds a new line at the end of the line.
FF5F1F
Practice Exercise
Java Basics

Answer in True/False:
1.Computers understand high level languages like Java, C. False
2.An Algorithm is a set of instructions to accomplish a task. True
3.Computer is smart enough to ignore incorrect syntax. False
4.Java was first released in 1992. False
5.Java was named over a person who made good coffee. False
6.ByteCode is platform independent. True
7.JDK is a part of JRE. False
8.It’s optional to declare main method as public. False
9..class file contains machine code. False
10.println adds a new line at the end of the line. True
 KG Coding
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 3 Data Types, Variables & Input

1. Variables
2. Data Types
3. Naming Conventions
4. Literals
5. Keywords
6. Escape Sequences
7. User Input
8. Type Conversion and Casting
 3.1. What are Variables?

Variables are like containers used

for storing data values.
3.1. Memory Allocation
3.1. Variable Declaration
3.2 Data Types
3.2 Data Types
 3.3. Naming Conventions
camelCase
• Start with a lowercase letter. Capitalize the first letter of each
subsequent word.
• Example: myVariableName

snake_case
• Start with an lowercase letter. Separate words with underscore
• Example: my_variable_name

Kebab-case
• All lowercase letters. Separate words with hyphens. Example:
my-variable-name

Keep a Good and Short Name

• Choose names that are descriptive but not too long. It should
make it easy to understand the variable's purpose.
• Example: age, firstName, isMarried
 3.3. Java Identifier Rules
1. The only allowed characters for identifiers
are all alphanumeric characters([A-Z],[a-z],[0-
9]), ‘$‘ (dollar sign) and ‘_‘ (underscore).
2. Can’t use keywords or reserved words
3. Identifiers should not start with digits([0-9]).
4. Java identifiers are case-sensitive.
5. There is no limit on the length of the
identifier but it is advisable to use an
optimum length of 4 – 15 letters only.
3.4 Literals
3.5 Keywords
3.6 Escape Sequences
FF5F1F

Task:
4. Show the following patterns using single print
statement:
3.7 User Input
FF5F1F

5.Create a program to input name of the person and

respond with ”Welcome NAME to KG Coding”
6.Create a program to add two numbers.
3.8 Type Conversion and Casting
3.8 Type Conversion and Casting
 Revision
1. Variables
2. Data Types
3. Naming Conventions
4. Literals
5. Keywords
6. Escape Sequences
7. User Input
8. Type Conversion and Casting
FF5F1F
Practice Exercise
Java Basics

Answer in True/False:
1.In Java, a variable's name can start with a number.
2.char in Java can store a single character.
3.Class names in Java typically start with a lowercase letter.
4.100L is a valid long literal in Java.
5.\d is an escape sequence in Java for a digit character.
6.Scanner class is used for reading console input.
7.In Java, an int can be automatically converted to a byte.
8.Java variable names are case-sensitive.
9.Scanner class can be used to read both primitive data types and
strings.
10.Explicit casting is required to convert a double to an int.
FF5F1F
Practice Exercise
Java Basics

Answer in True/False:
1.In Java, a variable's name can start with a number. False
2.char in Java can store a single character. True
3.Class names in Java typically start with a lowercase letter. False
4.100L is a valid long literal in Java. True
5.\d is an escape sequence in Java for a digit character. False
6.Scanner class is used for reading console input. True
7.In Java, an int can be automatically converted to a byte. False
8.Java variable names are case-sensitive. True
9.Scanner class can be used to read both primitive data types True
and strings.
10.Explicit casting is required to convert a double to an int. True
 KG Coding
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 4. Operators, If-else & Number System
1. Assignment Operator
2. Arithmetic Operators
3. Order of Operation
4. Shorthand Operators
5. Unary Operators
6. If-else
7. Relational Operators
8. Logical Operators
9. Operator Precedence
10.Intro to Number System
11.Intro to Bitwise Operators
 4.1 Assignment Operator

Assigns the right-hand operand's value to the left-hand operand.

Example: int a = 5;.
FF5F1F

7. Create a program to swap two numbers.

4.2 Arithmetic Operators
4.3 Order of Operation
4.4 Shorthand Operators
4.5 Unary Operators
FF5F1F

8. Create a program that takes two numbers and shows result of all
arithmetic operators (+,-,*,/,%).
9. Create a program to calculate product of two floating points numbers.
10.Create a program to calculate Perimeter of a rectangle.
Perimeter of rectangle ABCD = A+B+C+D
11.Create a program to calculate the Area of a Triangle.
Area of triangle = ½*B*H
12.Create a program to calculate simple interest.
Simple Interest = (P x T x R)/100
13.Create a program to calculate Compound interest.
Compound Interest = P(1 + R/100)t
14.Create a program to convert Fahrenheit to Celsius
°C = (°F - 32) × 5/9
 4.6 if-else
1. Syntax: Uses if () {} to check a condition.
2. What is if: Executes block if condition is true, skips if false.
3. What is else: Executes a block when the if condition is false.
4. Curly Braces can be omitted for single statements, but not
recommended.
5. If-else Ladder: Multiple if and else if blocks; only one executes.
6. Use Variables: Can store conditions in variables for use in if
statements.
 4.7 Relational Operators

Equality
• == Checks value equality.
Inequality
• != Checks value inequality.
Relational
• > Greater than.
• < Less than.
• >= Greater than or equal to.
• <= Less than or equal to.
Order of Relational operators is less than arithmetic operators
 4.8 Logical Operators

1. Types: && (AND), || (OR), ! (NOT)

2. AND (&&): All conditions must be true for the result to be true.
3. OR (||): Only one condition must be true for the result to be true.
4. NOT (!): Inverts the Boolean value of a condition.
5. Lower Priority than Math and Comparison operators
FF5F1F

15.Create a program that determines if a number is positive, negative,

or zero.
16.Create a program that determines if a number is odd or even.
17. Create a program that determines the greatest of the three
numbers.
18.Create a program that determines if a given year is a leap year
(considering conditions like divisible by 4 but not 100, unless also
divisible by 400).
19.Create a program that calculates grades based on marks
A -> above 90% B -> above 75%
C -> above 60% D -> above 30%
F -> below 30%
20.Create a program that categorize a person into different age groups
Child -> below 13 Teen -> below 20
Adult -> below 60 Senior-> above 60
4.9 Operator Precedence
Operator Precedence: Determines the
evaluation order of operators in an expression
based on their priority levels.

Associativity: Defines the order of operation

for operators with the same precedence,
usually left-to-right or right-to-left.
 4.10 Intro to Number System

Number System Base or Radix Digits or symbols

Binary 2 0,1
Octal 8 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7
Hexadecimal 16 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F

Number System Base or Radix Digits or symbols

Unary 1 0/1
Decimal 10 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
 4.10 Intro to Number System
Decimal Number System
• Decimal Number System is a base-10 system that has ten digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.

• The decimal number system is said to be of base, or radix, 10 because it uses 10 digits and the
coefficients are multiplied by powers of 10.

• This is the base that we often use in our day to day life.

• Example: (7,392)10 , where 7,392 is a shorthand notation for what should be written as

7 * 103 + 3 * 102 + 9 * 101 + 2 * 100

 4.10 Intro to Number System
Binary Number System
• The coefficients of the binary number system have only two possible values: 0 and 1.

• Each coefficient aj is multiplied by a power of the radix, e.g., 2j, and the results are added to
obtain the decimal equivalent of the number.

Example: (11010.11)2 value in Decimal?

1 * 24 + 1 * 23 + 0 * 22 + 1 * 21 + 0 * 20 + 1 * 2-1 + 1 * 2-2 = 26.75

4.10 Intro to Number System
 4.11 Intro to Bitwise Operators
1.AND Operator (&): Performs on two integers. Each bit of the output is 1 if the
corresponding bits of both operands are 1, otherwise 0.
2.OR Operator (|): Performs on two integers. Each bit of the output is 0 if the
corresponding bits of both operands are 0, otherwise 1.
3.XOR Operator (^): Performs on two integers. Each bit of the output is 1 if the
corresponding bits of the operands are different.
4.NOT Operator (~): Performs a bitwise complement. It inverts the bits of its
operand (0 becomes 1, and 1 becomes 0).
5.Left Shift Operator (<<): Shifts the left operand’s bits to the left by the number
of positions specified by the right operand, filling the new rightmost bits with
zeros.
6.Right Shift Operator (>>): Shifts the left operand’s bits to the right. If the left
operand is positive, zeros are filled into the new leftmost bits; if negative, ones
are filled in.
FF5F1F

21. Create a program that shows bitwise AND of two numbers.

22. Create a program that shows bitwise OR of two numbers.
23. Create a program that shows bitwise XOR of two numbers.
24. Create a program that shows bitwise compliment of a number.
25. Create a program that shows use of left shift operator.
26. Create a program that shows use of right shift operator.
27. Write a program to check if a given number is even or odd using
bitwise operators.
 Revision
1. Assignment Operator
2. Arithmetic Operators
3. Order of Operation
4. Shorthand Operators
5. Unary Operators
6. If-else
7. Relational Operators
8. Logical Operators
9. Operator Precedence
10.Intro to Number System
11.Intro to Bitwise Operators
FF5F1F
Practice Exercise
Java Basics

Answer in True/False:
1.In Java, && and || operators perform short-circuit evaluation.
2.In an if-else statement, the else block executes only when the if
condition is false.
3.Java allows an if statement without the else part.
4.The ^ operator in Java is used for exponentiation.
5.Unary minus operator can be used to negate the value of a
variable in Java.
6.a += b is equivalent to a = a + b in Java.
7.In Java, the binary number system uses base 10.
8.The number 1010 in binary is equivalent to 10 in decimal.
9.& and | are logical operators in Java.
10.In Java, a >> 2 shifts the binary bits of a to the left by 2 positions.
FF5F1F
Practice Exercise
Java Basics

Answer in True/False:
1.In Java, && and || operators perform short-circuit evaluation. True
2.In an if-else statement, the else block executes only when the if True
condition is false.
3.Java allows an if statement without the else part. True
4.The ^ operator in Java is used for exponentiation. False
5.Unary minus operator can be used to negate the value of a True
variable in Java.
6.a += b is equivalent to a = a + b in Java. True
7.In Java, the binary number system uses base 10. False
8.The number 1010 in binary is equivalent to 10 in decimal. True
9.& and | are logical operators in Java. False
10.In Java, a >> 2 shifts the binary bits of a to the left by 2 positions.False
 KG Coding
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 5 While Loop, Methods & Arrays

1. Comments
2. While Loop
3. Methods
4. Return statement
5. Arguments
6. Arrays
7. 2D Arrays
 5.1 Java Comments
1. Used to add notes in Java code
2. Not displayed on the web page
3. Helpful for code organization
4. Syntax:
1. Single Line: //
2. Multi Line: /* */
3. Java Docs: /** */
5.2 What is a Loop?
1. Code that runs multiple times based on a
condition.
2. Repeated execution of code.
3. Loops automate repetitive tasks.
4. Types of Loops: while, for, while, do-while.
5. Iterations: Number of times the loop runs.
 5.2 While Loop

1. Iterations: Number of times the loop runs.

2. Used for non-standard conditions.
3. Repeating a block of code while a condition is true.
4. Remember: Always include an update to avoid infinite loops.
 5.3 What are Functions / Methods?

1. Definition: Blocks of reusable code.

2. DRY Principle: "Don't Repeat Yourself" it Encourages code
reusability.
3. Usage: Organizes code and performs specific tasks.
4. Naming Rules: Same as variable names: camelCase
5. Example: ”Beta Gas band kar de"
 5.3 Method Syntax

1. Follows same rules as variable names.

2. Use () to contain parameters.
3. Invoke by using the function name followed by ().
4. Fundamental for code organization and reusability.
 5.4 Return statement

1. Sends a value back from a function.

2. Example: "Ek glass paani laao"
3. What Can Be Returned: Value, variable, calculation, etc.
4. Return ends the function immediately.
5. Function calls make code jump around.
6. Prefer returning values over using global variables.
 5.5 Arguments vs Parameters

Parameter Function Return

1. Input values that a function takes.

2. Parameters put value into function, while return gets value out.
3. Example: "Ek packet dahi laao”
4. Naming Convention: Same as variable names.
5. Parameter vs Argument
6. Examples: System.out.print, Scanner.nextInt(), are functions we have already used
7. Multiple Parameters: Functions can take more than one.
8. Default Value: Can set a default value for a parameter.
FF5F1F

28. Develop a program that prints the multiplication table for a given number.
29. Create a program to sum all odd numbers from 1 to a specified number N.
30. Write a function that calculates the factorial of a given number.
31. Create a program that computes the sum of the digits of an integer.
32. Create a program to find the Least Common Multiple (LCM) of two
numbers.
33. Create a program to find the Greatest Common Divisor (GCD) of two
integers.
34. Create a program to check whether a given number is prime.
35. Create a program to reverse the digits of a number.
36. Create a program to print the Fibonacci series up to a certain number.
37. Create a program to check if a number is an Armstrong number.
38. Create a program to verify if a number is a palindrome.
39. Create a program that print patterns:
 5.6 What is an Array?

1. An Array is just a list of values.

2. Index: Starts with 0.
3. Arrays are used for storing multiple values in a single
variable.
5.6 Array Memory
 5.6 Array Syntax

1. Use {} to create a new array, {} brackets enclose list of values

2. Arrays can be saved to a variable.
3. Accessing Values: Use [] with index.
4. Syntax Rules:
• Brackets start and end the array.
• Values separated by commas.
• Can span multiple lines.
5.6 Array Length
5.7 2D Arrays
5.7 2D Arrays
5.7 2D Arrays
FF5F1F

40. Create a program to find the sum and average of all elements in an
array.
41. Create a program to find number of occurrences of an element in an
array.
42. Create a program to find the maximum and minimum element in an
array.
43. Create a program to check if the given array is sorted.
44. Create a program to return a new array deleting a specific element.
45. Create a program to reverse an array.
46. Create a program to check is the array is palindrome or not.
47. Create a program to merge two sorted arrays.
48. Create a program to search an element in a 2-D array.
49. Create a program to do sum and average of all elements in a 2-D array.
50. Create a program to find the sum of two diagonal elements.
 Revision
1. Comments
2. While Loop
3. Methods
4. Return statement
5. Arguments
6. Arrays
7. 2D Arrays
FF5F1F
Practice Exercise
Java Basics

Answer in True/False:
1. A 'while' loop in Java continues to execute as long as its condition is
true.
2. The body of a 'while' loop will execute at least once, regardless of
the condition.
3. A 'while' loop cannot be used for iterating over an array.
4. Infinite loops are not possible with 'while' loops in Java.
5. A method in Java can return more than one value at a time.
6. It's mandatory for every Java method to have a return type.
7. The size of an array in Java can be modified after it is created.
8. Arrays in Java can contain elements of different data types.
9. An array is a reference type in Java.
10.Java arrays are zero-indexed, meaning the first element has an index
of 0.
FF5F1F
Practice Exercise
Java Basics

Answer in True/False:
1. A 'while' loop in Java continues to execute as long as its condition is True
true.
2. The body of a 'while' loop will execute at least once, regardless of False
the condition.
3. A 'while' loop cannot be used for iterating over an array. False
4. Infinite loops are not possible with 'while' loops in Java. False
5. A method in Java can return more than one value at a time. False
6. It's mandatory for every Java method to have a return type. True
7. The size of an array in Java can be modified after it is created. False
8. Arrays in Java can contain elements of different data types. False
9. An array is a reference type in Java. True
10.Java arrays are zero-indexed, meaning the first element has an index True
of 0.
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 6 Classes & Objects
1. Process vs Object Oriented
2. Instance Variables and Methods
3. Declaring and Using Objects
4. Class vs Object
5. This & Static Keyword
6. Constructors & Code Blocks
7. Stack vs Heap Memory
8. Primitive vs Reference Types
9. Variable Scopes
10.Garbage Collection & Finalize
6.1 Process vs Object Oriented
6.1 Process vs Object Oriented
6.2 Instance Variables and Methods
 6.3 Declaring Objects

1. Object Creation: new instantiates a new object of a class.

2. Memory Allocation: Allocates memory for the object in the heap.
3. Constructor Invocation: Calls the class constructor to initialize the object.
4. Reference Return: Returns a reference to the created object.
5. Array Creation: Also used for creating arrays, like int[] arr = new int[5];.
6. Dynamic Allocation: Unlike static allocation, new allows for dynamic
memory allocation, allocating memory at runtime.
6.3 Declaring Objects Syntax
6.3 Declaring Objects Syntax
 6.3 Using Objects

Access properties using . Operator like product.price

 6.4 Class vs Object

Class is a blueprint; Objects are real values in memory.

 6.4 Class vs Object

Class is a blueprint; Objects are real values in memory.

6.4 Class vs Object
6.5 This Keyword
1. Current Instance: Refers to the
current class instance variable.
2. Constructor Call: Can be used to
invoke a constructor of the same class
(this()).
3. Method Call: Invokes a method of the
current object.
4. Pass as Argument: Can be passed as
an argument in the method call.
5. Return the Current Class Instance: Can
return the current class instance from
the method.
 6.5 Static Keyword

1. Static Variables: Belong to the class, not individual instances.

Shared among all instances of the class.
2. Static Methods: Can be called without creating an object of the
class. Can only directly access static variables and other static
methods.
3. No Access to Non-static Members: Static methods and blocks
cannot directly access non-static members (variables and
methods) of the class.
6.6 Constructors
1. Purpose: Constructors initialize new
objects and set initial states for the
object's attributes.
2. Naming: A constructor must have the
same name as the class in which it is
declared.
3. No Return Type: Constructors do not
have a return type, not even void.
4. Automatic Calls: A constructor is
automatically called when an instance
of a class is created.
6.6 Constructors (Types)

1. Default Constructor: If no constructor is

explicitly defined, Java provides a
default constructor that initializes all
member variables to default values.
2. Parameterized Constructors:
Constructors can have parameters to
pass values when creating an object,
allowing for different initializations.
6.6 Constructors (Chaining)

1. Within Same Class: Using this() to

call another constructor in the
same class.
2. First Statement: this() must be the
first statement in a constructor.
3. No Loop: Constructor chaining
can’t form a loop; it must have a
termination point.
 6.6 Code Blocks

1. Scope: Code blocks {} determine the scope of variables.

2. Local Variables: Variables inside a block are not accessible
outside it.
3. Initialization Block: Blocks without static run each time an
instance is created.
4. Static Block: Blocks with static run once when the class is
loaded.
FF5F1F

51. Create a Book class for a library system.

• Instance variables: title, author, isbn.
• Static variable: totalBooks, a counter for the total number of book
instances.
• Instance methods: borrowBook(), returnBook().
• Static method: getTotalBooks(), to get the total number of books in the
library.
52. Design a Course class.
• Instance variables: courseName, enrolledStudents.
• Static variable: maxCapacity, the maximum number of students for any
course.
• Instance methods: enrollStudent(String studentName),
unenrollStudent(String studentName).
• Static method: setMaxCapacity(int capacity), to set the maximum
capacity for courses.
 KG Coding
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6.7 Stack vs Heap Memory
6.7 Stack vs Heap Memory
6.7 Stack vs Heap Memory
6.8 Primitive vs Reference Types
 6.8 Primitive vs Reference Types

1. Memory: Primitives store actual values; reference types store addresses

to objects.
2. Default Values: Primitives have specific defaults like 0 or false; reference
types default to null.
3. Speed: Access to primitives is generally faster.
4. Storage Location: Primitives are stored in the stack; reference types are
stored in the heap.
5. Comparison: Primitives compared by value; reference types compared
by reference.
6.9 Variable Scopes
6.9 Variable Scopes
 6.10 Garbage Collection & Finalize
1. Automatic Process: Garbage collection is managed by the
Java Virtual Machine (JVM), running in the background.
2. Object Eligibility: Objects that are no longer reachable,
meaning no active references to them, are eligible for
garbage collection.
3. No Manual Control: Unlike languages like C++, Java
developers cannot explicitly deallocate memory. Garbage
collection is automatic and non-deterministic.
4. Generational Collection: Java uses a generational garbage
collection strategy, which divides memory into different
regions (young, old, and permanent generations) based on
object ages.
5. Heap Memory: Garbage collection occurs in the heap
memory, where all Java objects reside.
6. Performance Impact: Garbage collection can affect
application performance, particularly if it runs frequently or
takes a long time to complete.
6.10 Garbage Collection & Finalize
 6.10 Garbage Collection & Finalize

1. Finalization: Before an object is garbage collected, the finalize() method may be

called, giving the object a chance to clean up resources. However, it's not guaranteed
to run, and its usage is generally discouraged.
2. Optimization: Developers can optimize the process indirectly through code practices,
like setting unnecessary object references to null.
3. System.gc() Call: While System.gc() suggests that the JVM performs garbage
collection, it's not a guarantee.
 Revision
1. Process vs Object Oriented
2. Instance Variables and Methods
3. Declaring and Using Objects
4. Class vs Object
5. This & Static Keyword
6. Constructors & Code Blocks
7. Stack vs Heap Memory
8. Primitive vs Reference Types
9. Variable Scopes
10.Garbage Collection & Finalize
FF5F1F
Practice Exercise
Classes, Objects
Answer in True/False:
1. Object-oriented programming is mainly concerned with data rather
than logic.
2. Instance methods in Java can be called without creating an object of
the class.
3. A class in Java is a template that can be used to create objects.
4. Static methods belong to the class and can be called without an
object.
5. The new keyword is used to declare an array in Java.
6. Variables declared within a method are called instance variables.
7. In Java, you can access instance variables through static methods
directly.
8. Every object in Java has its own unique set of instance variables.
9. The static keyword in Java means that a particular member belongs
to a type itself, rather than to instances of that type.
10.Variable scope in Java is determined at runtime.
FF5F1F
Practice Exercise
Classes, Objects
Answer in True/False:
1. Object-oriented programming is mainly concerned with data rather True
than logic.
2. Instance methods in Java can be called without creating an object of False
the class.
3. A class in Java is a template that can be used to create objects. True
4. Static methods belong to the class and can be called without an True
object.
5. The new keyword is used to declare an array in Java. True
6. Variables declared within a method are called instance variables. False
7. In Java, you can access instance variables through static methods False
directly.
8. Every object in Java has its own unique set of instance variables. True
9. The static keyword in Java means that a particular member belongs True
to a type itself, rather than to instances of that type.
10.Variable scope in Java is determined at runtime. False
 KG Coding
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 7. Control Statements, Math & String
1. Ternary operator
2. Switch
3. Loops (Do-while, For, For each)
4. Using break & continue
5. Recursion
6. Random Numbers & Math class
7. Don’t Learn Syntax
8. toString Method
9. String class
10. StringBuffer vs StringBuilder
11. Final keyword
 7.1 Ternary operator

1. Syntax: condition ? expression1 : expression2

2. Condition: Boolean expression, evaluates to true or false.
3. Expressions: Both expressions must return compatible types.
4. Use Case: Suitable for simple conditional assignments.
5. Readability: Good for simple conditions, but can reduce clarity if
overused.
7.2 Switch
1. Multiple Cases: Handles multiple values for an
expression efficiently.
2. Supported Types: Accepts byte, short, char, int, String,
enums, and from Java 14, long, float, double.
3. Case Labels: Each case ends with a colon (:) and is
followed by code.
4. Break Statement: Typically used to prevent fall-through
between cases.
5. Default Case: Executes if no case matches; optional and
doesn't require break.
6. Type Safety: Case label types must match the switch
expression's type.
 7.2 Switch

1. Enhanced Switch: Java 12 introduced enhancements

like yield and multiple constants per case.
2. Switch Expression: From Java 14, switch can return a
value using yield.
FF5F1F

53. Create a program to find the minimum of two numbers.

54. Create a program to find if the given number is even or odd.
55. Create a program to calculate the absolute value of a given
integer.
56. Create a program to Based on a student's score, categorize as
"High", "Moderate", or "Low" using the ternary operator (e.g.,
High for scores > 80, Moderate for 50-80, Low for < 50).
57. Create a program to print the month of the year based on a
number (1-12) input by the user.
58. Create a program to create a simple calculator that uses a
switch statement to perform basic arithmetic operations
like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
 7.3 Loops (Do-while)

1. Executes block first, then checks condition.

2. Guaranteed to run at least one iteration.
3. Unlike while, first iteration is unconditional.
4. Don't forget to update condition to avoid infinite loops.
 7.3 Loops (For)

1. Standard loop for running code multiple times.

2. Generally preferred for counting iterations.
 7.3 Loops (For each)

1. A method for array iteration, often preferred for readability.

2. Parameters: One for item, optional second for index.
3. Using return is similar to continue in traditional loops.
4. Not straightforward to break out of a forEach loop.
5. When you need to perform an action on each array element
and don't need to break early.
 7.4 Using break & continue

1. Break lets you stop a loop early, or break out of a loop

2. Continue is used to skip one iteration or the current
iteration
3. In while loop remember to do the increment manually
before using continue
 7.5 Recursion

1. Self-Calling Function: Recursion is when a function calls itself.

2. Base Case: Essential to stop recursion and prevent infinite loops.
3. Recursive Case: The part where the function makes a recursive call.
4. Stack Overflow Risk: Excessive recursion can cause stack overflow errors.
5. Problem Solving: Ideal for problems divisible into similar, smaller
problems.
FF5F1F

59. Create a program using do-while to find password checker until a valid
password is entered.
60. Create a program using do-while to implement a number guessing game.
61. Create a program using for loop multiplication table for a number.
62. Create a program using for to display if a number is prime or not.
63. Create a program using for-each to find the maximum value in an integer array.
64. Create a program using for-each to the occurrences of a specific element in an
array.
65. Create a program using break to read inputs from the user in a loop and break
the loop if a specific keyword (like "exit") is entered.
66. Create a program using continue to sum all positive numbers entered by the
user; skip any negative numbers.
67. Create a program using continue to print only even numbers using continue for
odd numbers.
68. Create a program using recursion to display the Fibonacci series upto a certain
number.
69. Create a program using recursion to check if a string is a palindrome using
recursion.
 7.6 Random Numbers & Math class
Key Methods:
1. abs(): Absolute value.
2. ceil(): Rounds up.
3. floor(): Rounds down.
4. round(): Rounds to nearest integer.
5. max(), min(): Maximum and minimum of two numbers.
6. pow(): Power calculation.
7. sqrt(): Square root.
8. random(): Random number generation.
9. exp(), log(): Exponential and logarithmic functions.
10.Trigonometric functions: sin(), cos(), tan().

1. Static Class: Math methods are static and

accessed directly.
2. Constants: Includes PI and E for π and the base
of natural logarithms.
7.7 Don’t Learn Syntax
1. Google: Quick answers to coding
problems.
2. Oracle: In-depth guides and
documentation.
https://docs.oracle.com/
3. ChatGPT: Real-time assistance for
coding queries.
4. Focus: Understand concepts, not just
syntax.
 7.8 toString Method

1. Function: toString() provides a string representation of an object.

2. Inheritance: It's inherited from the Object class.
3. Default Format: By default, returns class name, "@", and hashcode.
4. Overriding: Commonly overridden in custom classes for meaningful output.
5. Implicit Call: Automatically called in string concatenation.
 7.9 String class

1. Immutability: Once created, a String object's value cannot be changed.

Modifications create new String objects.
2. String Pool: Java maintains a pool of strings for efficiency. When a new
string is created, it's checked against the pool for a match to reuse.
3. Comparing: equals() method for value comparison, == operator checks
reference equality.
 7.9 String class

1. Concatenation: Strings can be concatenated using the +

operator, but each concatenation creates a new String.
2. Methods: Provides methods like length(), substring(), equals(),
compareTo(), indexOf(), for various operations.
3. Memory: Being immutable, strings can use more memory
when frequently modified.
7.9 String class
7.9 String class
7.9 String class
7.10 StringBuffer vs StringBuilder
 7.11 Final keyword

1. Variable: When applied to a variable, it becomes a constant, meaning its

value cannot be changed once initialized.
2. Efficiency: Using final can lead to performance optimization, as the
compiler can make certain assumptions about final elements.
3. Null Safety: A final variable must be initialized before the constructor
completes, reducing null pointer errors.
4. Immutable Objects: Helps in creating immutable objects in combination
with private fields and no setter methods.
FF5F1F

70. Define a Student class with fields like name and age, and use
toString to print student details.
71. Concatenate and Convert: Take two strings, concatenate them,
and convert the result to uppercase.
72. Calculate the area and circumference of a circle for a given radius
using Math.PI
73. Simulate a dice roll using Math.random() and display the outcome
(1 to 6).
74. Create a number guessing game where the program selects a
random number, and the user has to guess it.
75. Take an array of words and concatenate them into a single string
using StringBuilder.
76. Create an object with final fields and a constructor to initialize
them.
 Revision
1. Ternary operator
2. Switch
3. Loops (Do-while, For, For each)
4. Using break & continue
5. Recursion
6. Random Numbers & Math class
7. Don’t Learn Syntax
8. toString Method
9. String class
10. StringBuffer vs StringBuilder
11. Final keyword
FF5F1F
Practice Exercise
Control Statements, Math & String

Answer in True/False:
1. The ternary operator in Java can replace certain types of if-else
statements.
2. A switch statement in Java can only test for equality with constants.
3. The do-while loop will execute at least once even if the condition is
false.
4. A for-each loop in Java is used to iterate over arrays.
5. The break statement skips the current iteration.
6. The continue statement exits the loop immediately, regardless of the
condition.
7. In Java, recursion is a process where a method can call itself directly.
8. Random numbers generated by Math.random() are inclusive of 0 and 1.
9. The String class is mutable, meaning it can be changed after it's created.
10. StringBuilder is faster than StringBuffer since it is not synchronized.
11. A final variable in Java can be assigned a value once and only once.
FF5F1F
Practice Exercise
Control Statements, Math & String

Answer in True/False:
1. The ternary operator in Java can replace certain types of if-else True
statements.
2. A switch statement in Java can only test for equality with constants. True
3. The do-while loop will execute at least once even if the condition is True
false.
4. A for-each loop in Java is used to iterate over arrays. True
5. The break statement skips the current iteration. False
6. The continue statement exits the loop immediately, regardless of the False
condition.
7. In Java, recursion is a process where a method can call itself directly. True
8. Random numbers generated by Math.random() are inclusive of 0 and 1. False
9. The String class is mutable, meaning it can be changed after it's created. False
10. StringBuilder is faster than StringBuffer since it is not synchronized. True
11. A final variable in Java can be assigned a value once and only once. True
 KG Coding
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 8 Encapsulation & Inheritance
1. Intro to OOPs Principle
2. What is Encapsulation
3. Import & Packages
4. Access Modifiers
5. Getter and Setter
6. What is Inheritance
7. Types of Inheritance
8. Object class
9. Equals and Hash Code
10.Nested and Inner Classes
8.1 Intro to OOPs Principle
8.2 What is Encapsulation
 8.2 What is Encapsulation

1. Data Hiding: Encapsulation hides internal data, allowing access only

through methods.
2. Access Modifiers: Uses private, public, protected to control access to
class members.
3. Getter/Setter: Provides public methods for controlled property
access.
4. Maintains Integrity: Protects object state from external interference.
5. Enhances Modularity: Keeps classes separate and reduces coupling.
 8.3 Import & Packages
1. Package Definition: A package in Java is a namespace that
organizes classes and interfaces, preventing naming conflicts.
2. Package Declaration: Packages are declared at the beginning of
a Java source file using the package keyword followed by the
package name.
3. Import Statement: An import statement in Java is used to bring
in classes or interfaces from other packages into the current file,
making them accessible without using a fully qualified name.
4. Types of Import:
• Single-Type Import: Imports a single class or interface from a
package (e.g., import java.util.List;).
• On-Demand Import: Imports all classes and interfaces from a
package (e.g., import java.util.*;).
5. Avoiding Collisions: Packages help in avoiding name collisions by
categorizing similar classes together.
6. Built-in Packages: Java comes with built-in packages like
java.lang (automatically imported), java.util, java.io, etc.
 8.4 Access Modifiers
1. Types: The four access modifiers are public, protected,
default (no modifier), and private.
2. Public: The public modifier allows access from any other
class. For classes, it means they can be accessed from any
other package.
3. Protected: The protected modifier allows access within the
same package and subclasses.
4. Default: If no access modifier is specified, it's the default,
allowing access only within the same package.
5. Private: The private modifier restricts access to the defining
class only.
6. Class-Level Access: Only public and default (no modifier)
access modifiers are applicable for top-level classes.
7. Member-Level Access: Methods, constructors, and variables
can use all four access modifiers to control visibility.
8.4 Access Modifiers
 8.5 Getter and Setter

1. Getters: Retrieve private field values, typically named get<FieldName>.

2. Setters: Set or update private field values, usually named set<FieldName>.
3. Control and Validation: Offer controlled access and allow for validation logic.
4. Encapsulation: Facilitate read-only or write-only access to class fields.
5. Flexibility: Allow for internal changes without affecting external interfaces.
FF5F1F

77. Create a simple application with at least two packages:

com.example.geometry and com.example.utils. In the geometry
package, define classes like Circle and Rectangle. In the utils
package, create a Calculator class that can compute areas of these
shapes.
78. Define a BankAccount class with private attributes like
accountNumber, accountHolderName, and balance. Provide
public methods to deposit and withdraw money, ensuring that
these methods don't allow illegal operations like withdrawing
more money than the current balance.
79. Define a class Employee with private attributes (like name, age,
and salary), public methods to get and set these attributes, and a
package-private method to displayEmployeeDetails. Create
another class in the same package to test access to the
displayEmployeeDetails method.
8.6 What is Inheritance
8.6 What is Inheritance
1. Inheritance allows a new class (subclass) to
inherit features from an existing class
(superclass).
2. Code Reusability: It enables subclasses to use
methods and variables of the superclass,
reducing code duplication.
3. Access Control: The protected access modifier is
often used in inheritance to allow subclass access
to superclass members.
8.7 Types of Inheritance
 8.8 Object class

1. Root Class: The Object class is the parent class of all classes in Java, forming
the top of the class hierarchy.
2. Default Methods: It provides fundamental methods like equals(),
hashCode(), toString(), and getClass() that can be overridden by subclasses.
3. String Representation: The toString() method returns a string
representation of the object, often overridden for more informative
output.
 8.9 Equals and HashCode

1. equals() Method: Used for logical equality checks between objects. By default, it
compares object references, but it's commonly overridden to compare object states.
2. hashCode() Method: Generates an integer hash code representing an object. It's
crucial for the performance of hash-based collections like HashMap.
3. Equals-Hashcode Contract: If two objects are equal according to equals(), they must
have the same hash code. However, two objects with the same hash code aren't
necessarily equal.
4. Overriding Both: If equals() is overridden, hashCode() should also be overridden to
maintain consistency between these methods.
 8.10 Nested and Inner Classes
1. Nested Classes: Classes defined within another class,
divided into static (static nested classes) and non-static
(inner classes).
2. Static Nested Classes: Act as static members of the outer
class; can access outer class's static members but not its
non-static members.
3. Inner Classes: Associated with an instance of the outer
class; can access all members of the outer class, including
private ones.
4. Local and Anonymous Inner Classes: Local inner classes
are defined within a block (like a method) and are not
visible outside it. Anonymous inner classes are nameless
and used for single-use implementations.
5. Use Cases: Useful for logically grouping classes,
improving encapsulation, and enhancing code readability.
FF5F1F

80. Start with a base class LibraryItem that includes common

attributes like itemID, title, and author, and methods like
checkout() and returnItem(). Create subclasses such as Book,
Magazine, and DVD, each inheriting from LibraryItem. Add unique
attributes to each subclass, like ISBN for Book, issueNumber for
Magazine, and duration for DVD.

81. Create a class Person with attributes name and age. Override
equals() to compare Person objects based on their attributes.
Override hashCode() consistent with the definition of equals().

82. Create a class ArrayOperations with a static nested class Statistics.

Statistics could have methods like mean(), median(), which
operate on an array.
 Revision
1. Intro to OOPs Principle
2. What is Encapsulation
3. Import & Packages
4. Access Modifiers
5. Getter and Setter
6. What is Inheritance
7. Types of Inheritance
8. Object class
9. Equals and Hash Code
10.Nested and Inner Classes
FF5F1F
Practice Exercise
Encapsulation & Inheritance
Answer in True/False
1. Encapsulation is the OOP principle that ensures an object's data can be changed
by any method, without restrictions.
2. The import statement in Java can be used to bring a single class or an entire
package into visibility.
3. The private access modifier means that the member is only accessible within its
own class.
4. Setters are used to retrieve the value of a private variable from outside the class.
5. Inheritance in OOP can be used to create a general class that defines traits to be
inherited by more specific subclasses.
6. The Object class in Java has protected access by default.
7. If two objects are equal according to their equals() method, then their
hashCode() methods must return different integers.
8. Inner classes are defined within the scope of a method and cannot exist
independently of the method.
9. A static nested class can access the instance variables of its enclosing outer class.
10.Overriding the equals() method requires also overriding the hashCode() method
to maintain consistency.
FF5F1F
Practice Exercise
Encapsulation & Inheritance
Answer in True/False
1. Encapsulation is the OOP principle that ensures an object's data can be changed False
by any method, without restrictions.
2. The import statement in Java can be used to bring a single class or an entire True
package into visibility.
3. The private access modifier means that the member is only accessible within its True
own class.
4. Setters are used to retrieve the value of a private variable from outside the class. False
5. Inheritance in OOP can be used to create a general class that defines traits to be True
inherited by more specific subclasses.
6. The Object class in Java has protected access by default. False
7. If two objects are equal according to their equals() method, then their False
hashCode() methods must return different integers.
8. Inner classes are defined within the scope of a method and cannot exist False
independently of the method.
9. A static nested class can access the instance variables of its enclosing outer class. False
10.Overriding the equals() method requires also overriding the hashCode() method True
to maintain consistency.
 9 Abstraction and Polymorphism

1. What is Abstraction
2. Abstract Keyword
3. Interfaces
4. What is Polymorphism
5. References and Objects
6. Method / Constructor Overloading
7. Super Keyword
8. Method / Constructor Overriding
9. Final keyword revisited
10.Pass by Value vs Pass by reference.
9.1 What is Abstraction
1.Core Principle: Abstraction hides complex
implementation details, focusing only on
essential features.
2.Focus on Functionality: Emphasizes what an
object does, not how it does it, through clear
interfaces.
9.1 What is Abstraction
1.Simplifies Complexity: It reduces complexity by
showing only relevant information in class design.
2.Real-World Modelling: Abstraction allows creating
objects that represent real-life entities with key
attributes and behaviours.
 9.2 Abstract Keyword

1. Abstract Class: Used to declare non-instantiable abstract

classes that serve as base classes.
2. Abstract Method: Defines methods without implementations,
requiring subclasses to provide specific functionality.
3. Mandatory Implementation: Subclasses must implement all
abstract methods of an abstract class.
4. Design Flexibility: Allows for flexible class design by defining a
contract for subclasses.