Mass conservation law

Energy conservation law

Momentum conservation law

1 . Mass Balances ( continuity equation )

Derive of the Continuity Equation (Mass Balances)

𝑑𝑚
m∙ 1 − 𝑚 . 2 = (steady state)
𝑑𝑡

m∙ 1 = 𝑚 . 2 ∴ 𝑚. = 𝜌𝑢𝐴

{𝜌𝑢1𝐴1 = 𝜌𝑢2 𝐴2 = 𝑚. } ÷ 𝜌

𝑚. 𝑚.
𝑢1𝐴1 = 𝑢2 𝐴2 = ∴𝑄=
𝜌 𝜌
Where 𝑄
= (𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒)

𝑄 = 𝑢1𝐴1 = 𝑢2 𝐴2

1
 ‫‪2. Energy conservation law‬‬

‫‪Total Energy‬‬

‫)‪(ET) of unit mass (unit energy/unit mass‬‬

‫𝑝‬ ‫‪𝑢2‬‬
‫) ‪𝐸𝑇 = (𝑒 + + 𝑧𝑔 +‬‬
‫𝜌‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫للثابت ان كل حد في هذا قانون هو بوحدة طاقة‪ /‬وحدة كتلة‬

‫𝑚‪𝑁.‬‬
‫) 𝑔𝑘 ( ‪1. (e) internal energy‬‬

‫𝒑‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪2.‬‬ ‫𝑚‪𝑁/‬‬
‫𝑚‪𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 = 𝑘𝑔/‬‬ ‫𝑚‪𝑁.‬‬
‫𝑔𝑘 = ‪3‬‬
‫𝝆‬

‫𝑚‬ ‫𝑔𝑘‬ ‫𝑚‪𝑁 .‬‬

‫) ‪3. (𝒛𝒈) = 𝒑𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 (𝑚. 𝑠2‬‬ ‫=‬
‫𝑔𝑘‬ ‫𝑔𝑘‬

‫‪𝑢2‬‬
‫‪4 . kinetic energy‬‬ ‫)‪(2‬‬

‫‪𝑚2‬‬ ‫𝑔𝑘‬
‫𝑔𝑘‪= 𝑁. 𝑚/‬‬
‫‪𝑠2‬‬ ‫𝑔𝑘‬

‫مالحظة ‪ :‬هذا االثبات غير‬

‫مطلوب باالشتقاق انما‬
‫الغرض منه الفهم فقط‬

‫‪2‬‬
Derivation of Bernoulli's Equation ( Energy Balances)

𝑑𝐸𝑇 𝑤
𝑚. 𝐸𝑇 1 − 𝑚. 𝐸𝑇 2 + 𝑞 − 𝑤 =
𝑑𝑡
{𝑞 − 𝑤 = 𝑚. 𝐸𝑇2 − 𝐸𝑇1 } ÷ 𝑚.
𝐸𝑇 1 𝐸𝑇 2
𝑄 − 𝑊 = ∆𝐸𝑇
System
𝑝 𝑢2
𝑄 − 𝑊 = ∆ 𝑒 + + 𝑔𝑧 +
𝜌 2
∆𝑝 ∆𝑢2
∆𝑄 − ∆𝑊 = ∆𝑒 + + 𝑔∆𝑧 + 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 ∆→ 0
𝜌 2 q
𝒅𝒑 𝒅𝒖𝟐 𝟏
𝒅𝑸 − 𝒅𝑾 = 𝒅𝒆 + + 𝒅𝒛𝒈 + ∴ 𝒗=
𝝆 𝟐 𝝆
𝒅𝒖𝟐
𝒅𝑸 − 𝒅𝑾 = 𝒅𝒆 + 𝒅(𝒑𝒗) + 𝒅𝒛𝒈 + ∴ 𝒅𝒆 = 𝒅 𝑭 − 𝒑𝒅𝒗 + 𝒒
𝟐
𝟐
𝒅𝑭 − 𝒑𝒅𝒗 + 𝒅𝒒 + (𝒑𝒅𝒗 + 𝒗𝒅𝒑) + 𝒅𝒛𝒈 + 𝒅𝒖𝟐 −𝒅𝒒+𝒅𝒘 =𝟎 … . (𝟏)
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑞. (1)
∆𝑷 ∆𝒖𝟐
𝑭+ + + 𝑾 + 𝒈∆𝒛 = 𝟎 … . (𝟐)
𝝆 𝟐
Bernoulli’s Equation
1. The flow is steady.
2. 𝑤 = 0
3. Flow is frictionless, such that 𝑓 = 0
4. The liquid is incompressible. That is, the density is constant.
∆𝑝 ∆𝑢2
+ + 𝑔∆𝑧 = 0
𝜌 2

𝒑𝟏 𝒖𝟏𝟐 𝒑𝟐 𝒖𝟐𝟐 ← Bernoulli’s

+ + 𝒈𝒛𝟏 = + + 𝒈𝒛2 Equation
𝝆 𝟐 𝝆 𝟐

3
 𝒑𝟏 𝒖𝟏𝟐 𝒑𝟐 𝒖𝟐𝟐
+ + 𝒈𝒛𝟏 = + + 𝒈𝒛𝟐
𝝆 𝟐 𝝆 𝟐

𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒆𝒒 𝟏 ∗ 𝝆
𝝆𝒖𝟏𝟐 𝝆𝒖𝟐𝟐
𝒑𝟏 + + 𝝆𝒈𝒛𝟏 = 𝒑𝟐 + + 𝝆𝒈𝒛2
𝟐 𝟐

𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒆𝒒 (𝟏) ÷ 𝒈

𝒑𝟏 𝒖𝟏𝟐 𝒑𝟐 𝒖𝟐𝟐
+ + 𝒛𝟏 = + + 𝒛𝟐
𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈

𝒑
1. the pressure head ( ) ∶ it represents the height of a
𝝆𝒈
fluid column that produces the static pressure P.

𝒖𝟐
2. the velocity head : it represents the elevation
𝟐𝒈
needed for a fluid to reach the velocity V during
frictionless free fall.

3. Static head 𝒛 ∶ it represents the potential energy of the

fluid.

4
‫‪𝑝1‬‬ ‫‪𝑢2 1‬‬ ‫‪𝑝2‬‬ ‫‪𝑢2 2‬‬
‫‪+ 𝑧1 +‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪+ 𝑧2 +‬‬
‫𝛾‬ ‫𝑔‪2‬‬ ‫𝛾‬ ‫𝑔‪2‬‬
‫𝑚𝑡𝑎𝑝 = ‪∴ 𝑝1‬‬ ‫𝑚𝑡𝑎𝑝 ‪𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∴ 𝑝2 = 𝑝2 +‬‬
‫‪𝑢1 ≈ 0‬‬
‫الن قطر الخزان كبير نسبة الى قطر االنبوب‬

‫𝑚𝑡𝑎𝑝‬ ‫‪𝑢2 1‬‬ ‫𝑚𝑡𝑎𝑝 ‪𝑝2 +‬‬ ‫‪𝑢2 2‬‬

‫‪+ 𝑧1 +‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪+ 𝑧2 +‬‬
‫𝛾‬ ‫𝑔‪2‬‬ ‫𝛾‬ ‫𝑔‪2‬‬

‫‪𝑝1‬‬ ‫‪𝑢2‬‬
‫= ‪𝑧1‬‬ ‫‪+ 𝑧2 +‬‬ ‫𝐻 = ‪∴ 𝑧1‬‬
‫𝛾‬ ‫𝑔‪2‬‬

‫‪𝑝1‬‬ ‫‪𝑢2‬‬
‫=𝐻‬ ‫‪+ 𝑧2 +‬‬
‫𝛾‬ ‫𝑔‪2‬‬

‫‪5‬‬
‫𝑚𝑡𝑎𝑝 ‪𝑃1 = 𝛾 ℎ1 + ℎ2 +‬‬
‫𝑚𝑡𝑝 ‪𝑝2 = 𝛾 ℎ1 + ℎ2 + ℎ3 +‬‬
‫‪∴ 𝑝2 − 𝑝1 = 𝛾 ℎ3‬‬
‫𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑠 ‪𝑧1 = 𝑧2‬‬
‫𝑡𝑛𝑖𝑜𝑝 𝑛𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑠 ‪𝑢2 = 0‬‬

‫‪Quiz‬‬

‫‪𝑝1‬‬ ‫‪𝑢2 1‬‬ ‫‪𝑝2‬‬ ‫‪𝑢2 2‬‬

‫‪+ 𝑧1 +‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪+ 𝑧2 +‬‬
‫𝛾‬ ‫𝑔‪2‬‬ ‫𝛾‬ ‫𝑔‪2‬‬
‫‪𝑝1 𝑢2 1‬‬ ‫‪𝑝2‬‬ ‫‪𝑢2 1‬‬ ‫‪𝑝2 − 𝑝1‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫→‬ ‫=‬
‫𝛾‬ ‫𝑔‪2‬‬ ‫𝛾‬ ‫𝑔‪2‬‬ ‫𝛾‬
‫‪𝑢2 1‬‬ ‫‪𝛾 ℎ3‬‬
‫=‬ ‫تبسيط معادلة )𝑔‪ (× 2‬ونختصر‪𝛾 ,‬‬
‫𝑔‪2‬‬ ‫𝛾‬

‫= ‪∴ 𝑢1‬‬ ‫‪2𝑔 ℎ3‬‬

‫‪6‬‬
Static, Stagnation, Dynamic, and Total Pressure
𝝆𝑽𝟐
𝒑 + + 𝝆𝒈𝒛 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝟐

static pressure (p) (not including any dynamic

effects) It represents the actual thermodynamic
pressure of the fluid.

𝝆𝑽𝟐
dynamic pressure ( 𝟐 ). Its interpretation can be
seen in Figure below by considering the pressure at
the end of a small tube inserted into the flow and
pointing upstream.

the hydrostatic pressure(𝝆𝒈𝒛 ) in obvious regard to

the hydrostatic pressure variation discussed in
Chapter 2.

Note

Be careful of the sign unlike static pressure 𝜌𝑔ℎ

which increases(+) with fluid depth h, the
hydrostatic pressure term 𝜌𝑔𝑧 decreases (-) with
fluid depth.)

7
 It can be a useful explanation of the Bernoulli equation Obtained
through the use of hydraulic row line (𝑯𝑮𝑳) and power line
(𝑬𝑳) concepts. These ideas represent an engineering interpretation
of flow and can often be used effectively for the better
Understand the basic processes involved.

The energy grade line (𝑬𝑳)

The hydraulic grade line (𝑯𝑮𝑳(

‫يمكن أن يكون التفسير المفيد لمعادلة برنولي تم الحصول عليها من خالل‬

‫استخدام مفاهيم خط الصف الهيدروليكي 𝐿𝐺𝐻وخط الطاقة‬
‫تب المعادلة هنا 𝐿اكتمثل هذه األفكار تفسيرًا هندسيًا للتدفق ويمكن‬.(
‫غالبًا استخدامها بشكل فعال لتحسينها فهم العمليات األساسية المعنية‬

8
Application of use Bernoulli equation

1. Free jet

2020 1‫د‬
Quiz

ً‫) دائما‬Free jet (‫مالجظات عن‬

𝑃1 = 𝑃2 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚
)2( ‫الن قطر الخزان كبير نسبة قطر االنبوب‬
∴ 𝒖𝟏 ≈ 𝟎
ℎ 0
𝑝1 2
𝑢 1 𝑝2 𝑢2 2
+ 𝑧1 + = + 𝑧2 +
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔

𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑢2 1 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑢2 2
+ 𝑧1 + = + 𝑧2 +
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔

𝑢2 2
ℎ= 2𝑔
→ 𝒖𝟐 = 𝟐𝒈𝒉 at point (2)

𝒖𝟓 = 𝟐𝒈𝒉 + 𝑯 at point (5)

10
2. Spraying Water into the Air
Water flows from a garden hose (Fig.) The pressure in the
hose upstream of its thumb is 400 kPa. If the hose is lifted
up, what is the maximum height the plane can achieve

(2)

(1)

𝑝1 = 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝑝1
𝑝2 = 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑢1 ≅ 0 ً‫قليلة جدا‬
𝑢2 = 0 ‫اعلى ارتفاع‬
𝑧1 = 0 ‫نقطة مرجع‬
𝑝1 𝑢2 1 𝑝2 𝑢2 2
+ 𝑧1 + = + 𝑧2 +
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔
0
𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝑝1 𝑢2 1 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑢2 2
+ 𝑧1 + = + 𝑧2 +
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔
𝑝1
= 𝑧2
𝛾
𝑧2 = 400 𝑘𝑝𝑎
𝑘𝑁 = 40.8 𝑚
9.81 3
𝑚

11
3. Siphoning Out Gasoline from a Fuel Tank
Gasoline is sucked from the tank. Specify (a) the minimum time
to withdraw 4 liters of petrol from the tank to the canister and (b)
the pressure at point) 3(

(a)
Quiz
𝑝1 = 𝑝2 = 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑢1 ≅ 0 ً‫قليلة جدا‬
𝑧2 = 0 ‫نقطة مرجع‬
𝑧1 = 0.75𝑚
𝑝1 𝑢2 1 𝑝2 𝑢2 2
+ 𝑧1 + = + 𝑧2 +
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔

𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑢2 1 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑢2 2
+ 𝑧1 + = + 𝑧2 +
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔

𝑢2 2 𝒎
z1 = → 𝒖𝟐 = 𝟐𝒈𝒛𝟏 = 𝟐 ∗ 𝟗. 𝟖 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 = 𝟑. 𝟖𝟑
2𝑔 𝒔
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑉 4∗10−3
∴ 𝑄 = 𝐴 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄 = → 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = = 𝜋 2
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝐴𝑢 (0.005 (3.83)
4
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 53.1 𝑠𝑒𝑐

)b) ∴ 𝑢2 = 𝑢3 → ‫نفس االنبوب‬ ∴ 𝑝2 = 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚

𝑝2 𝑢2 2 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚+𝑝3 𝑢2 3 𝑝3
𝛾
+ 𝑧2 +
2𝑔
=
𝛾
+ 𝑧3 +
2𝑔
→ 𝛾 = −𝑧3
𝑝3 = −𝛾𝑧3 = − 750 ∗ 9.8 ∗ 2.75
= −20 𝑘𝑝𝑎
The sign means vacuum pressure

12
Measurement

▪ Orifice
▪ Nozzle
▪ Venturi

‫د‬1 2022

𝑝1 𝑢2 1 𝑝2 𝑢2 2
+ 𝑧1 + = + 𝑧2 + 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔
𝑝1−𝑝2 1 2 2 − 𝑢 2 1 … … … . (1)
= 𝑢
𝛾 2𝑔
𝐴2
∴ 𝑄 = 𝑢1 𝐴1 = 𝑢2𝐴2 → 𝑢1 = 𝑢2 … … … . (2)
𝐴1
2
𝑝1 − 𝑝2 1 𝐴2
= 𝑢2 2 − 𝑢2 2
𝛾 2𝑔 𝐴1

𝑝1 − 𝑝2 𝑢2 2 𝐴2 𝐴2
= 1− . . … × 2𝑔 ÷ 1 −
𝛾 2𝑔 𝐴1 𝐴1
2(𝑝1−𝑝2)
𝑢2 2 = 𝐴2
𝜌 1− 𝐴1

2(𝑝1−𝑝2)
Q= 𝐴2 𝐴2
𝜌 1− 𝐴1

13
 ‫القوانين ومالحظات عن الفصل الثالث‬

‫اوال ً ‪ :‬نسبة (‪ )%98‬من االسئلة نستخدم برنولي‬

‫𝟐𝟏𝒖 𝟏𝒑‬ ‫𝟐𝟐𝒖 𝟐𝒑‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫= 𝟏𝒛 ‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫𝟐𝒛 ‪+‬‬
‫𝜸‬ ‫𝒈𝟐‬ ‫𝜸‬ ‫𝒈𝟐‬

‫ثانياً ‪ :‬اذا كان في سؤال اختالف في مساحة المقطع العرضي او‬

‫يطلب معدل تدفق او حجم او زمن نستفاد من عالقة‬
‫‪𝑄 = 𝑢1𝐴1 = 𝑢2 𝐴2‬‬
‫ثالثاً ‪ :‬اذا سؤال يحتوي على مانوميتر نحسب فرق الضغط او ارتفاع‬
‫معين من خالل موازنة الضغوط في الفصل الثاني‬
‫‪𝑷1 + γ𝒉𝟏 + γ𝒉𝟐 + γ𝒈𝒉𝟑 =p2 ….etc.‬‬

‫رابعاً ‪ :‬عنده تطبيق برنولي بين نقطتين نأخذ احدهما مرجع (‪)z‬‬
‫واالخرى نجد ارتفاعها من سؤال مع االنتباه اذا كان مائل نحلل‬
‫𝟎 = 𝟐𝒛 𝒓𝒐 𝟏𝒛‬ ‫→‬ ‫نقطة مرجع‬
‫𝟎 ≅ 𝟏𝒖‬ ‫→‬ ‫قطر الخزان كبير‬
‫→ 𝟎 = 𝟐𝒖‬ ‫(𝑡𝑛𝑖𝑜𝑝 𝑛𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑠) او اعلى ارتفاع‬
‫→ 𝒎𝒕𝒂𝒑 = 𝟐𝒑 = 𝟏𝒑‬ ‫معرض للجوء ( ‪)Free jet‬‬
‫𝟐𝒖 = 𝟏𝒖‬ ‫→‬ ‫قطر االنبوب متساوي‬

‫خامساً ‪ :‬اذا كان سوال يحتوي على غاز ولم يعطي كثافة او الكاما‬
‫نستخدم ‪:‬‬
‫𝑝‬
‫𝑇𝑅𝑚 = 𝑉𝑃‬ ‫‪or‬‬ ‫=𝜌‬
‫𝑇𝑅‬

‫‪14‬‬
1 Water flows from the faucet on the first floor of the
building shown in Figure below with a maximum velocity
of 20 ft/s. For steady

𝑝1 = 𝑝2 = 𝑃3 = 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 Free jet

𝑣2 = 20𝑓𝑡/𝑠 ‫معطى‬
𝒛𝟑
𝑣1 , 𝑣3 =? ? ‫مطلوب‬
𝑧2 = 0 ‫مرجع‬
𝑧1 = −12 ‫𝟐𝒛 معطى‬
𝑧3 = 12 ‫معطى‬

𝒛𝟏

𝑝1 𝑣21 𝑝2 𝑣 22
+ 𝑧1 + = + 𝑧2 +
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔

𝑣 21 𝑣 22 𝑣 21 202 2
𝑧1 + = → −12 + =
2𝑔 2𝑔 2 32.2 2 32.2

𝑣1 = 34.2 𝑓𝑡/𝑠

𝑝2 𝑣 22 𝑝3 𝑣 23
+ 𝑧2 + = + 𝑧3 +
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔

𝑣23 𝑣22 𝑣23 𝑣22

= − 𝑧3 → = − (12))
2𝑔 2𝑔 2(32.2) 2(32.2)

𝑣3 = −372 No flow from the second floor

15
2 Water flows through the pipe contraction shown in Figure
below. For the given 0.2-m difference in manometer level,
determine the flowrate as a function of the diameter of the small
pipe, D.

𝑃1 = 𝛾ℎ1
𝑝2 = 𝛾ℎ2 Quiz 𝒉𝟏

𝑝1 − 𝑝2 = 𝛾∆ℎ 𝒉𝟐
(𝑝1 − 𝑝2)/ 𝛾 = ∆ℎ = 0.2 (1) (𝟐)

𝑝1 𝑢2 1 𝑝2 𝑢2 2
+ 𝑧1 + = + 𝑧2 + 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔
𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝑝1 − 𝑃2 𝑢2 2
=
𝛾 2𝑔
𝑝1 − 𝑃2
𝑢2 = 2𝑔 = 2 9.8 0.2 = 1.98𝑚/𝑠
𝛾
𝜋 2
𝑄 = 𝐴2 𝑢2 = 1.98 𝐷 = 1.55𝐷2
4
H.W
Water flows through the pipe contraction shown in Figure
below. For the given 0.2-m difference in the manometer level,
determine the flowrate as a function of the diameter of the small
pipe, D.

𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑄 = 0.0155𝑚3 /𝑠

16
3 Water flows steadily through the large tanks shown in
figure below 𝒉𝑨 determine the water depth

2022 1‫د‬

∴ 𝑸𝟐 = 𝑸𝟒
𝑷𝟏 = 𝑷𝟐 = 𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒎
𝑷𝟑 = 𝑷𝟒 = 𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒎
𝒖𝟏 = 𝟎 𝒖𝟑 = 𝟎
𝒛𝟐 = 𝟎 𝒛𝟒 = 𝟎

𝑝3 𝑢2 3 𝑝4 𝑢2 4
+ 𝑧3 + = + 𝑧4 +
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔

𝑢4 = 2𝑔ℎ𝐵 = 2(9.8)(2) = 6.26𝑚/𝑠

𝜋
𝑄4 = 𝐴4 𝑢4 = 6.26 ∗ 0.052 = 0.0122𝑚3 /𝑠
4

𝑄 0.01223
𝑄2 = 𝑄4 → 𝑢2 = = = 17.2𝑚/𝑠
𝐴2 𝜋/4 0.032

𝑝1 𝑢2 1 𝑝2 𝑢2 2
+ 𝑧1 + = + 𝑧2 +
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔

𝑢2 2 17.2 2
𝑍1 = ℎ𝐴 = = = 15.4 𝑚
2𝑔 2(9.8)

17
4
Water flows in a vertical pipe of 0.15-m diameter at a rate of 0.2
m3/s and a pressure of 200 kPa at an elevation of 25 m. Determine
the velocity head and pressure head at elevations of 20 and 55 m.

𝟎. 𝟏𝟓
𝑄 0.2 𝑚 𝑧2 = 55 (2)
𝑣1 = = 𝜋 = 11.3 = 𝑣𝑜 = 𝑣2
𝐴 2 𝑠
4 0.15
𝑣
𝑣2𝑜 11.3 𝑣 22
= = 6.5 𝑚 =
2𝑔 2 9.8 2𝑔 𝑝 = 200
𝑧1 = 25 (1)
𝑝𝑜 𝑣 2 𝑜 𝑝1 𝑣21
+ 𝑧𝑜 + = + 𝑧1 +
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔
𝑧𝑜 = 20 (0)
𝑝𝑜 𝑝1 200
= + 𝑧1 − 𝑧𝑜 → + 25 − 20
𝛾 𝛾 9.8 0.2𝑚3 /𝑠

𝒑𝒐
= 𝟐𝟓. 𝟒 𝐦
𝜸

𝑝2 𝑣 2 2 𝑝1 𝑣 21
+ 𝑧2 + = + 𝑧1 +
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔

𝑝2 𝑝1 200
= + 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 + 20 − 55
𝛾 𝛾 9.8

𝒑𝟐
= −𝟗. 𝟓𝟗 𝒎
𝜸

18
5 Determine the flowrate through the Venturi meter
shown in Figure below if ideal conditions exist

(𝟏) (2)

𝑝1 𝑢2 1 𝑝2 𝑢2 2
+ 𝑧1 + = + 𝑧2 + 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔
𝑝1−𝑝2 1 2 2 − 𝑢 2 1 … … … . (1)
= 𝑢
𝛾 2𝑔
𝐴2
∴ 𝑄 = 𝑢1 𝐴1 = 𝑢2𝐴2 → 𝑢1 = 𝑢2 … … … . (2)
𝐴1
2
𝑝1 − 𝑝2 1 𝐴2
= 𝑢2 2 − 𝑢2 2
𝛾 2𝑔 𝐴1

4
735 − 550 𝑢2 2 19
= 1−
9.1 2(9.8) 31
𝑢2 = 21.5 𝑚/𝑠

𝜋
𝑄 = 𝐴2 𝑢2 = 21.5 ∗ 0.0192 = 0.0061 𝑚3 /𝑠
4
H.W
The Bernoulli equation is expressed in three
different ways as follows

19
6 Water flows through a horizontal branching pipe as
shown in Figure below. Determine the pressure at section
(3). Where 𝜸 = 𝟗. 𝟖𝟎𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟑

𝑄1 = 𝑄2 + 𝑄3
𝑄1 = 𝐴1 𝑢1 = 4 0.1 = 0.4
𝑍1 = 𝑍2 = 𝑍3 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙

𝑝1 𝑢2 1 𝑝2 𝑢2 2
+ 𝑧1 + = + 𝑧2 +
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔

400 42 350 𝑢2 2
+ = +
9.80 2(9.8) 9.80 2(9.8)
𝑢2 = 10.78 𝑚/𝑠
𝑄2 = 𝐴2 𝑢2 = 0.02 10.78 = 0.216
𝑄3 = 𝑄1 − 𝑄2 = 0.184

𝑄 0.184 𝑚
𝑢3 = = = 2.62
𝐴3 0.07 𝑠

𝑝1 𝑢2 1 𝑝3 𝑢2 3
+ 𝑧1 + = + 𝑧3 +
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔

400 42 𝑝3 2.622
+ = +
9.80 2(9.8) 9.80 2(9.8)
𝑝3 = 404.5 𝑘𝑝𝑎

20
7
Water, considered an inviscid, incompressible fluid, flows
steadily as shown in Figure below. Determine 𝒉.

‫مهم‬
𝒍𝟏
(2)

𝑢1 = 0
𝑧1 = 0
(1)
𝑧2 = 3 𝑓𝑡

𝑄 4 2
𝑢1 = =
𝐴1 𝜋/4
1 = 5.09 𝑓𝑡/𝑠 ‫االستمراري‬
‫ة‬
𝑝1 𝑢2 1 𝑝2 𝑢2 2
+ 𝑧1 + = + 𝑧2 + ‫برنولي‬
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔

𝑝1 − 𝑝2 𝑢2 1 𝑝1 − 𝑝2 5.092
= 𝑧2 − → =3−
𝛾 2𝑔 62.4 2(32.2)

𝑝1 − 𝑝2 = 162 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 2

𝑝1 − 𝛾 3) − 𝛾(𝑙1 + 𝛾 ℎ) + 𝛾(𝑙1 = 𝑝2 ‫موازنة ضغط‬

γℎ = 𝛾 3 − (𝑝1 − 𝑝2)

62.4 ℎ = 62.4 3 − 162

ℎ = 0.4 𝑓𝑡

21
8 Oil flows through the system shown in Figure below
with negligible losses. Determine the flowrate

(2)
𝑝1 𝑢2 1 𝑝2 𝑢2 2
+ 𝑧1 + = + 𝑧2 +
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔

𝑝1 − 𝑃2 𝑢2 2 h𝟐
= 5+ ……. 1
𝛾𝑜 2𝑔

(1) h𝟏
5 + ℎ1 = ℎ2 + 0.8
ℎ2 − ℎ1 = 4.2

𝑝1 + 𝛾𝑜 ℎ1 − 𝛾𝑓 0.8 − 𝛾𝑜 ℎ2 = 𝑝2 … … (2)

𝑝1 − 𝑝2 = 𝛾𝑜 ℎ2 − ℎ1 + 𝛾𝑓 0.8
‫مهم‬
𝑝1 − 𝑝2 = 𝛾𝑜 4.2 + 𝛾𝑓 0.8 } ÷ 𝛾𝑜

𝑝1 − 𝑃2
= 4.2 + 0.8 ∗𝑆𝐺 𝑓
𝑆𝐺 𝑜𝑖𝑙
= 6.525 )1( .‫تعوض في م‬
𝛾𝑜
𝑝1−𝑃2 𝑢2 2
− 5=
𝛾𝑜 2𝑔
𝑓𝑡
𝑢2 = 2𝑔 1.525 = 9.91
𝑠
20
𝑄 = 𝐴2 𝑢2 = 9.91 = 1.38 𝑓𝑡 3 /𝑠
144

22
 ‫مصدر‬ An inviscid, incompressible liquid flows steadily from the
large pressurized tank shown in Fig. The velocity at the exit is 40
ft/s. Determine the specific gravity of the liquid in the tank.

𝒑𝟏 𝒖𝟐 𝟏 𝒑𝟐 𝒖𝟐 𝟐
+ 𝒛𝟏 + = + 𝒛𝟐 +
𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈
(𝟏)
𝑍2 = 0 ; 𝑍1 = 10 + 5
𝑢1 = 0 ; 𝑝2 = 0
𝑙𝑏
𝑝1 = 10 𝑝𝑖𝑠 = 1440
𝑓𝑡
𝒑𝟏 𝒖𝟐 𝟐
+ 𝒛𝟏 = (𝟐)
𝜸 𝟐𝒈
𝟏𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝟒𝟎𝟐 𝒍𝒃
+ 𝟏𝟓 = → 𝜸 = 𝟏𝟒𝟔. 𝟑
𝜸 𝟐 𝟑𝟐. 𝟐 𝒇𝒕𝟑 ‫مهم‬
𝟏𝟒𝟔.𝟑
𝑺𝑮 = = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟒
𝟔𝟐.𝟒

‫ مصدر‬Water flowing from the 0.75-in.-diameter outlet shown in Fig.

rises 2.8 in. above the outlet. Deter- mine the flowrate.

𝒑𝟏 = 𝒑𝟐 = 𝒑𝒂𝒕𝒎 𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝒋𝒆𝒕

𝒛𝟏 = 𝟎 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟐. 𝟖 𝒊𝒏
𝒖𝟐 = 𝟎
𝒑𝟏 𝒖𝟐 𝟏 𝒑𝟐 𝒖𝟐 𝟐
+ 𝒛𝟏 + = + 𝒛𝟐 +
𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈
𝟐
𝒖 𝟏
= 𝒛𝟐 → 𝒖𝟏 = 𝟐𝒈 𝒛𝟐
𝟐𝒈
𝟐. 𝟖
𝒖𝟏 = 𝟐 𝟑𝟐. 𝟐 = 𝟑. 𝟖𝟖 𝒇𝒕/𝒔
𝟏𝟐
𝟐
𝝅 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓
𝑸 = 𝑨 𝒖𝟏 = 𝟑. 𝟖𝟖 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟗 𝒇𝒕𝟑 /𝒔
𝟒 𝟏𝟐

23
‫مصدر‬ Small-diameter, high-pressure liquid jets can be used to cut
various materials as shown in Fig. viscous effects are negligible,
estimate the pressure needed to produce a 0.10-mm-diameter
water jet with a speed of 𝟕𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔. Determine the flowrate.

𝒑𝟏 𝒖𝟐 𝟏 𝒑𝟐 𝒖𝟐 𝟐
+ 𝒛𝟏 + = + 𝒛𝟐 +
𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈

𝒑𝟏 𝒖𝟐 𝟐 𝜸𝒖𝟐 𝟐 𝝆𝒖𝟐 𝟐
= ∴ 𝒑𝟏 = = = 𝟐𝟒𝟓𝑴𝒑𝒂
𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝟐𝒈 𝟐
𝑸 = 𝒖𝟐 𝑨𝟐 = 𝟕𝟎𝟎 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟐 = 𝟓𝟓𝟎 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔

Quiz A fluid with a specific weight of 100 lb/ft³ and negligible

viscous effects flows in the pipe shown in Fig. The pressures at
points (1) and (2) are 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒃/𝒇𝒕𝟐 and 𝟗𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒃/𝒇𝒕², respectively. The
velocities at points (1) and (2) are equal. Is the fluid accelerating
uphill, downhill, or not accelerating? Explain.

𝒑𝟏 𝒖𝟐 𝟏 𝒑𝟐 𝒖𝟐 𝟐
+ 𝒛𝟏 + = + 𝒛𝟐 +
𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈
∴ 𝒖𝟏 = 𝒖𝟐
𝒛𝟐 = 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝟎°
𝒑𝟏 𝒖𝟐 𝟏 𝒑𝟐
+ 𝒛𝟏 + =
𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸
𝟏𝟎𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝟎°

𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝟗𝟎𝟎
+ 𝟏𝟎𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝟎 =
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑳. 𝑯. 𝑺 = 𝑹. 𝑯. 𝑺 = 𝟗

𝑺𝒐 𝒂 𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒔 𝒂𝒕 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒕

24
‫مصدر‬ Water flows through the pipe contraction shown in
Fig. P3.31. For the given 0.2-m difference in the
manometer level, determine the flowrate as a function of
the diameter of the small pipe, D.

𝑷𝟏 = 𝜸𝒉𝟏 + 𝒑𝒂𝒕𝒎
𝒑𝟐 = 𝜸𝒉𝟐 + 𝒑𝒂𝒕𝒎 𝒉𝟏
𝒑𝟏 − 𝒑𝟐 = 𝜸∆𝒉 𝒉𝟐
(𝒑𝟏 − 𝒑𝟐)/𝜸 = ∆𝒉 = 𝟎. 𝟐
𝒛𝟏 = 𝒛𝟐 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒆 𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒍

𝒑𝟏 𝒖𝟐 𝟏 𝒑𝟐 𝒖𝟐 𝟐
+ 𝒛𝟏 + = + 𝒛𝟐 +
𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈

𝑝1 − 𝑝2 𝑢2 2 − 𝑢2 1 0.2𝛾 𝑢2 2 − 𝑢2 1
= → = ….. 1
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔
𝑨𝟐
∴ 𝑸 = 𝒖𝟏 𝑨𝟏 = 𝒖𝟐𝑨𝟐 → 𝒖𝟏 = 𝒖𝟐 … … … . (𝟐)
𝑨𝟏

𝑨𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒖𝟐 𝟐− 𝒖 𝟐 𝒖𝟐 𝟐 𝑨𝟐 𝟐
𝟎. 𝟐 = 𝑨𝟏
→ 𝟎. 𝟐 = (𝟏 − )
𝟐𝒈 𝟐𝒈 𝑨𝟏

𝟐𝒈 𝟎. 𝟐
𝒖𝟏 =
𝑫𝟒
𝟏−
𝟎. 𝟏𝟒
𝝅 𝟐(𝟗.𝟖) 𝟎.𝟐
𝑸 = 𝑨𝟏 𝒖𝟏 = ( 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐 )( 𝑫𝟒
)
𝟒 𝟏− 𝟒
𝟎.𝟏

𝝅 𝟑. 𝟗𝟑
𝑸= ( )
𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝑫𝟒
𝟏−
𝟎. 𝟏𝟒

25
‫مصدر‬ Streams of water from two tanks impinge upon each
other as shown in Fig. If viscous effects are negligible. and
point A is a stagnation point, determine the height h.

(𝟏)
𝑢1 = 0 ;
𝑢𝐴 = 0 ;
𝑢2 = 0
𝑙𝑏
𝑃2 = 25 144
𝑓𝑡 2
𝑝1 = 0 ;
𝑃𝐴 = ?
ℎ =? ?
(𝟐)

𝒑𝟐 𝒖𝟐 𝟐 𝒑𝑨 𝒖𝟐 𝑨
+ 𝒁𝟐 + = + 𝒁𝑨 +
𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈
𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝑷𝑨 𝒍𝒃
+ 𝟖 = + 𝟐𝟎 → 𝑷𝑨 = 𝟐𝟖𝟓𝟏. 𝟐 𝟐
𝟔𝟐. 𝟒 𝟔𝟐. 𝟒 𝒇𝒕

𝒑𝟏 𝒖𝟐 𝟏 𝒑𝑨 𝒖𝟐 𝑨
+ 𝒁𝟏 + = + 𝒁𝑨 +
𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈
𝑷𝑨
(𝟐𝟎 + 𝒉) = + (𝟐𝟎)
𝜸
𝑷𝑨 𝟐𝟖𝟓𝟏. 𝟐
𝒉= =
𝜸 𝟔𝟐. 𝟒
𝒉 = 𝟒𝟓. 𝟔 𝒇𝒕

26
‫ مصدر‬Water flows steadily with negligible viscous effects
through the pipe shown in Fig.. Determine the diameter, D,
of the pipe at the outlet (a free jet) if the velocity there is
𝟐𝟎 𝒇𝒕 /𝒔

(𝟐)
𝟐 𝟐
𝒑𝟏 𝒖 𝟏 𝒑𝟐 𝒖 𝟐
+ 𝒛𝟏 + = + 𝒛𝟐 +
𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈

𝜸 𝟏𝟓 + 𝒑𝒂𝒕𝒎 𝒖𝟐 𝟏 𝒑𝒂𝒕𝒎 𝟐𝟎𝟐 (𝟏)

+ = + 𝟏𝟎 +
𝜸 𝟐 𝟑𝟐. 𝟐 𝜸 𝟐 𝟑𝟐. 𝟐
𝒇𝒕
𝒖𝟏 = 𝟖. 𝟖𝟑
𝒔
𝑸 = 𝑨𝟏 𝒖𝟏 = 𝑨𝟐 𝒖𝟐
𝟐
𝝅 𝟏. 𝟓 𝝅 𝟐
𝟖. 𝟖𝟑 = 𝑫 (𝟐𝟎)
𝟒 𝟏𝟐 𝟒
𝑫𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟑 𝒇𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟕 𝒊𝒏

H.W The vent on the tank shown in Fig. closed and the tank
pressurized to increase the flowrate. What pressure, is needed to
produce twice the flowrate of that when the vent is open

𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑝1 = 13 𝑝𝑠𝑖

34
‫ مصدر‬A large open tank contains a layer of oil floating on water
as shown in Fig. The flow is steady and inviscid. (a) Determine the
height, h, to which the water will rise. (b) Determine the water
velocity in the pipe. (c) Determine the pressure in the horizont pipe

𝒛𝟏 = 𝟎 ; 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒉 ; 𝒛𝟒 = −𝟏 (2)
𝒖𝟏 = 𝟎 ; 𝒖𝟐 = 𝟎 ;
𝒑𝟐 = 𝒑𝒂𝒕𝒎
(1)
𝒑𝟏 = 𝒑𝒕𝒎 + 𝜸𝒐 𝟒 (3)
𝒑𝟏 𝒖𝟐 𝟏 𝒑𝟐 𝒖𝟐 𝟐 (4)
+ 𝒛𝟏 + = + 𝒛𝟐 +
𝜸𝒘 𝟐𝒈 𝜸𝒘 𝟐𝒈
𝒑𝒂𝒕𝒎 + 𝜸𝒐 (𝟒) 𝒑𝒂𝒕𝒎
= +𝒉
𝜸𝒘 𝜸𝒘
𝒉 = 𝟒 𝑺𝑮 𝒐𝒊𝒍 = 𝟒 𝟎. 𝟕 = 𝟐. 𝟖 𝒎

𝒎
∴ 𝒖𝟑 = 𝟐𝒈 𝒉 = 𝟐 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝟐. 𝟖 = 𝟕. 𝟒
𝒔
𝑨𝟑 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐
𝒖𝟑 𝑨𝟑 = 𝒖𝟒𝑨𝟒 → 𝒖𝟒 = 𝒖𝟑 = 𝟕. 𝟒 =
𝑨𝟒 𝟎. 𝟐𝟐
𝒎
𝒖𝟒 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟓
𝒔

𝒑𝟒 𝒖𝟐 𝟒 𝒑𝟐 𝒖𝟐 𝟐
+ 𝒛𝟒 + = + 𝒛𝟐 +
𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈
𝒑𝟒 + 𝒑𝒂𝒕𝒎 𝟏. 𝟖𝟓𝟐 𝒑𝒂𝒕𝒎
+ −𝟏 + = + 𝟐. 𝟖
𝟗𝟖𝟏𝟎 𝟐 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝟗𝟖𝟏𝟎
𝒑𝟒 = 𝟑𝟓. 𝟓 𝒌𝒑𝒂

35
‫مصدر‬
Oil of specific gravity 0.83 flows in the pipe shown
in Fig. If viscous effects are neglected, what is the
flowrate

𝑝1 𝑢2 1 𝑝2 𝑢2 2
+ 𝑧1 + = + 𝑧2 +
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔

𝑝1 − 𝑃2 𝑢2 2
= ……. 1
𝛾𝑜 2𝑔
𝒉 𝒉
(𝟏) (𝟐)

𝟒 𝟒
𝒑𝟏 − 𝜸𝒐𝒉 − 𝜸𝒘 + 𝜸𝒐 + 𝜸𝒐𝒉 = 𝒑𝟐
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐
𝟏
𝒑𝟏 − 𝒑𝟐 = 𝜸𝐰 − 𝜸𝒐 ……… 𝟐 × 𝜸𝒐
𝟑

𝒑𝟏 − 𝑷𝟐 𝟏 𝜸𝐰
= − 𝟏 … … . . (𝟐)
𝜸𝒐 𝟑 𝜸𝒐

𝒖𝟐 𝟐 𝜸𝒘 𝟏
= −
𝟐𝒈 𝟑𝜸𝒐 𝟑

𝜸𝒘 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒖𝟐 = 𝟐𝒈 − = 𝟐 𝟑𝟐. 𝟐 −
𝟑𝜸𝒐 𝟑 𝟑 𝟎. 𝟖𝟑 𝟑
= 𝟐. 𝟏 𝒇𝒕/𝒔
𝟐
𝝅 𝟒 𝒇𝒕𝟑
𝑸 = 𝑨𝟐 𝒖𝟐 = ∗ 𝟐. 𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖𝟑
𝟒 𝟏𝟐 𝒔

27
‫مصدر‬
Determine the manometer reading, h, for the
flow shown in Fig

𝑝1 = 𝛾ℎ
𝑝2 = 𝛾 0.37
𝑢1 = 0
𝑢2 = 0 (𝟏) (𝟐)

𝑍1 = 𝑍2 = 0
𝑝1 𝑢2 1 𝑝2 𝑢2 2
+ 𝑧1 + = + 𝑧2 +
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔

𝑝1 𝑝2 𝛾 ℎ 𝛾 (0.37)
= → = ℎ = 0.37 𝑚
𝛾 𝛾 𝛾 𝛾

H.W Determine the flowrate through the pipe in Fig.

2020 1‫د‬

𝑚3
𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑄 = 0.011
𝑆

28
‫مصدر‬ Kerosene flows through the Venturi meter shown in
Fig. with flowrates between 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔 Determine
the range in pressure difference, needed to measure these
flowrates

𝑝1 𝑢2 1 𝑝2 𝑢2 2
+ 𝑧1 + = + 𝑧2 +
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔

𝑝1 − 𝑝2 𝑢2 1 𝑢2 2
+ =
𝛾 2𝑔 2𝑔
𝑨𝟐
∴ 𝑸 = 𝒖𝟏 𝑨𝟏 = 𝒖𝟐𝑨𝟐 → 𝒖𝟏 = 𝒖𝟐
𝑨𝟏
𝟐
𝒑𝟏 − 𝒑𝟐 𝒖𝟐 𝟐 𝑨𝟐
= 𝟏− ….… × 𝜸
𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝑨𝟏
𝑸
∴ 𝒖𝟐 =
𝑨𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝝆 𝑸 𝑨𝟐
𝒑𝟏 − 𝒑𝟐 = 𝟏−
𝟐 𝑨𝟐 𝑨𝟏
𝟐
𝝆 𝑸 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟒
𝒑𝟏 − 𝒑𝟐 = 𝝅ൗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟐 𝟏−
𝟐 𝟒 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒
𝒎𝟑
flowrates between 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓
𝒔
range in pressure difference 𝟏. 𝟏𝟔 𝒕𝒐 𝟏𝟏𝟔 𝑲𝑷𝒂

29
‫مصدر‬ Water flows through a pipe reducer as is shown in
Fig. The static pressures at (1)and (2) are measured by the
inverted U-tube manometer containing oil of specific
gravity, SG, less than one. Determine the manometer
reading, h.

𝒑𝟏 𝒖𝟐 𝟏 𝒑𝟐 𝒖𝟐 𝟐
+ 𝒛𝟏 + = + 𝒛𝟐 +
𝜸𝒘 𝟐𝒈 𝜸𝒘 𝟐𝒈
𝟐 𝟐
𝒑𝟏 − 𝒑𝟐 𝒖 𝟐 𝑨𝟐
= 𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏 + 𝟏−
𝜸𝒘 𝟐𝒈 𝑨𝟏
𝒖𝟐 𝟐𝝆𝒘 𝑨𝟐 𝟐
𝑷𝟏 − 𝑷𝟐 = 𝜸𝒘 𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏 + 𝟏− …..(1)
𝟐 𝑨𝟏
𝒑𝟏 − 𝜸𝒘 𝒛𝟐 − 𝟐𝟏 − 𝜸𝒘 𝒍 − 𝜸𝒘 𝒉 + 𝜸𝒐 𝒉 + 𝜸𝐰 𝒍 = 𝒑𝟐
𝒑𝟏 − 𝒑𝟐 = 𝜸𝒘 𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏 + 𝒉 𝜸𝒘 − 𝜸𝟎 … … . (𝟐)
𝟐
𝒖𝟐 𝟐𝝆𝒘 𝑨𝟐
𝜸𝒘 𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏 + 𝟏− = 𝜸𝒘 𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏 + 𝒉 𝜸𝒘 − 𝜸𝟎
𝟐 𝑨𝟏
𝟐
𝒖𝟐 𝟐𝜸𝒘 𝑨𝟐
𝟏− = 𝒉 𝜸𝒘 − 𝜸𝟎 … .÷ 𝜸𝒘
𝟐𝒈 𝑨𝟏
𝑸
𝒖𝟐 =
𝑨𝟐

𝑸 𝟐 𝟐
𝑨𝟐 𝑨𝟐
𝟏−
𝟐𝒈 𝑨𝟏
𝒉=
𝟏 − 𝑺𝑮

30
Quiz Air at 105 kPa and 37°C flows upward through a 6-cm-
diameter inclined duct at a rate of 65 L/s. The duct diameter is then
reduced to 4 cm through a reducer. The pressure change across
the reducer is measured by a water manometer. The elevation
difference between the two points on the pipe where the two arms
of the manometer are attached is 0.20 m. Determine the differential
height between the fluid levels of the two arms of the manometer.

𝐿
𝑄 = 65 = 0.065 𝑚3
𝑆 (𝟐)
0.065 𝑚
𝑢1 = 𝜋 = 22.9 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎
0.062 𝑠 (𝟏)
4
0.065 𝑚
𝑢2 = 𝜋 = 51.7
0.042 𝑠
4
𝑝1 𝑢2 1 𝑝2 𝑢2 2
+ 𝑧1 + = + 𝑧2 +
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔
𝑝1 − 𝑝2 𝑢2 2 − 𝑢2 1
= (0.20) +
𝛾 2𝑔
𝑢2 2 − 𝑢2 1
𝑝1 − 𝑝2 = 0.20 𝛾𝑎 + 𝜌𝑎 … 1
2
𝑃 105 𝑘𝑔
𝜌𝑎 = = = 1.196 3
𝑅𝑇 0.283 (310) 𝑚
51.72 2 − 22.92 1
𝑝1 − 𝑝2 = 0.20 1.19 ∗ 9.8 + 1.19
2
𝑝1 − 𝑝2 = 1287.1 𝑝𝑎
𝑝1 − 𝛾𝑤 ℎ = 𝑝2 ∴ 𝑝1 − 𝑝2 = 𝛾𝑤 ℎ … 2 ‫موازنه‬

𝑝1 − 𝑝2 1287.1
ℎ= = = 0.13 𝑚
𝛾𝑤 9810

33
 H.W What pressure, is needed to produce a
flowrate of 0.09 from the tank shown in Fig.

𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑝1 = 5.18 𝑝𝑠𝑖

H.W The specific gravity of the manometer fluid shown

in Fig. P3.67 is 1.07. Determine the volume flowrate, Q, if the
flow is inviscid and incompressible and the flowing fluid is
(a) water ?
𝑚3
𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑄 = 1.06 × 10−3
𝑠

34
Momentum conservation law

𝑀𝐿
𝑀𝑂 = 𝑚 × 𝑢 =
𝑇

𝑀𝐿
𝑀𝐿
𝐹 =𝑚×𝑎 = 2 = 𝑇
𝑇 𝑇
𝐹
∴ 𝑀𝑂 = (steady state
𝑇
𝑀𝑂 = 𝐹
σ 𝐹𝑋=0
𝑑𝑀𝑂
𝑃1𝐴 − 𝑃2𝐴 − 𝜏 𝑊 𝜋𝐷𝐿 =
𝑑𝑡
2022 1‫د‬
𝜋
∆𝑝 𝐷 = 𝜏 𝑊 𝜋𝐷𝐿
4
∆𝑝 4𝜏𝑤
=
𝐿 𝐷

35