Yra-3rd Class - Building - Archi - Urban Planning-2

Building & Architecture
PSC Exam Preparation

Engineering Service, Civil Group, Building &
Architecture Sub-group
(2nd Paper)
Chapter 3:
“Housing and Urban Planning“

(30 marks)
-Ar./ Plnr. Yek Raj Adhikari

-yekraj@yahoo.com
Chapter 3
Purpose of the Chapter 3: at the end of this chapter, the examinee
will familiar with
 Understanding of Urban Planning as a technical and

social science of spatial planning system to guide
settlement and cities
 Urbanization and housing scenario of Nepal
 Concepts, tools an techniques of spatial planning
 Different model of land development
 Housing development and consequences…
Housing & Urban Planning

Chapter 3 : references
www.moud.gov.np
 नगर �वकास ऐन २०४५, का.उ.�व.प्. ऐन २०४५
 नगर �वकास �नद� �शका, २०६१
 वस्ती �वका, शहर� योजना तथा भवन �नमार्ण सम्बन्धी आधरभूत
ा माप,
२०७२ (संसोधन, २०७३ समेत)
 रािष्ट्रय शहर� �वकास रणन, २०७५
 नेपाल शहर� सडक मापदण्, २०७६
 रािष्ट्रय आवास यो, २०७१ –
 Habitat III, Document Nepal
Others (२०१५- २०३५)

 https://www.adb.org/publications/land-pooling-nepal

Chapter 3 : references
www.dudbc.gov.np
 रािष्ट शहर� नी�त, २०६४
 Planning Norms and Standards, 2013
 Nepal urban road standard, 2076
 जग्ग एक�करण आयोजना सञ्चाल कायर्�व�, २०७२
 जग्ग एक�करण कहाँ, �कन र कसर�
 शहर� वातावरण �नद� �शका, २०६७?
www.kvda.gov.np
 Kathmandu 2020
 काठमाड� उपत्यक �भत्र नगरपा�लकाहर र नगरोन्ु
म गा�वसहरुम ग�रने �नमार्
सम्बन् मापदण्, २०६४
 20 year Strategic Urban Development Plan of Kathmandu Valley

Urban Planning…
Planning- Activity undertaken to accommodate future
course of events
Urban Planning is orderly development of urban area by the

past experiences and knowing the prior expectations
•Urban Planning,
•Urban Building (Expansion/ Improvement),
•Urban Management…
• City planning focuses on the land use plans, spatial growth and
policies which are at local level (affecting that particular city or town),
whereas in case of regional planning the emphasis on the policies is
more

Urban Planning…
• Regional Planner/ Urban Planner: they develop land use plans and programs
that help create communities, accommodate population growth, and
revitalize physical facilities in towns, cities, counties, and metropolitan areas
• Urban Designer: Urban designers are more focused on a particular project,

while urban planners look at a city on a wider scale. An urban designer focuses
on individual features of a city such as a pedestrian plaza, transportation
system, or community park

Urban Planning…
• Urban planning, also known as regional planning, town planning, city
planning, or rural planning, is a technical and political process that is focused
on the development and design of land use and the built environment,
including air, water, and the infrastructure passing into and out of urban areas,
such as transportation, communications, and distribution networks and
their accessibility.
• There is evidence of urban planning and designed communities dating back to
the Mesopotamian, Indus Valley, Minoan, and Egyptian civilizations in
the third millennium BCE.
• Greek- Agora, Roman- Forum, Mesopotamia- small fortified cities with
complex societies, Indus Vally Civilization- Mohanzodaro & Harappa…
• Europian Renaissance from 15th CAD
• Modern city planning begun with industrial development, since mid 19th CAD

Urban Planning…
In 1800, world population was 1 billion
Currently (2022), 7.9 billion

Urban Planning…
In 2007, 50% world urban population
By 2050, 67 % projected

Urban Planning…
Urbanization in South Asia…

Urban Planning…
What about Nepal? in 2011 (58 urban centers) 17.1 %
Now, total population of 293 municipalities (census Town) is 62.2 %
Exactly ? ̴ 25 % ???
S. No. Census No Urban Percentage of Average
Year of Population Urban Annual urban
Towns in Millions Population Growth (%)
1. 1954 10 0.238 2.9 -
2. 1961 16 0.336 3.6 1.65
3. 1971 16 0.462 4.1 3.23
4. 1981 23 0.957 6.3 7.55
5. 1991 33 1.696 9.2 5.89
6. 2001 58 3.28 13.9 6.65
7. 2011 58 4.52 17.07 3.25

Urban Planning…
In 2007, 50% world urban population
By 2050, 67 % projected

Urban Planning…
• Urban vs Rural Development (Multi-dimensional vs Linear Dev.)
• Urban System Vs Urban Structure (Morphology)
• Basic Element of City:

• Land Use (settlement or natural resource promoted area)
• Networks and Connectivity (Mobility, Infrastructure & Services)
• Housing and Built- form
• City Development Generation

• First- Industrial City
• Second- Commercial/ Vehicular centric city
• Third- Eco-city/ Human centric city

Urban Planning…
• City Planning Concepts:
Abenzer Howard Patric Geddes C.A. Doxiadis
Garden City Concept (3 Geddesian Triad Ekistics Principle

magnet principle)
Principle/ Town, Folk- live 5 Ekistic element:
theory Country & Work- Work -Man
Country- Town Place- -Society/ nature
Entertainment - shell/ network
Islamabad
Lewis Mumford- The city in its complete sense, then, is a geographic plexus,
an economic organization, an institutional process, a theater of social action,
and an aesthetic symbol of collective unity.

Abenzer Howard
Garden City Concept (3 magnet principle)
Ekistics Principle
•Town
•Cities
•Conurbation
•mega polis
Human settlement is a system of natural, social and man made elements

which can be seen in many ways- economic, social, political, technical and
cultural…
Examples of modern planned cities in the world
• ………
Nepal:
• New Delhi
• Rajbiraj
• Islamabad
• Surkhet
• Chandigarh
• Pokhara
Latest: • Mahendranagar
• Masdar City, UAE (planning by Norman • …
Foster & Partners
Generations of City Planning

• Ist Generation- Industrial cities
• 2nd Generation- Commercial/ vehicular centric cities
• 3rd Generation- Eco-City/ non-motorised & human centric cities
Needs of Urban Planning
• visioning, master planning & action planning (visionary & problem
solving
• Sprawl urban area- lack of landuse planning, Loss of green/ open spaces
• Resources are depleting, Rapid environmental degradation
• Increasing poverty cluster in cities
• Deficiencies in urban services/ infrastructures:

housing, transportation, W/S, energy, sewerage, SWM,..
• w/s =55%, sanitation=81%, only 6 municipality have SLFS, Kathmandu only

20% public vehicle, 63.2% petroleum used in transport sector
• lacking financial resources for proper investment
• Need of urban planning to make city livable

Challenges in Urban Planning in Nepal
• Political consensus, state priority
• Land availability
• Lack of investment
• Environmental degradation
• Weak management , governance, service delivery systems
• Inadequate housing conditions
• Institutional arrangement- duplication of roles & responsibility
• Inadequate professional manpower
• poor maintenance of utility services
• Lack of Public & private participation
• Inadequate resource mobilization at local level

Urban planning needs and challenges in Nepal.
Background
 Two major components play role for the evolution and development of
settlements are: Geography (Space & Environment) and social sciences
(Society, Economy and Culture).
 Government attempts influence the pattern of settlement system by spatial
resource allocation
 Balanced regional development, or reduction of intra-country regional

inequalities, has been a policy objective of many a developing country for
several decades back
 urbanization is supposed as a proxy for development.
 It is observed with structural shift in employment, and mode of production;

spatial expression, higher per capita income/ production.
• Nepal has low level of urbanization (17 %, in 2011) but high pace of growth;
urban sector contribute 68 % of GDP.
• Current national urban growth pattern shows high degree of imbalance.
Physical, economic and human development state of mid-western, far-
western, specifically that of hill and mountain regions is very low.
• NUP, 2007 has clearly mentioned unbalanced urban structure as one of the
regional issue.
• Proper settlement system (planning) & investments (development
interventions) are prerequisite for balanced growth.
• There is need of planning norms and design standards regarding
development intervention, as there is ad-hoc practices.
Key Issues
 Unbalanced Urbanization
 Regional imbalance: the rectangle covers 19 municipalities and 55
% of total urban Population
Key Issues
 Regional Imbalance…………
Key Issues
 Regional Imbalance…………
Plans, Policies and Legislative Provision - Regional/ Urban
Periodic National Development Plans:
• Planned development Started since 1956
• 3rd Plan (1965-1970): spatial aspect of development was recognized-
country was divided in to 3 watershed area..
• 4th Plan (1970-75): emergence of Regional Development concept – 5
development region
• 7th Plan (1985-90): raised the issue of need of urban policy.
• 8th Plan (1991-97): Urban development issues has clearly mentioned
and some targets and programs were formulated
• 1980s to half of 90s- Basic Need concept (IRDPs form different donors
• After 90s priority focused on poverty reduction/ HD/ to achieve MDGs
• Regional concept was never realized. Successive plans under-valued
the potential benefits of regional development
Plans, Policies and Legislative Provision … …
Chronology of Some Planning Efforts:
• Town Development Committee Act 1963
• Town Development Implementation Act 1973
• 1980s Master Plans of Regional growth Centers
• 1988 Structure Plan of designated urban centers
• Town Development Act/ KVDA 1988
• 1990s IAP of designated urban centers
• Since 2005, Periodic plans are preparing based on LSGA
• NPC, 2007: National Regional Strategy
• DUDBC, 2007- National Urban Policy

National Urban Policy, 2007:
 integrated and coordinated effort for responding to challenges

posed by haphazard urbanization.
 definition of urban center: settlements which fulfills following

criteria: total population exceeding 5000, minimum population
density is 10 person per hectare, minimum 50 % population
above 10 years of age engaged in non-agricultural economic
activities.
 This policy has clearly mentioned the sectoral issues:
 unbalanced urban structure, weak rural urban linkage,

environmental deterioration, lack of clarity in the national
policy, urban poverty, and Weak municipal institutions, etc.
National Urban Policy, 2007: Objectives
• To achieve a balanced national urban structure through
appropriate distribution of investment and urban-rural
linkage
• To Promote safe and economically vibrant urban
environment and
• To promote effective urban management through
improved institutional and legal provisions
• the policy document is more guided by growth pole (economic)
theory and it has less considered for spatial planning and
consolidation of existing small and emerging urban centers scattered
in different region which has still internal economic base.
Way forward
• policy reform- definition, territorial reform, urban-rural delineation
• Organizational clarity/ responsibility ( administration/ governance,
planning/ development- MoFALD, MoUD)
• Resource allocation
• Proper/ guided Investment
• Inclusion
• Capacity building
• Shift from 3D (distant, dispersed & disconnected) to 3C (compact,
connected & coordinated)
• Paradigm shift to Resilient cities

3.1 Hierarchy of Urban Settlements
• Global Cities • National capital
• Mega-cities • Province capital
• District H.Q. ???
• Metro City (> 3 lakhs)

• Sub-Metro City (1-3 lakhs) • Urban Settlements
• City (40-100 k) (according to
• Sub-City (10- 40 k) Planning Norms and
• Market Centre (above 50 standards)
shops)
• Village
• Hamlet • Rural Settlements
• Scattered
• Isolated house
Attributes to differentiate urban and

rural settlements:
• Population
• Density (>10 p/ ha)
• Occupation (>50% population • Low Density
engage in non- agriculture
occupation) • Medium Density
• Built-up area/ built-form/ • High Density
morphology/ structure
• Infrastructure- social/ physical/
economic…

• Census Towns & Village
• (Municipality/ Rural Municipalities)
According to nature of
ljj/0f ;+Vof growth and density
dxfgu/kflnsf ^
pk dxfgu/kflnsf !! • Scattered settlement/
gu/kflnsf @&^ sprawl
hDdf ;+Vof @(#
• Nucleated, Compact
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settlement/
hDdf :yfgLo ;/sf/ &%# clustered, integrated
hDdf j8f ;+Vof ^&$# settlement
lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt &&
• Linear/ Ribbon
• Ward is the lowest administrative
unit in municipality
3.2 Type of Urban Settlements in Nepal
• Traditional Township According to population/
• New urban expansion areas functions
Different terminologies
• Metro
• Sub-metro
• Mega city
• Municipality
• Smart city
• Small towns
• New town
• Market centers
• Urban corridor/ Urban
cluster/ urban
• Ecological based
agglomeration
• Mountain – clustered
• Hill- scattered
One city one identity
• Valley/ Terai- densed
• Cultural city
• Tourist city
• Slum- substandard
• Science city
• Squatter- illegal/
• Green city
encroached
• Food green city
• Smart cities:
• A smart city is a technologically modern urban area that uses
different types of electronic methods, voice activation methods
and sensors to collect specific data. Information gained from
that data is used to manage assets, resources and services
efficiently; in return, that data is used to improve operations
across the city.
Nepal Smart City initiatives
Nepal Smart City initiatives
• 4 Pillars • Plan prepared- 3 city-
Palungtar, Lumbini Sanskritik,
• Smart People
Nijgardh Municipality
• Smart Government
• Smart Infrastructure • Undergoing plan preparation
• Smart Economy 10 municipalities
• 31 Components
• 117 Indicators
• Other terminologies
• The Cross Road/ ToD: simplest form of the community. It is the place for
rest , food and exchange of materials
• The Primary Agricultural Community : is the service areas for the rural
community.
• The Commercial City: the business ventures, the exchange, the dealings in
commodity take place
• The Industrial City: raw and partly processed materials are turned into
finished goods
• The Transportation City: city is located at the centre of the transportation
web.
• The Recreational City: because of climate and other amenities , attracts
people for recreational purpose
• The Educational Cities: a major educational institution or group of
institutions constitute the primary functions of the urban area
• The Health Cities:
• The Mining Community: extraction of the material forms the economic
base of the community
• The Administrative Centre: center for the governmental activities
• The Economic Centre Housing & Urban Planning
3.3 Base Map (आधार नक्श)
• A base map is the graphic
representation at a specified scale of
selected fundamental map
information; used as a framework upon
which additional data of a specialized
nature may be compiled
• Is the map having all the data, figures
and all the existing elments
• Is used for the preparation of master
plan and other plans
• Is the key tool to formulate the plan
• Gives glimpse of the site/ town
• Scale generally 1:1000 or larger as per
requirement
• Base line information - Data used for
the comparison & analysis
3.3 Base Map
• Is the map having all the data, figures and all the existing ements
• Is used for the preparation of master plan and other plans
• Is the key tool to formulate the plan
• Gives glimpse of the site/ town
• Scale generally 1:1000 or larger as per requirement
• Base line information - Data used for the comparison & analysis
•

3.3 Base Map
• Base map is essential precondition to prepare any spatial plan.
Based on base map, overlay/ thematic maps are prepared.
• Legend- proper symbol/ color code
• Scale as per necessity of detailing of plan
• Boundary Data needed
• Topography (contour) • As of Municipal profile
• Physical/ Environmental
• Existing land use
infrastructure
• Natural areas/ elements
• Socio- cultural infrastructure
(forest area, water bodies,
• Economic infrastructure
agriculture area,
environmentally sensitive • Risk sensitive areas
areas) • Boundary of water bodies,

forest, heritage area
• Infrastructures (physical/
• Standard Scale & legends…
social/ economic)
3.4 Hierarchy of Plans
1. National Plan- national periodic plan/
sectoral plans (eg. National pp- 15th Plan,
National Housing Plan…) Type of Plan
2. Provincial/ Regional plan

• Policy plan
3. Sub-regional plan/ corridor plan/ cluster
• Statement/
plan (eg. KTM valley long-term
broader Land
development plan, East/ West Corridor
classification
Plan)
• Development
4. Local/ municipal plan (eg. Urban plan, management/ project
village plan, PP/ PDP…) plan
5. Block/ neighborhood/ project plan (eg. • Town/ City plan
IAP, SWMP, transportation plan…)

3.4 Hierarchy of Plans
Japanese system of spatial planning:

• City Master Plan (or future structure)
• Land use plan (13 functional category)
• Local area plan/ block plan/ project plan
Q. Why landuse planning

failed in Nepal ?

3.5 Principle of Land use Planning
Land use planning is the use of land, The main goal of LUP is to
territorial water bodies as well as building make sure that land
and infrastructures. resources are efficiently
Principle: utilized for any kind of
• Resource endowment for development land use activity. Land use
• Location for human activities is the functional
• Interests as private and public goods dimension of land for
• Guide the physical and environmental different human purposes
development towards the or economic activities. It
required direction. has broadly divided into
3 Basic principles two categories:
1. Promoting complimentary land use for • settlement promoted
encouragement area,
2. Maintaining competitive land use for • natural resource
balancing promoted area
3. Avoiding conflicting land use for
discouragement Housing & Urban Planning
principles
Mechanism for
• Evaluate & record unique features implementation of
• Preserve unique cultural & historical LUP
features • Establish state/
• Conserve open spaces and regional agencies
environmental features • Purchase land or
use right
• Calculate additional changes for altering
• Regulate use
land
(zoning)
• Plan for mixed use in close proximity
• Plan variety of transportation options
including walkability, cycling…
• Set limit and manage growth pattern
• Encourage development in areas of
existing infrastructures (eg. ToD)
Lack of city planning system
• Focus on Economic/ sectoral periodic
planning
• No priority of spatial planning
• So many planning exercise with assistant
of development partner: PDP, land use
plan, structure plan, IAP, Periodic Plan….
• No land use plan, no master plan

• Currently, Nepal has no approved city level
master plan. Leader’s short-vision and
dominance of bureaucrat over technocrat
may be the main causes behind this
situation.
• No planning act,
Legal provisions
• Land-use Policy, 2072 BS
• Need to have Town
• Land-Use Act, 2076 Planning Act, and
• Ancient Monument Preservation Act, 2013 development right
• Planning and Building Bye-laws- 2062, 2064, legislations
2072
• Planning Norms and Standards
Component of Land Use Plan

1. Zoning plans
2. Regulatory provisions for different uses
• Urban land use comprises two elements; the nature of land use relates to which
activities are taking place where and the level of spatial accumulation, which
indicates their intensity and concentration.
• The connotation of land use planning includes three major components: (1) land; (2)
the way land is used; and (3) the rational organization of that use in the future
3.6 Building Bylaws
• Building bylaws are set of rules for control of land use
and construction of a building in a particular area of a
city.
• These are the rules and regulations framed by town
planning authorities covering the requirement of
building, ensuring safety of the public through open
Planning and
spaces, minimum size of rooms and height and area
Building
limitations etc.
Bye-laws-
• Building bylaws are sometime correlate and sometime 2062,
differentiate from building code, which generally deals 2064, 2072
with structural stability, safety and functional
requirement of people reside in it.
• Bylaws generally control exterior features of a building
such as area& uses, set back, GCR, height, light plane,
projections, façade requirement, parking facilities,
utilities etc.
3.6 Building Bylaws
Objective:
• Preplanning of building activities, orderly growth,
ensure safety/ comfort, efficiency, proper utilization
of space.
Scope:
• RoW of roads, frontage line, minimum area, FAR, Planning and
GCR, height, water supply/ drainge, lightings, safety, Building
parking sapce,… projections, mezzanine floors, Bye-laws-
compound walls, requirement of basement, plinth 2062,
height, plot size, setback… 2064, 2072
• Planning and Building Bye-laws- 2062, 2064, 2072

3.6 Building Bylaws
Planning and
Building
Bye-laws-
2062,
2064, 2072

3.6 Building Bylaws
Building Byelaws for the Thimi Municipality :
municipalities and urbanizing a. Traditional residential
VDCS adjoining to the Zone
municipalities – 2064
b. Institutional Zone
Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Kirtipur and c. Developing Zone
fringe areas of the valley: d. Reserved Zone – low
a. Cultural Heritage land of the
Conservation Zone municipality
b. Residential Zone e. Greenery area – river
c. Institutional zone bank , jungle
d. Industrial Zone
e. Preserved zone
f. Urban Expansion Zone Bhaktapur Municipality :
g. Surface Vehicle Zone a. Traditional Cultural
h. Airport Zone Residential Area
i. Sport Zone b. Developing Area
j. Durbar Area c. Greenery Area
k. River Bank
3.7 Periodic Plans for Local Authorities
स्थानी सरकार सञ्चाल ऐन, २०७४
• प�रच्छे ६- योजना तजु्म
र तथा कायार्न्व
• दफा २४- योजना बनाई कायार्न्व गनर सक्ने गाँउपा�लका तथा
नगरपा�लकाहरूल आफ्न अ�धकार �ेत्र �वषयमा स्थानीयस्तर �वकासका
ला�ग आव�धक, वा�षर्, रणनी�तगत �वषय �ेत्र मध्यकाल� तथा
द�घर्काल� �वकास योजना बनाई लागु गनुर पन�छ ।...
• Institutional setup
• Time frame
• 12 steps planning process

Major Components of PP
1. Land- use Planning,
2. Land Pooling, Integrated Settlement & housing
3. Local Transportation
4. Public Infrastructure Development
5. Local Economic Development
6. Environment Conservation
7. Socio- cultural Development
8. Institutional Development
9. DRR & Resilient Development
Conservation & Reconstruction (Tourism Development)

• Lacking spatial
integration
• The desired
integration would
only be possible
through the design of
the spatial planning
framework brought
through reforms in
the existing town
planning legislations.

3.8 Planning Legislations of Nepal
• ँ ा २९ मा वस्त �वकास नी�त रहेको र सो
नेपालको सं �वधानको अनुसूची ५ को बुद
सम्बन्ध नेपाल सरकार मिन्�प�रष�ा स्वीकृ कायर �वस्तृ�तकरणम बस्त �वकास, शहर�
�वकास, आवास एवं भवन र भू-उपयोग सम्बन् नी�त, कानून, मापदण् र �नयमन �वषय
यसमा समे�टएको
स्थानी सरकार सञ्चाल ऐन, २०७४

• प�रच्छे ६- योजना तजु्म
र तथा कायार्न्व
• दफा २४- योजना बनाई कायार्न्व गनर सक्ने गाँउपा�लका तथा
नगरपा�लकाहरूल आफ्न अ�धकार �ेत्र �वषयमा स्थानीयस्तर
�वकासका ला�ग आव�धक, वा�षर्, रणनी�तगत �वषय �ेत्र मध्यकाल�
तथा द�घर्काल� �वकास योजना बनाई लागु गनुर पन�छ ।...
• स्थानी सरकार स�ालन ऐन, २०७४ को गाउँपा�लका तथा नगरपा�लकाको काम, कतर्व र
अ�धकार अन्तगर दफा ११ (५) क २, सोह� ऐनको दफा २७ (५), ३२ र ४४ समेत
वस्त तथा जग्ग �वकास, आवास, भवन तथा अन् सं रचना �नमार् सम्बन्ध संघीय र �दे श
मापदण् पालना गनुर पन� व्यवस् भएको
• National Urban Policy -2064
Balanced Urban Development
Improvement of Urban Environment
Enhancement of Local Authority Housing & Urban Planning
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;+o'Qm cfjf;sf] :jfldTj ;DaGwL P]g, @)%$
;+o'Qm cfjf;sf] :jfldTj ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ug{ ag]s]sf] P]]g
k|:tfjgf M g]kfnsf zx/L If]qdf cToflws hg;+Vofsf] rfksf] sf/0f hUufsf] d"Nodf j[l4 x'g uO{ zx/jf;Lx?
cfjf; ;'ljwfaf6 alGrt x'g] cj:yf ePsf]n] ;+o'Qm cfjf;sf] ljsf; u/L ;'ky cfjf; OsfO{x¿ ;'ne 9+uaf6
laqmL ljt/0f u/L ljBdfg cfjf; ;d:ofnfO{ lg/fs/0f tyf Jojl:yt a;f]jf;sf] Joj:yf ug{ / To:tf cfjf;
OsfO{sf wgLx?sf] clwsf/ tyf bfloTj ;DaGwL Joj:yf ug{ jfG5gLo ePsf]n],
k|frLg :df/s ;+/If0f P]g, @)!#
k|frLg :df/s / k'/ftTj;DaGwL P]ltxfl;s jf snfTds j:t'x¿sf] ;+/If0fsf] lgldQ ag]sf] P]g
k|:tfjgf M k|frLg :df/sx¿sf] ;+/If0f, k'/ftflTjs j:tx¿sf] Jofkf/ / k|frLg :df/sx¿ ePsf
7fpFsf] vgfO{ ;d]tdf lgoGq0f /fvL k|frLg :df/sx¿ / k'/ftTj ;DaGwL, P]ltxfl;s jf
snfTds j:t'x¿sf] pknlAw / ;+/If0f ;d]t u/L zflGt / Joj:yf sfod /fVg jf~5gLo
ePsf]n]
gu/ ljsf; P]g, @)$%

gu/ ljsf; ;DaGwL Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] P]g
k||:tfjgf M a9\bf] hg;+Vof tyf zx/Ls/0fsf] kl/k]|Iodf eO/x]sf gu/x?sf] k'gM lgdf{0f, lj:tf/
/ ljsf;sf] ;fy} gofF gu/x?sf] lgdf{0f u/L gu/af;Lx?nfO{ cfjZos ;]jf / ;'ljwfx? k'¥ofpg
tyf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] :jf:Yo, ;'ljwf Pj+ cfly{s lxt sfod /fVg] ;DaGwdf cfjZos
Joj:yf ug{ jf~5gLo ePsf]n],
ejg P]g, @)%%

ejg lgdf{{0f sfo{nfO{ lgoldt ug]{] ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ug{ ag]]sf] P]g
k|:tfjgf M e'sDk, cfunfuL tyf cGo b}jL k|sf]kx?af6 ejgx?nfO{ oyf;Dej ;'/lIft /fVgsf]
nflu ejg lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ lgoldt ug]{ ;DaGwdf cfjZos Joj:yf ug{ afG5gLo ePsf]n],

• Town Development Act, 1988 & KVDA Act, 1988 along with Local
Government Operation Act, 2074 BS provide a legislative
framework for town planning in Nepal.
• TD Act- Clause 3- Town Planning and approval
• clause 8- power to impose restriction
• Clause 9- power to prohibit, regulate & control
• Clause 10- power to stoppage or demolition
• Clause 12- power to carryout Land Development Program
• LGOA, 2074 has more focus on the formulation & execution of
sectoral programs and projects without or very less consideration
of their spatial consequences.
• Despite a more than 6 decades of planning activities, an
appropriate spatial planning system could not be established in the
country.
• Local Governments are in need of Town planning legislation to be
complimentary with LGOA. Housing & Urban Planning
प्रम ऐन/ िनयमह�ः
• प्राि स्मार सरं �ण ऐन, २०१३, सोही भवन सिं हता/ मुख् मापदण्डह�
िनयमावली २०४६ • रािष्ट भवन संिहता (िविभन् िमित र प�रमाजर् समेत)
• सयं �
ु , सामुिहक र योजनाबद आवास सम्बन्
• सावर्जिन सडक ऐन, २०३१
मापदण्, २०६२
• नगर िवकास ऐन, २०४५
• काठमाडौ उपत्यक िभत्र नगरपािलका र नगरोन्ु म
• काठमाडौ उपत्यक िवकास प्रािधक ऐन,
गा.िव.स.ह�मा ग�रने िनमार् सबं न्ध मापदण्, २०६४
२०४५ र सोही िनयमावली २०६८ • वस्त िवकास, शहरी योजना तथा भवन िनमार्
• िवदय् ऐन, २०४९ र सोही िनयमावली, २०५० सम्बन् आधारभतू मापदण्, २०७२- सश ं ोधन समेत
• सयं ु� आवासको स्वािमत सम्बन् ऐन, (यसै सम्बन्धी सािबक स्थानी िवकास मन्त्राल
२०५४ र सोही िनयमावली, २०६० मागर्दशर समेत)
• भवन ऐन, २०५५ र सोही िनयमावली, २०६६ • संय� ु आवास भवन िनमार् स्वीकृि तथा अनुगमन
• स्थानी सरकार सञ्चाल ऐन, २०७४ कायर्िवध, २०७०
• भउू पयोग ऐन, २०७६ • स्वास् ससं ्थ स्थापन, सचा ं लन तथा स्तोरोन्न
मापदण् सम्बन् िनद�िशका, २०७०
सम्बिन् अन् ऐन/ िनयम/ मापदण्डह�

• चलिचत (िनमार्, प्रदश तथा िबतरण) ऐन, २०२६, सोही िनयमावली, २०५७
• पयर्ट ऐन, २०३५ र होटेल, लज, रे ��रेन् तथा �रजटर, वार तथा पथ पदर्श िनयामवली, २०३८
• औधोिगक व्यवसा ऐन, २०७६
• वातावरण सरं �ण ऐन, २०७६ र सोही िनयमावली २०७७
• िवद्या भवन सम्बन् िश�ा मन्त्राल मापदण्
• पेट्र पम् सम्बन् नेपाल आयल िनगमको मापदण्
• िवमानस्थ �ेत्र सम्बन् नेपाल नाग�रक उड्ययन प्रािधकरण मापदण्
• पशपु ितनाथ �ेत्र मापदण्/ लुिम्बन ग� ु योजना �ेत्र मापदण्
• भवन िनमार्णक नमनाू मापदण्, २०७१ (शहरी िवकास मन्त्र)
• शहरी योजना सम्बन् आधारभतू मापदण्, २०७१ (नयाँ शहर आयोजना)

3.9 Environmental Issues in Urban Development
• Deterioration of air and water quality,
• Increasing greenhouse gas emissions
• Inadequate and inefficient Solid Waste Management (SWM) and
Liquid Waste Management
• Poor Sanitation and Health
• Sound/ Visual pollution
• Proliferation of slums and informal settlements,
• Loss of open spaces, green/ blue infrastructure
• inadequate water supply, wastewater,
• Congestion
solid waste, energy, loss of green and
natural spaces, urban sprawl, pollution
of soil, air, traffic, noise
• Causes ??? • Industrial emission, vehicle emission,
city waste and garbage, high level of
• Effects??? construction etc. contributes
tremendously to the pollution.
National Urban Development Strategy (NUDS):
Urban Environment: physical, natural and social environment
1 Urban Safety and Resilience

2 Urban Land, Air, Visual and Water Pollution
3 Urban Agriculture
4 Urban Forest
5 Urban Facilities and Amenities: Open Spaces
6 Urban Art, Architecture and Culture
7 Community Organization and Youth
8 Urban Security
9 Urban Health
Nepal Urban Development Strategy (NUDS):
Urban Environment: physical, natural and social environment
The municipalities lack institutional capacity, proper planning
and funding mechanisms to manage urban environment that
includes coping with disasters, providing safety and security,
enhancing socio-cultural environment, preservation of open
spaces etc. There has been a rapid loss of open spaces in urban
areas due to unmonitored encroachment. The proportion of
open space is only 0.48% in Kathmandu and 0.06% in Lalitpur.
Only 6 municipalities have sanitary landfill site.
The existing Urban Environment Management Guidelines could
be a strong document to address environment issues in urban
areas, but like other documents related to urban management,
it falls short in implementation.

Environment Protection Act 2076/ Regulation 2077 :



• Short Environment Assessment (SEA)- Schedule 1
• Initial Environment Examination (IEE)- schedule 2
• Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) – schedule 3
Activities/ subjects SEA IEE EIA

Height of building ७ दे �ख १० तल्ला वा१५.५
दे �ख २५ �मटरसम्म
Built-up area ३,००० दे �ख ५,००० वगर्
�मटरसम्म
No. of people ५०० दे �ख १,००० जनासम्
Land development ५ दे �ख १० हे क्टरसम्

program
Hard Surface १ दे �ख ५ हे क्टरसम
pavement
Daily water ५,००० दे �ख १०,००० �लटरसम्म
consumption
Hospital 16 to 25 bed



3.10 Institution Involved in Urban Planning and
Development in Nepal
• Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD)
• Ministry of Federal Affairs and General Administration (MoFAGA)
• Ministry of Physical Infrastructure and Transport (MoPIT)
• Ministry of Water Supply (MoWS)
• Department of Urban Development and Building Construction, DWSS,

DoR, Department of Archeology
• Province- Ministry of Physical Infrastructure
• Town Development Committee, KVDA

• Town Development Fund (TDF)
• Municipalities, City Planning Commissions
• TLOs, Different Professional Organizations, I/ NGOs…..

• Private Sector
Broad Classification
• Government Institutions
• Federal- NPC, MoUD/ DUDBC (FPIUs/ PUDBCs)/ KVDA/TDCs/ TDF,
DoR, DWSS/ NWSC, NEA
• Investment Board
• Province- MoID/ UDBOs, Planning Commission
• Local- Local Government/ CPC
• Non-Governmental Actors
• TLO, CBOs, User Committee
• I/NGOs- JICA, GiZ, Lumanti
• Bilateral/ Multilateral Agencies- ADB, WB, DFID,…
• Professional Organizations- NUF, RUPSON, SoNA
• Consultant/ Contractors/Developers/ Investors…

Areas of involvement
• Investment (grant/ loan) in infrastructure development
• Capacity building
• Technical assistant (TA)
• Consulting services (planning, Design & supervision, trainning…)
Issues working with Development Partners

• Real collaboration & coordination
• Lack of Transfer of knowledge
• Very less capacity of consultant & contractors…
• Very less funding capacity of BFIs

3.11 Types of Urban Development Programs in Nepal
• Kathmandu Valley Beautification Program, 1962?
• Town Planning Implementation program (Regional HQ/ other

growth centre Towns)
• Resettlement Program (Jhapa, Sarlahi, Chitwan, Nawalparasi,
Rupandehi, Bardia, Kailali, Kanchanpur…)
• Land Development Projects (SS, GLD, LP)

• Bhaktapur Development Project (1974-86)
• KVMP
• GIZ- UDLE
• PPP

• Small Town WSS Projects (ADB/ DWSS)
• Monument preservation from DoA
• Healthy City program

• Compact Settlement (Ghanabasti ) Program
• Rural Urban Partnership Program
• ADB funded – UEIP, STIUEIP, IUDP, RUDP (environment

improvement/ infrastructure)
• WB funded- UGDP, NUGIP (governance/ capacity building/
infrastructure)
• KV- Road Widening Program

• Saghan Sahari (Project of urban Development) Program

Types
1. Mapping/ Planning Support/ TA
2. Infrastructure development
3. Environmental Improvement
4. Institutional Development/ Capacity Building
Issues
• Urban Governance vs Planning/ Development (infrastructure
governance)

3.12 Conservation of Heritage Sites
Types
1. UNESCO World Heritage Sites of Nepal
• Cultural Heritage: 7 monument sites in KV (3 Durbar square,
2 Hindu Temple, 2 Buddhist Chaityas), 1 Lumbini- the birth
place of Gautam Buddha
• Natural Heritage: 2 National Park (Sagarmatha, Chitwan)
2. Other Heritage & Heritage Settlement sites:
• Heritage settlements inside (52 no.) & outside Kathmandu
Valley eg. Nuwakot, Palpa, Dolakha, Chainpur, Taksar
(Bhojpur),
Conservation of heritage sites is very important because it provides a
sense of identity and continuity in a fast changing world for future
generations.
Values: Historic, archelogical, cultural, symbolic
Built- in- Heritage Housing & Urban Planning
Issues Concept:
• Preservation of cultural
1. Living heritage heritage
2. Urbanization pressure • Integrate culture and
development through
3. Public awareness planning
4. State priority to invest in continuity of • Understand social
change before making
traditional skill/
physical change
workmanship, material production… • Provided technical
options to the people
Classification of Ancient Monuments : •Discourage modern
(1) From the viewpoint of ownership, the ancient development trend
monuments shall be classified in two categories as •Develop culture
public ancient monuments and private ancient
working with the
monuments.
(2) From the view point of importance, the ancient people
monuments shall be classified in three categories
as of international importance, of national
importance and of local importance". Housing & Urban Planning
3.12 Conservation of Heritage Sites
• There are number of historic and
cultural heritage settlements in Nepal. Stakeholders:
• Department of
• Though the media and the academia
Archeology
highlights essence of conservation of • Herchaha adda
these traditional settlements within • Guthi Sansthan
Kathmandu Valley, the number of such • Concern section of
settlements outside capital valley (such local government
as Panuti, Dwalkha, Nuwakot, • I/NGOs
Ghalegaum, Silgarhi etc.) are awaiting • Different Donor
for conservation and development. Agencies eg, Germany,
Swiss, China, …
• Bhaktapur and Bandipur are two
exemplary settlements in and outside
valley which have been so far
conserved and developed as a tourist
destination.

Nuwakot, 2074
Dwalkha, 2074
Gaps in Conservation attempts
1. Institutions: NRA, DLPIU/ Municipality, Community
• Policy, plan, Standard/guidelines
• Institutional arrangement, coordination mechanism
• Bridging gap of nation policy/ plan to common people
2. Service Provider: Engineer, skilled/ unskilled labor and material
supplier
• Technical capacity/ knowledge
• Artisan, quality labor
• Quality construction materials
3. Service Seeker: house owner (may multiple), mohi/talsin
• Community Leadership and ownership of mega-campaign
• Awareness of tangible and intangible heritage
• Capacity building for livelihood, workmanship continuity
way forward
• Local government should take lead role of reconstruction and
conservation, and should have holistic conservation plan…
• Specific building code and building byelaws should be developed
for particular heritage settlement
• NRA should draft the concrete policy for house pooling, grant for
each beneficiaries of a multiple owner of a single house
• Local government should facilitate to open up quarry site, access
road improvement for better mobility, Similarly, it should
developed subsidy scheme, free building permit system…
• Capacity building of engineers working in the field, mobilization
of at least an architect and a structural engineer in particular
settlement.
• Public awareness and skill trainings should be conducted in the
settlement
way forward
• Degree of conservation must be clear for inclusive reconstruction
and conservation
Primary Secondary Tertiary

• Plinth level • Uniformity of • Opening
• Floor height façade of patterns (door/
• Roofing pattern/ particular tole windows)
color lane (material/ • Struts
texture), • Minor details…
• Avoid
unnecessary
projection and
verandah
way forward
• Conservation: Minimum intervention and maximum Retention,
Reversibility,
- Prevention of deterioration
- Preservation
- Consolidation - use of strengthening materials
- Restoration - elements of original state
- Re - production - copy- construction
- Renovation - Reassemble after dismantling
- Re- integration - monuments may under go major change
- Rehabilitation - adopting as new use
3.13 Settlement Planning for Disaster Mitigation
Major Disasters in Nepal
Settlement type/ pattern
• Earthquake
• Urban/ Rural settlement
• Land Slide
• Clustered/ dispersed
• Flood/ inundation settlement/ ribbon
• Fire • Formal/ informal (Slum/
squatter)
• pandemic
• Thunderbolt
Human settlement sensitivity
• Tornado
in different eco-region
• Avalanche/ Glacier lake burst,
• Mountain
• unexpected weather
• Hill/ valley
• बस्तीम खोला पसेको नभै
खोलामा बस्त पसेको... • Terai/ inner Terai

Nepal
• Huge
altitude
variation
with in
250 km
distance
• Fragile/
young 8848 Meter
mountain
• Unplanne
d
developm
ent
activities 70
Meter
88
DRR/M in
Urban
Planning
Disaster Cycle
Disaster=Hazard*Vulnerability*Exposure
Current Status
Development Disaster Risk Management

Open Spaces Provision in Planning Norms and Standards
place Norms Standards
Market Center 2.5 % of the total area Neighborhood Park 1 per 800 population (0.4 ha per site)
(Above 50 shops) (serving surrounding settlements)
Sub City (10,000 to 5% of total sub city area Neighborhood Park 1 @ 800 population (0.4 ha per site)
40,000 population ) (with play equipment) 1 @ 10000 population (1 ha per site)
Local Park
City: (40,000 + to 1 5% of total city area Neighborhood Park 1 @ 800 population( 0.4 ha per site)
lakhs) (with play equipment) 1 @ 10000 population(1 ha per site
Local Park Community 1 @ 20000 population (2 ha per site)
Park 1 @ each city
Parade Ground
Sub Metro City: (1 5% of total sub metro city area 1 @ 800 population (0.4 ha per site)
lakh + to 3 lakhs Neighborhood Park (with play equipment) 1 @ 10000 population (1 ha per site)
population) Local Park Community Park 1 @ 20000 population (2 ha per site)
Zoo park 1
Specialized Park
Metro City: (Above 3 5% of total metro city area 1 @ 800 population (0.4 ha)
lakhs) Neighborhood Park (with play equipment) 1 @ 10000 population (1 ha)
Local Park Community Park 1 @ 20000 population (2 ha)
District/ Regional Parks 1 @ 50000 population
Indicator proposed for Selection of Pandemic Response to urban

New Towns (NTs) planning
1. Natural endowment- 30 1. City level
2. Demographic features- 20 • Accessible health facilities,
3. Strategic location & open spaces, poverty sector..
development potential- 20 1. Community level

• Community hall/ quarantine,
4. Existing infrastructure &
isolation facilities, open gym,
services- 20
parks
5. Balancing priority (for
1. Household level- office, toilet
backward region)- 10

Way Forward
• Risk informed planning/ Risk Sensitive Land-use planning,
multi-hazard risk
• Emphasis on Planned, safer and integrated/ clustered
settlement rather than unplanned/ dispersed/ linear one
• Selection of proper site for building and other infrastructure
• Effective Implementation of building bylaws, codes and land-
use regulations
• Make proper buffering (set-back) from hazard area such as
cliff, land-slide, geo-fault, flood plane…

• timely/ periodically maintenance of traditional/ cultural
buildings
• Conduct necessary urban renewal/ house pooling…
• Timely address urban poverty issue with provision of
adequate and affordable housing in urban area
• Internalize disaster risk reduction/ Climate Change measures
in each development endeavors
• Make a provision of adequate open/ green space in city area
• Community participation in DRR

Mainstreaming DRM
in
Development Planning

3.14 Municipalities of Nepal & Their Role in UD
Legal obligation
• नेपालको सं�वधानः अनुसूची ८ स्थानी तहको अ�धकार (स्थानी पूवार्धा,
तथ्याङ, सरसफाई, बजार व्यवस्था, �वपद व्यवस्था), अनूसूची ९ तीनै तहको
साझा सूची (स्मार संर�ण, �वपद व्यवस्था, सुकुम्बास व्यवस्था),
• स्थानी सरकार सञ्चाल ऐन, २०७४ (प�रच्छे ६- योजना तज्म

ुर तथा
कायार्न्व, दफा २४- योजना बनाई कायार्न्व गनर सक्ने गाँउपा�लका तथा
नगरपा�लकाहरूल आफ्न अ�धकार �ेत्र �वषयमा स्थानीयस्तर �वकासका ला�ग
आव�धक, वा�षर्, रणनी�तगत �वषय �ेत्र मध्यकाल� तथा द�घर्काल� �वकास
योजना बनाई लागु गनुर पन�छ ।...
• SWM ACT 2068
• Policy/ planning
• Building
• Expansion/ improvement
• management

3.14 Municipalities of Nepal & Their Role in UD
• Planning, managing land/ land use and public services
• Resource optimization
• Ensure quality green and public spaces for all
• Best utilization of local resources/ Local infrastructure- value
for money
• Formulation/ implementation of local building bylaws based
on set standard by federal/ provincial government
• Utility coordination
• Conduct Land development program for planned settlement
• Heritage conservation/ tourism promotion
• Promotion of local knowledge, skill and experience

3.15 Town Development Committees & Their Role in UD
Town Development Act, 1988 (2045 BS)
• Clause 3: formulation and approval of town plan
• Clause 8: power to impose restriction (रोक लगाउने)
• Clause 9: power to regulate, control & prohibit (�नय�मत,
�नयन्त र �नषेध गनर सक्न)
• Clause 10: stoppage or demolition (रोक्न वा भत्काउ सक्न)
• Clause 12: power to carryout land development (जग्ग �वकास
कायर्क सञ्चाल गनर सक्न)
 335 Town Development Committees

 Towns with more than 5000 population , density > 10/hectare
, and at least 50% population in non agriculture occupation (
industry/trade / service...)
Town Development Committee Role in the past and present
• Declaration of planning area
• Spatial plan formulation, approval and implementation: to
divide the planning zones into various land use areas
• Enforce bylaws/ codes/ zoning regulations for development
control
• Planning permits of group housing, apartment buildings, land
development and other large scale structure developed by
private sector
• Coordination to align stakeholders- political institutions,
government agencies such as administration, physical
infrastructures, land management, forestry etc.

Town Development Committee Role in the past and present
• Find out resources to implement Town Development Plan
• To develop & implement urban development projects: Local
resource optimization, urban infrastructure development- TDC
fund…
• To prevent the use of natural resources in any adverse manner
• To carryout land development program
• Site and Services- Regional HQs,

• GLD- different part of Kathmandu Valley
• Land pooling projects- Pokhara, KV, Dang, New Towns…
Planning Theories, Spatial Planning Modalities
Planning Theory
Rational Comprehensive model:
Top Down Model
Expert Based Model
GDP And Economical Model Radical Planning:
Fact Based And Data Based to reduce the lethargy
Vision Based character and process oriented
The Oldest Model- Master modality of the GO
Plan Model through the NGOs and INGOs
Planning Commission People centered - over ruled
Hardware Focused by the international donor
Advocacy Planning: agencies
More study relative to the Co-Production Theory:
performance Pioneer-India
Strategic Impact Focused on One side: Government -
Software People - Resources
Health, Education, Other Side : Problems and
Environment identification to the solutions
Collaborative Model: Modality: People centric -
Use of ladder of participation project identification through
cooperation with the public people
Preparation by the expert and
concurrence from the public
expert and the community
works in parallel Housing & Urban Planning
Action Planning: is used to respond to the emerging
challenges of rapid urbanization
Basic Features: Planning approaches:
-Problem oriented
-Predefined area
-Resources •Problem solving
-Innovation •Visionary
-Implementation oriented •Regulatory
•Trend capitalizing- ToD
Strategic Planning :
- involves the co-ordination of spatial sectoral , financial and
institutional action over the longer term
- the creation of additional resources
- long term institutional strengthening and development
Infrastructure Planning :
- It determines the trend of magnitude and location of
urbanization as it shapes and controls the population
distribution
Flow Chart Integrated Action Planning
Community consultation Assessment Physical and
and Analysis Environmental Analysis
Problems
Tentative Projects
Rapid project feasibility and analysis

PEDP
Prioritization -Urban expansion
-Regulating
Identified Priority Projects MSIP byelaws
-List of the projects -5 yrs investment -Recommendation
programs
-Description of the project for land
-Budget for the first year development

Planning Practice in Nepal was initiated in early 60's with assistance of United
Nations (UN).
Master Plan of Kathmandu Valley (PDP) was prepared in 1969, Revised in
1973, UNDP
Land-use plan of Kathmandu Valley-1976 (still use of zoning maps)
Greater Kathmandu Structure plan, in 1987
 Kathmandu Valley Urban Development Plans and programs -1991
Building Byelaws for Kathmandu Valley 1993 (Now 2064)
Integrated Action Plan (IAP), 1992-1999
 Long-term Strategy Plan of Kathmandu (Kathmandu 2020), 2002
 Local Area Planning/ land development areas
Periodic Plan of Municipalities from 20o0
20 year SDMP of KV, ( by KVDA), 2015-2035
 Integrated Urban Development Plan (IUDP) of Municipalities since 2014
Plans and Programs made for Kathmandu valley in the past:
Physical Development Plans of Kathmandu Valley-1969
- UN support, - Strategies for the future
- upper land – settelment
- lower land – greenery
- revision in 1973
Land Use plan of Kathmandu Valley -1976
- Based on the PDP 1969
- Planning team in Ktm, Bkt and in Patan
- inner and outer ring road concept
- conservation area and settlement area
Kathmandu Valley Urban Development Plans and programs -
1991
- supported by ADB
- Recommendation
- Bishnumati Link Road
Sub Regional Plan– Vision 2020 of Kathmandu Valley
Reports with drawings – social , economical and environmental
value protection with sustainable development
 First strategy:
- Decentralization of opportunities and investment in other parts of the
country
- Develop the valley as natural , historical and cultural and
with the capital city of the country.
- Remove incompatibles industries- carpet, cement, brick and
garment factory
- Commercialization of the agriculture product
- Developed as touristic area
Second strategy:
- Carrying Capacity/ Rural Urban Delineation
- Decentralization
- Improvement of the density of urban areas
काठमाड� उपत्यकको 20 वष� रणनी�तक गर
ु ुयोजना
(Presented in the 20 Years Strategic Development Master Plan (2015-2035)
दरु दृिष्टः काठमाण्डौ उपत्यकाल

प्रकृ, व्यिक्त रसंस्कृ�तको
अद्�वतीय संगमका रूपमा ए�शयाम
प�र�चत गराउने
VISION: To establish Kathmandu
Valley as a Livable City by enhancing
the interdependence of Nature,
Society and Culture
कायर् अ�भयानः काठमाण्ड
उपत्यकालाइर् एक स्, सरु ��त,
सवु ्यविस्, सन
ु ्दर र सम्वृद
रािष्ट्रय राजधानी �ेत्रका
स्था�पत गन�
MISSION: To establish Kathmandu Valley
as a Safe, Clean, Organized, Prosperous
108
and Elegant (SCOPE) National Capital
Master Planning
• Master planning is a high level, big picture, process that typically plans for a
timeframe of 10 to 15 years.
• The process begins with a detailed evaluation of current conditions in the
agency, then forecasts future population and service demands, and then
develops strategies that can be utilized to meet future needs
Structure Planning
• A structure plan is a planning document used to manage growth and
change. ... Is a framework to manage urban development and growth
opportunities and provide sustainable outcomes. These include social,
community and physical infrastructure for existing and future residents.

Strategic Planning
• In contrast, a strategic plan is a shorter-term, three- to five-year plan
• Development or updating the city’s mission, vision and core values
• Identification of the city’s most important goals for the next three to five
years
• Definition of objectives and action steps needed to achieve the goals
• Establishment of means by which to measure accomplishment of the above
The terms strategic plan and master plan are often used interchangeably, but as
explained, they differ substantially.
Integrated Action Planning

Periodic Plan of Municipalities
Integrated Urban Development Plan (IUDP) of Municipalities

3.16 Different Type of Housing
Classification according to Technology Classification according to builder
used type
• RCC Framed Structure (post-lintel • Owner-build
construction/ trabeated system)
• Developer build
• Load Bearing Structure (masonry
wall/ pier/ arcuated system) Classification according to energy/
cost
• Truss- structure/ prefab structure
• Cost-effective (low cost)
Classification according to ownership/ • Zero-energy/ energy efficient/
tenureship passive/ green building
• Owned house
Classification according to family
• Rented house reside
• Social house • Single family
• cooperative house • Multi family/ joint building
• Institutional house Housing & Urban Planning
Classification according to material Classification according to

used housing policy 2068
• Cement/ surki / mud mortar • स्थाय- पक्क/ कच्च
• Stone/ brick/ block (concrete/ • अस्थाय

ACC/ CBSE/ stabilized/ • संयुक्
interlocking…)
• �म�श्र
• Wooden/ bamboo/ steel
• भाडाको
• Pre-fab (puf-panel/ eco-panel,
fiber cement board,
Classification according to
Classification according to height housing layout/ position
• Low- rise (G+4) • Detached/ isolated
• Medium -rise • Semi-detached
• High-rise • Attached/ row

Classification according to context/ Housing is process , not the end product

situation • A Good Location/ access
• Land
• Rural house • Building Materials/
• Urban house workmanship/ Technology
• Finance
• Amenities
• Security/ safety
• House is a fundamental need of human besides food and clothes.

• Unless and until a family has safer and adequate shelter, he can’t progress in
other field such as education, health, livelihood…
• Housing includes physical infrastructure and social services association with
the shelter
• Housing = Land + infrastructure/ services + building + Finance

Present status of Housing in Nepal
 National census 2068 (2011 AD)
Total population= 26,494,504
houses/ buildings = 47,67,196
Families -54,23,297 (+4005 institutional)
Family Tennurship Nepal Urban

Owned 85.3 % 56.8 %
Rental 12.8 % 40.2 %

Institutional 0.6 % 1.7 %
Other 1.3 % 1.3 %
total HH 5,423,297 1,045,575
family size 4.88 4.32
dwelling size (NLSS 2010/11) 605 571
 National census 2011
Building Technology & materials
% RCC Cement Wooden Mud

(brick/ mortar
stone)
Foundation Nepal 10 18 25 44
Urban 28
Outer Wall Nepal 29 20 41 bamboo
terai 39
Urban 69 7 17
Roof Nepal 22 cgi 28 slate 27 thatch 19
Urban
 Services: piped w/s=47.8%, toilet= 61.8%, cooking fuel-fire

wood=64%, electricity for lighting=67.4%,
3.17 Principle of Housing Design
Housing components and affordability: सस्त, राम्, ब�लयो घर!
Costs included in a building
construction are: Dimensions of a
• Cost of Serviced land, Building
• Construction materials, • Physical
Transportation cost, • Social
• Cost of skilled/ unskilled masons, • Economic
• Cost of lifeline connections, • Cultural
• building permit, tax... etc. Scope of a Building Design:
• Architecture
• Structure
• Sanitary
• Electricity/ HAVC
• Interior / Exterior/ landscape
• A house design should have an efficient floor plan that eliminates redundant
space, and maximizes usable space. The shape and form of your home should
also be a simple design that is easy and efficient to build and incorporates
cost-effective materials and simple details.
• Fulfillment of Family requirment

Best –utilization of
• Good Site Planning
Resource
• Accessible and Efficient Floor Plans • Plot
• Cost efficient • Infrastructure &
services
• Energy Efficient/ use of passive design/
green technology • Finance
• Technology/ material/
• Multi-disaster resilient/ Safer
labor
construction
• Easy maintenance
• Use of reversible material and
technology Housing & Urban Planning
• Suitability of site/ site analysis Other Factors
 Affordable
• Service/ space requirement  Environment friendly
analysis  Culturally acceptable
 Accessible/ Social security
• Regulatory provision- code/
 Safe and economic
bylaws  Planning of land and land
• Future expansion provision development
 Design of buildings
• Flexibility of use of space  Use of building proper
material and construction
• Sustainability, operation & technology
maintenance  Economy in land area
 Economy in infrastructure
 Efficiency of maintenance
 Better environment
• Space, Line, Form, Light, Color, Texture, pattern
• Form, function, firmness
• Context fit, functionality, visual aesthetic, sustainable, friendliness,
safety & security Housing & Urban Planning
Consideration for High-rise Necessity of cost-effective housing:

Poor economic condition of the people
Apartment:
Higher cost of the better binding material
seismic hazard zone Scarcity of the skilled manpower
airport clear zone ]lack of transportation system
water availability
heritage sensitive zone Problem in the present housing condition
environmentally sensitive Durability
zone Health and hygiene
Others: Dampness in the houses
fire fighting operations Smoke and ventilation
Thatch roof
fire alarm Animal breeding
ventilation Absence of latrine and waste disposal
storm water drainage Natural Disaster
system Fire – biggest problem in the rural areas
solid waste disposal Flood – biggest problem in the terai
system area
Parking and open space Earthquake – sever problem in the
urban area

3.18 Different Model of Land Development
Site & Service Land Pooling
• Land pooling/readjustment (LP/R) is a
• "Sites-and-Services"
technique for managing the planned
schemes are the
development of urban-fringe lands,
provision of plots of
whereby a government agency
land, either on
consolidates a selected group of land
ownership or land
parcels and then designs, services and
lease tenure, along
subdivides them into a layout of streets,
with a minimum
open spaces and serviced building plots,
essential
with the sale of some of the plots for cost
infrastructure needed
recovery and the distribution of the
for habitation
remaining plots back to the landowners to
develop or to sell for development.
Guided Land Development
• GLD uses the provision of infrastructure as a mechanism to guide
urban development. It is a land management technique for guiding the
conversion of privately owned land in the urban periphery from rural to
urban uses
• Cadastral based planning Housing & Urban Planning
Site & Service Land Pooling/ land Consolidation
• LP is a land development activity
• This approach advocated the role of
where a group of land owners
government agencies for the
handover their land parcels to
preparation of developed land
the gvt. Collectively for
parcels with basic infrastructure &
infrastructure development.
services, which was to be sold or
• Once the development is
leased to the intended beneficiaries
complete the land is handed
• The next step of actual house over to the original owners after
construction was left to the deducting some portion as the
beneficiaries themselves using their cost for the same.
own resources.
Guided Land Development

• Uses the provision of infrastructure as a mechanism to guide urban dev.
• Technique for guiding the conversion of land in urban/ sub-urban areas
• Issues in two end (starting/ ending point), it has been successful only in
widening the right of way of existing route.
Land pooling – Process:
1.Planning and Approval phase
• Formation of land owner committee
• Official decision to land pooling
• Management sub committee formation
2. Implementation and
• public notice land certificate collection Project Hand-over phase
• Topo - survey, Re-cadastral survey • Demarcation of roads/ blocks
• Base map preparation • Redistribution of plots
• preparation of alternative schemes • Infrastructure development
• formation of re-distribution criteria • Handover to the user committee
• calculation of returning plots- log sheet
• government approval
• Land acquisition
Issues:
• Consensus building
• Error in land records
• Differences in the actual land and the area of land in the
land certificate
• Influence by the land broker
• Conflict of interest of staffs
• Lengthy process
• Not backup with financial & work plan
References:
1. Land- pooling manual, 2. Land Pooling- where, why & how? 3. ADB, Article
3.19 Squatters and Slums
Squatters
• Illegal, unauthorized & informal Slums
settlement • Legal but sub-standard
settlements
• Encroachment of public space
• overcrowded, poor condition
• Usually unsafe areas unhealthy environment
vulnerable to highly polluted
• Issue of squatters is still unaddressed
environment
• Some are decade old and some are new • Gentrification of traditional city
communities in KTM core
• Inadequate infrastructure/
• An increasing trend of these settlements
services
has significant impacts in the local
• Lack of maintenance,
environment of the valley.
• In KTM Valley altogether 46 squatters-
2735 households - 12726 people
• Along the bank of the river

Location No. of Population Household
settlement
(i) Bagmati 11 3,903 863
(ii) Bishnumati 5 1564 306
(iii) Hanumante 1 2422 589
(iv) Dhobikhola 5 1247 271
(v) Tukucha 2 2747 176
(vi) Other location 16 843 530

non-riverside
Total 40 12726 2735
• Also five settlement in... Ramghat,

Hyumat, Dhaukhel Bhimmukteshor Housing & Urban Planning
Squatter & Slum: common feature
• Sub- standard housing Causes ???
• Inadequate infrastructure & • Lack of affordable housing in
services city
• Poor environment/ unsafe • Lack of access to land/ housing
settlement finance to the poor
• Pitiful situation of child/ women/ • Land sub-division regulation
elders… • Negligence of state authority-
• All the squatters are slum but all force eviction is choose rather
slums are not squatters than finding alternative
solutions
Government initiation:
• Lack of pro-poor governance
Ichangu Narayan Apartment building for • Identification of proper HH
urban poor.
3.20 Private Housing Development
Private Housing Initiation
• Owner-driven system to developer- built
system
• Social commodity to commercial
commodity… Other than
• Planned urban island- group housing/ • Owner-dirven

apartment/ land development housing
• Few but visible impact of urban housing- • Government/
gated community… institutional housing
• Social housing
• Physical => Agriculture land/ hillocks to
• Cooperative housing
settlement
• Social => Migrant population have formed
considerable chunk of city population
• Cultural => erosion in the culture of the city.
• काठमाड� उपत्यकाम तत्का�ल काठमाड� उपत्यक नगर �वकास स�म�त एवं KVDA
बाट २०७८ असारसम् दे हाए अनुसारको योजना अनुम�त �दान ग�रएको छ ।
�स योजना अनुम�तको केिन्द काठमा ल�लत भक्

जम्म
नं प्रकृ कायार्ल ण्ड पुर परु Improvement
योजनाबद् in urban built
१ २ ७५ ३२ ४० १४७ environment
आवा�सय घडेर�
२ साम�ु हक आवास ५९ ४१ २ १०७
३ संयुक् आवास ७७ ३० १ ११५

Social justice
and just cities
व्यापा�र/व्यवसा�
४ ३ ३
क भवन
Doing
५ स्वास् संस्थ ६ २ ३ ११ Business
६ होटे ल/ पयर्ट भवन ५ ५ Improvement
७ कायार्ल भवन १ १
८ अन् ३ ३
जम्म २ २२९ १०५ ४६ ३८२

Issues ???
• Inclusion of poor (Housing for urban poor)
• Land speculation,
• Increasing financial irregularities, Banking crimes…
• Timely revision of prevailing legislation (Apartment Act, 2054,
Building Act, 2055, bylaws…)
• Open-up land-pooling tools to private sector
• Clarity on common facilities/ services in group housing/ apartment
buildings…
• Need of one-door system for planning permit, building permit,
environmental assessment…
• Have to have real estate legislation

3.21 Rural Housing, Housing Development Program
in Nepal
Rural Housing…
• Number of houses abandoned due to out-migration and
concentration people in more than 132 small towns & more than
600 market centers
• Indigenous materials and technology
City Village
Linking Factors
Road +Transportation Agriculture production
 Goods / Services
system Raw materials
 Technology  Handicrafts
Service Delivery
 Employment system  Human resource

in Nepal
Rural Housing…
• Scattered in multi-hazard risk areas/ vulnerable to even minor
disaster…
• M- avalanche, glacier lake brust, landslides, high-speed wind
• H- land slide, rockfall, soil-erosion, hailstrom, thunderbolt…
• T- flooding/ inundation, hurricane, fire, wild animal invasion…
• Inadequate and sub-standard housing in rural area
• 41% houses in Nepal are mud-mortar masonry, 19 % has thatch roof,
39 % of Terai house has bamboo net walling system (vulnerable
structure/ highly temporary in nature…)
• Lack of basic infrastructure/ services: piped w/s=47.8%, toilet=
61.8%, cooking fuel-fire wood=64%, electricity for lighting=67.4%,

in Nepal
Housing Development Program in Nepal
• Resettlement programs (Punrbas karyekram), Now Rastria Awas
Company…
• Rehabilitation of free Kamiya, Halia, Charuwa…
• Employee housing by Sanchaye Kosh in Pokhara
• Emergency shelter/ samuhik awas in different part of the country
• People’s Housing Program (Janta Awas)
• Citizen’s Safer housing Program (Surkchhit Nagarik Awas)
• Post Disaster rehabilitation- housing…

in Nepal
issues
• Unable to proper resettlement of flood victims since 2065 flood…
• Fragmented approach rather than integrated/ planned one
• Exclusion of housing agency in rehabilitation activities
• Safer housing program is designed without consideration of
indigenous building process and overall safety of the house…
• Lesson learnt from Gorkha Earthquake Reconstruction has not utilized
to improve housing situation in other part of the country…
• Lack of proper institutional setup
• Inadequate finical mechanisms/ legal provisions
References:
1. Rastria Awas Yojana, 2071 (www.moud.gov.np)
3.22 Prospects of Apartments and Group Housing in
Nepal
Apartments & Group Housing
• Urbanization increases major urban centers- Kathmandu Valley,
Pokhara & Terai Towns
• Land resources are scarce in urban areas, so they are not accessible to
the poverty section of the society. Similar problems lies in
accessibility of financial resources, as no BFI offer loans to poor
without collateral. 56 % families in Ktm valley lives in rented rooms.
Though rental housing has not systematized. Hence, alternative
supply of land and dwelling unit is necessary.
• Started after the structural change in National Economy with
adaptation of market economy after 1991
• 94 % of urban land supply from private sector…
• Developer- built housing & apartments are being new culture…
Nepal
• Towering the troubles with lack of timely revision of prevailing
legislative previsions, and monitoring and Evaluation
• Neglecting neighborhood, disturb during the time of construction –
transportation of construction materials, Ground water depletion
• Conflict in use of common space/ facilities
• Lapses and loopholes
• No post evaluation mechanisms
• Procedural perils

Nepal
• Housing as an industry, the
future of urban housing is
developer-build apartments and
group housing
• Necessity of open community/
neighborhood development
• Legislative framework should be
contextual to address the
current problems- need to have
real estate act…
• Improve doing business index-
one door service, less burden to
developer
Nepal
• The future…

साँस्कृ�तक शहरको संरक्षण ग!
शहर� योजना तजु्मा र �वकास �नयमन
र
�कृयालाई च ुस्, दुरुस्त र पारदिश
बनाऔ ं !!
धन्यवाद!

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Building & Architecture

PSC Exam Preparation

“Housing and Urban Planning“

-Ar./ Plnr. Yek Raj Adhikari

 Understanding of Urban Planning as a technical and

Housing & Urban Planning

Others (२०१५- २०३५)

Housing & Urban Planning

Housing & Urban Planning

Urban Planning is orderly development of urban area by the

Housing & Urban Planning

• Urban Designer: Urban designers are more focused on a particular project,

Housing & Urban Planning

Housing & Urban Planning

Housing & Urban Planning

Housing & Urban Planning

Housing & Urban Planning

Housing & Urban Planning

Housing & Urban Planning

• Basic Element of City:

• City Development Generation

Housing & Urban Planning

Abenzer Howard Patric Geddes C.A. Doxiadis

Garden City Concept (3 Geddesian Triad Ekistics Principle

Housing & Urban Planning

Human settlement is a system of natural, social and man made elements

Generations of City Planning

• Resources are depleting, Rapid environmental degradation

• Increasing poverty cluster in cities

• Deficiencies in urban services/ infrastructures:

• w/s =55%, sanitation=81%, only 6 municipality have SLFS, Kathmandu only

• lacking financial resources for proper investment

• Need of urban planning to make city livable

• Weak management , governance, service delivery systems

• Inadequate housing conditions

• Institutional arrangement- duplication of roles & responsibility

• Inadequate professional manpower

• poor maintenance of utility services

• Lack of Public & private participation

• Inadequate resource mobilization at local level

 Balanced regional development, or reduction of intra-country regional

 urbanization is supposed as a proxy for development.

 It is observed with structural shift in employment, and mode of production;

• Town Development Implementation Act 1973

• 1980s Master Plans of Regional growth Centers

• 1988 Structure Plan of designated urban centers

• Town Development Act/ KVDA 1988

• 1990s IAP of designated urban centers

• Since 2005, Periodic plans are preparing based on LSGA

• NPC, 2007: National Regional Strategy

• DUDBC, 2007- National Urban Policy

 integrated and coordinated effort for responding to challenges

 definition of urban center: settlements which fulfills following

 This policy has clearly mentioned the sectoral issues:

 unbalanced urban structure, weak rural urban linkage,

• Proper/ guided Investment

• Paradigm shift to Resilient cities

• Metro City (> 3 lakhs)

Attributes to differentiate urban and