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    Cse 216 - L2

    Uploaded by

    Hasin Eshrak
    The document discusses the evolution of computers from ENIAC to modern microprocessors. It describes how ENIAC was an early electronic computer that was programmed manually using switches. The stored program concept was developed by von Neumann, where programs and data were stored in memory. This led to the first general-purpose computer, the IAS machine. Commercial computers then emerged in the 1950s from companies like IBM, UNIVAC, and DEC. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes, leading to smaller second generation computers. Integrated circuits further miniaturized computers as Moore's Law predicted. Intel launched the first microprocessor in 1971 and continued advancing processor performance through pipelining and parallelism.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Cse 216 - L2

    Uploaded by

    Hasin Eshrak
    14 views38 pages
    The document discusses the evolution of computers from ENIAC to modern microprocessors. It describes how ENIAC was an early electronic computer that was programmed manually using switches. The stored program concept was developed by von Neumann, where programs and data were stored in memory. This led to the first general-purpose computer, the IAS machine. Commercial computers then emerged in the 1950s from companies like IBM, UNIVAC, and DEC. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes, leading to smaller second generation computers. Integrated circuits further miniaturized computers as Moore's Law predicted. Intel launched the first microprocessor in 1971 and continued advancing processor performance through pipelining and parallelism.

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    CSE 216_L2

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    The document discusses the evolution of computers from ENIAC to modern microprocessors. It describes how ENIAC was an early electronic computer that was programmed manually using switches. The stored program concept was developed by von Neumann, where programs and data were stored in memory. This led to the first general-purpose computer, the IAS machine. Commercial computers then emerged in the 1950s from companies like IBM, UNIVAC, and DEC. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes, leading to smaller second generation computers. Integrated circuits further miniaturized computers as Moore's Law predicted. Intel launched the first microprocessor in 1971 and continued advancing processor performance through pipelining and parallelism.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    14 views38 pages

    Cse 216 - L2

    Uploaded by

    Hasin Eshrak
    The document discusses the evolution of computers from ENIAC to modern microprocessors. It describes how ENIAC was an early electronic computer that was programmed manually using switches. The stored program concept was developed by von Neumann, where programs and data were stored in memory. This led to the first general-purpose computer, the IAS machine. Commercial computers then emerged in the 1950s from companies like IBM, UNIVAC, and DEC. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes, leading to smaller second generation computers. Integrated circuits further miniaturized computers as Moore's Law predicted. Intel launched the first microprocessor in 1971 and continued advancing processor performance through pipelining and parallelism.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 38

    Microprocessor

    and
    Computer Evolution
    By

    Lecture 2
    ENIAC - background
    lElectronic Numerical Integrator And Computer
    lDesigned by Eckert and Mauchly
    lUniversity of Pennsylvania
    lMainly used for Trajectory tables for weapons
    lStarted 1943
    lFinished 1946
    • Too late for war effort
    lUsed until 1955
    ENIAC - details
    lDecimal Number Based System (not binary)
    l20 accumulators of 10 digits
    lProgrammed manually by switches
    l18,000 vacuum tubes
    l30 tons
    l15,000 square feet
    l140 kW power consumption
    l5,000 additions per second
    Vacuum tubes
    ENIAC
    von Neumann/Turing
    lStored Program concept
    lMain memory storing programs and data
    lALU operating on binary data
    lControl unit interpreting instructions from memory and executing
    lInput and output equipment operated by control unit
    lPrinceton Institute for Advanced Studies
    • IAS
    lCompleted 1952
    von Neumann

    Von Neumann with the first Institute computer


    Alan Turing
    Structure of von Neumann machine
    IAS - details
    • 1000 x 40 bit words
    • Binary number
    • 2 x 20 bit instructions
    • Set of registers (storage in CPU)
    • Memory Buffer Register: Contains a word to be stored in memory or is used to
    receive a word from memory.
    • Memory Address Register: holds the address of a word that moves to/from
    MBR.
    • Instruction Register: Contains the 8-bit opcode instruction being executed.
    • Instruction Buffer Register: Holds temporarily the right hand instruction from a
    word in memory.
    • Program Counter: Contains address of the next instruction pair to be fetched
    from memory.
    • Accumulator: Holds one of the operands and results of ALU operations.
    • Multiplier Quotient: Hold the least significant 40 bits of multiplying result
    Structure of IAS –
    detail
    Commercial Computers
    l1947 - Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation
    lUNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer)
    lUS Bureau of Census 1950 calculations
    lBecame part of Sperry-Rand Corporation
    lLate 1950s - UNIVAC II
    • Faster
    • More memory
    UNIVAC I

    UNIVAC II
    IBM
    lPunched-card processing equipment
    l1953 - the 701
    • IBM’s first stored program computer
    • Scientific calculations
    l1955 - the 702
    • Business applications
    lLead to 700/7000 series that established IBM as the dominant
    computer manufacturer.
    IBM 701
    Transistors
    lReplaced vacuum tubes
    lSmaller Size
    lCheaper than earlier vacuum tube
    lLess heat dissipation
    lSolid State device
    lMade from Silicon (Sand)
    lInvented 1947 at Bell Labs
    lWilliam Shockley et al.
    Transistor Based Computers
    lSecond generation machines
    • Electronic equipment was discrete components: transistors,
    resistors, capacitors and so on.
    • NCR & RCA produced small transistor machines
    • IBM 7000
    • DEC - 1957
    • Produced PDP-1
    lThe second generation saw the introduction of more
    complex arithmetic and logic units and control units,
    the use of high level programming languages and the
    provision of system software with the computer.
    IBM 7030 (1961)
    Microelectronics & digital computer

    lSmall electronics and consistent trend towards the reduction in size


    of electronic circuits.
    lThe basic elements of digital computer must perform storage,
    movement, processing and control functions.
    lTwo fundamental types of components are required: gates and
    memory cells. By interconnecting large number of fundamental
    devices we get a computer.
    • Data storage: provided by memory cells
    • Data processing: Provided by gates
    • Data movement: The path between components are used to move data form memory to
    memory and from memory through gates to memory
    • Control: The path between carry control signal
    Generations of Computer
    l Vacuum tube - 1946-1957
    l Transistor - 1958-1964
    l Small scale integration - 1965 on
    • Up to 100 devices on a chip
    l Medium scale integration - to 1971
    • 100-3,000 devices on a chip
    l Large scale integration - 1971-1977
    • 3,000 - 100,000 devices on a chip
    l Very large scale integration - 1978 to date
    • 100,000 - 100,000,000 devices on a chip
    l Ultra large scale integration
    • Over 100,000,000 devices on a chip
    Moore’s Law
    • Increased density of components on chip
    • Gordon Moore - cofounder of Intel
    l Number of transistors on a chip will double every year. Since 1970’s
    development has slowed a little
    • Number of transistors doubles every 18 months

    • Consequences of Moore’s law:


    l Cost of a chip has remained almost unchanged
    l Higher packing density means shorter electrical paths, giving higher
    performance
    l Smaller size gives increased flexibility
    l Reduced power and cooling requirements
    l Fewer interconnections increases reliability
    Growth in CPU Transistor Count
    Intel
    • 1971 - 4004
    • First microprocessor
    • All CPU components on a single chip
    • 4 bit
    • Followed in 1972 by 8008
    • 8 bit
    • Both designed for specific applications
    • 1974 - 8080
    • Intel’s first general purpose microprocessor
    Speeding it up
    lPipelining
    lOn board cache
    lOn board L1 & L2 cache
    lBranch prediction
    lData flow analysis
    lSpeculative execution
    Performance Mismatch
    lProcessor speed increased
    lMemory capacity increased
    lMemory speed lags behind processor speed
    Pentium Evolution (1)
    • 8080
    • first general purpose microprocessor
    • 8 bit data path
    • Used in first personal computer – Altair
    • 8086
    • much more powerful
    • 16 bit
    • instruction cache, prefetch few instructions
    • 8088 (8 bit external bus) used in first IBM PC
    • 80286
    • 16 Mbyte memory addressable
    • up from 1Mb
    • 80386
    • 32 bit
    • Support for multitasking
    Pentium Evolution (2)
    • 80486
    • sophisticated powerful cache and instruction pipelining
    • built in maths co-processor
    • Pentium
    • Superscalar
    • Multiple instructions executed in parallel
    • Pentium Pro
    • Increased superscalar organization
    • Aggressive register renaming
    • branch prediction
    • data flow analysis
    • speculative execution
    Pentium Evolution (3)
    • Pentium II
    • MMX technology
    • graphics, video & audio processing
    • Pentium III
    • Additional floating point instructions for 3D graphics
    • Pentium 4
    • Note Arabic rather than Roman numerals
    • Further floating point and multimedia enhancements
    • Itanium
    • 64 bit
    • See Intel web pages for detailed information on processors
    Microprocessors
    • 8085
    • 8086
    • … 186
    • … 286
    • … 386
    • … 486
    • … 586 … P1, P2, P3, P4 … C2D …. Ci7

    29
    INTEL 4004
    INTEL 8008
    INTEL 8080
    INTEL 80286
    INTEL 80386
    INTEL 80486
    Pentium
    More Pentium
    III

    Pro
    IV
    Itanium

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