Full Book TPSP

Sequence of spinning machinery
for producing carded, combed

and blended yarns in short staple
and long staple spinning system;
yarn numbering systems- direct,
indirect and conversions; 40
influence of characteristics of
raw material – fibre fineness,
length, strength, elongation,
stiffness, fibre friction,
cleanliness on spinning
performance; spinnability
INTRODUCTION TO
SPINNING
UNIT - 1
SYAM SUNDAR S B.TECH.,AP/TT

SSM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,KOMARAPALAYAM.
DEPARTMENT OF TEXTILE TECHNOLOGY .
TT8352 Technology of Pre Spinning Process
UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO SPINNING
OBJECTIVES:
 To expose the students to the students to the numbering system used to specify
textile yarns
 To enable the students to understand the processes involved in the production of
yarn from fibres.
 To enable the students to understand the machinery used for the production of yarns
using short staple spinning system.
SEQUENCE OF SPINNING MACHINES:

In short staple fibre spinning three types of spinning system are available in
awide range.In the ring spinning carded and combed yarns are produced
according to the requirement of yarn quality ,price as well as time consumption.
Carded yarns are highly used for the medium quality and average count, used
for all kinds of fabrics.
Flow chart for Carded Yarn Manufacturing Process:
Fibre Blow room Lap
Lap Carding Card Sliver
Card sliver 1st Drawing Frame Drawn Sliver
Drawn Sliver 2nd Drawing Frame Drawn Sliver
Drawn Sliver Simplex Roving
Roving Ring Frame Yarn
Prepared By Syam Sundar.S B.Tech.,AP/TT Page 1

Winding
Reeling
Bundling
Bailing
Comb yarn is very much high quality yarns in comparison with card yarn cause
of here more short fiber and naps as well as impurities are removed through the
combing action. Superior quality yarns can produce in using combing machine
to sequence. In cotton count, higher the number finer the yarns will be. Combed
yarns have high count number with best quality in using fabric making.
Flow Chart for Combed Yarn Manufacturing process:
Fiber Blow Room Lap
Lap Carding Card Sliver
Card Sliver Pre-Comb Draw frame sliver (pre-drawing)
Sliver Lap Former Lap
Lap Comber Comb Sliver

Comb Sliver Post –Comb Drawing frame Drawn sliver

(post-drawing)
Drawn sliver Simplex Roving
Roving Ring Frame Yarn
Winding
Reeling
Bundling
Bailing
For the high quality of fabric making combed yarns are frequently used as to
make luxurious garments. Comfort as well as handling appeal is much higher in
the case of garments of combed yarns.
Count is a numerical value, which express the coarseness or fineness (diameter)
of the yarn and also indicate the relationship between length and weight(the
mass per unit length or the length per unit mass)of that yarn. Therefore, the
concept of yarn count has been introduced which specifies a certain ratio of
length to weight.
The fineness of the yarn is usually expressed in terms of its linear density or
count. There are a number of systems and units for expressing yarn fineness.
But they are classified as follows .

Types of Yarn Count:
1. Direct Count System

2. Indirect Count System
1. Direct Count System:
The weight of a fixed length of yarn is determined. The weight per unit length is
the yarn count! The common features of aII direct count systems are the length
of yarn is fixed and the weight of yarn varies according to its fineness.
The following formula is used to calculate the yarn count:
N= (W×l) / L
Where,
N =Yarn count or numbering system
W =Weight of the sample at the official regain in the unit of the system
L=Length of the sample
l=Unit of length of the sample
In brief, definition of the above Systems is as follows:

1. Tex system ..........................NO. of grams per 1000 meters
2. Denier .................................No. of Grams per 9000 meters
3. Deci Tex ..............................No. of grams per 10,000 metres

4. Millitex ................................No. of milligrams per 1000 metres

5. Kilotex............................... .No. of kilograms per 1000 metres.
6. Jute count........................No. of lb per 14,400 yds
The Tex of a yarn indicates the weight in grammes of 1000 metres yarn. So that
40Tex means 1000 meters of yarn weigh 40gm.
From above discussion it is concluded that, higher the yarn number(count)

coarser the yarn and lower the number finer the yarn.
2. Indirect Count System:

The length of a fixed weight of yarn is measured. The length per unit weight is
the yarn count. The common features of all indirect count systems are the
weight of yarn is fixed and the Length of yarn varies according to its fineness.
The following formula is used to calculate they are count:

N = (L×w) / W×l
Where,
N =Yarn count or numbering system
W =Weight of the sample at the official regain in the unit of the system
L=Length of the sample
l=Unit of length of the sample
w = Unit of weight of the sample.
1. Ne: No of 840 yards yarn weighing in One pound
2. Nm: No of one kilometer yarn weighing in One Kilogram

The Ne indicate show many hanks of 840 yards length weigh one English
pound. So that 32 Ne Means 32 hanks of 840yards i.e.32x840 yards length
weigh one pound.
For the determination of the count of yarn, it is necessary to determine the

weight of a known length of the yarn. For taking out known lengths of yarns, a
wrap-reel is used. The length of yarn reeled off depends upon the count system
used. One of the most important requirements for a spinner is to maintain the
average count and count variation within control.
Yarn Count Variation:

The term count variation is generally used to express variation in the weight of a
lea and this is expressed as C.V.%. The number of samples and the length being
considered for count checking affects this. While assessing count variation, it is
very important to test adequate number of leas. After reeling the appropriate
length of yarn, the yarn is conditioned in the standard atmosphere for testing
before it's weight is determined.
Influence of characteristics of raw material:

1. Fibre length & length uniformity.
2. Fibre strength & elongation.
3. Fibre fineness.
4. Fibre maturity.
5. Fibre cleanliness.
6. Fibre color
7. Fibre stiffness.’
8. Fibre friction.
9. Cleanliness.
10. Spinnability.
Share (%) of contribution to yarn quality:

Fibre properties Contribution (%)
For Ring Yarn For Rotor Yarn
1. Fibre length 22% 12%
2. Fibre uniformity 20% 17%
3. Fibre strength 20% 24%
4. Fibre elongation 05% 08%
5. Fibre fineness 15% 14%
6. Fibre cleanliness 03% 06%
7. Others 15% 19%
Fibre length : the average length of spun able fibre is called staple length. Fibre
with length of 15-50mm is preferable for yarn manufacturing.
Influences of fiber length in yarn production & quality:

Productivity :
 Long fibre increase productivity & quality.
 Higher amount of short influence fiber End breakage, Increase quantity of
waste , Increase production & quality.
1. Yarn Strength: Short fibre reduces yarn strength.
2. Yarn Evenness: Short fiber causes yarn unevenness.
3. Yarn Hairiness: Short fiber causes yarn hairiness.
Beside, fiber length has influence on-
 Spinning limit.
 Handle of the product.
 Luster of the product.

Classification of fibre according to length:
Fibre Length
1. Short table 1”or less
2.Medium stable 1.031” to 1.125”
3.Long staple 1.156” to 1.375”
4.Extra long staple 1.406” to above
Classification of fibre according to span length:
fibre type 2.5% span length(mm)

Extra long staple 33.0 mm & above
Long staple 29.5 mm to 32.5 mm
Medium staple 25.0 mm to 29.0 mm
Short staple (A-type) 20.5 mm to 24.5 mm
Short staple(B-type) 20.0 mm &above
Fibre strength:
Fibre strength is very often the dominating characteristic. Maximum strength
for a fiber is approximately 60 CN/Tex. Normally the breaking strength of
cotton is 15-40 CN/Tex.
Very weak cotton fibers are to be avoided because cotton will rupture during
processing both in the blow room and carding causes creation of short fibres &
deformation in yarn strength & uniformty.
Expect for polyester, fibre strength depends on moister content for linen, cotton
etc. fibre strength increases with increasing moisture content, while the reveres
happen in case of nylon, viscose etc fibres.
1.Polyester =35-60 CN/Tex.
2. Cotton = 15-40 CN/Tex.
3.Wool=12-18 CN/Tex.
Fibre strength Measuring:
Fibre strength is as the Presseley index(P.I)

Mathematically, the presseley Index(P.I) = (Breaking load in lb/Bundle weight
in mg)
The following scale is used for classifying fibre strength.
Pressley index Strength

Bellow 70 Weak
70-74 Fairly strong
75-80 Medium strong
81-86 Strong
87-92 Very strong
93 & above Excellent value
Fibre fineness:
Fineness is another important characteristic of fibre. The fineness determines
how many fibres are presented in the cross section of a yarn of a given
thickness.
Minimum 30 fibres are need at the yarn X-section, but there are usually over
100. Nowadays this is the minimum value.
Fibre fineness primarily in fluencies
 Spinning imit.
 Luster
 Yarn evennesss.
 Handle
 Yarn fullness.
 Productivity.
Measuring unit: micronaire value (mic.value)
Micronaire value=(weight in 𝜇 gm/ Length in inch)
5𝜇 gm = coarser.
3𝜇 gm = Fine.
2𝜇 gm = Finer.
Higher mic value mears coarse fiber

The micronaire value of the fibre should nearly same in singlr lot.
The fineness scale is as below:
Micronaire value Fineness
Below 3 Very fine
3.1-.39 Fine
4.0-4.9 Average medium
5.0-5.9 Coarse
6.0 & above Very coarse
Fibre maturity:
The cotton fibre consists of cell wall & lumen. Fibre is t be considered as ripe
when the cell wall of the moisture swollen fibre represents 50-80% of the round
X- section as unripe when it represent 30-45% & as dead when it represents less
than 25%.
Immature fibre causes,
1.loss of yarn strength.
2. Neppiness.
3. A high proportion of short fibre.
4.Varying dye ability.
5.Processsing difficulties mainly during carding.
Fibre stiffness:
Fibre stiffness plays a significant role mainly during rolling ,revolving &
twisting movements. A stiff fibre cannot properly bound into the yarn,as a result
it causes hairiness.
Fibre those are not stiff enough cannot maintain its shape after deformation. In
most of the cases this reason leads to formation of neps.the “slenderness ratio”
can serve as a measure of stiffness.
Slenderness ratio= (Fibre length/ Fibre diameter)
So when slenderness ratio is high,then the stiffness is low.

Fibre elongation:
Textile fibre should have atleast 1-2% elongation characteristics and
preferably slightly more. They must be able to deform in order to width stand
high loading but it also have to return to its original shape.
Cotton & fibre have 6%-10% & 25%-45% elongation characteristics
respectively. For normal textile goods higher elongation property is neither
necessary nor desirable. they make the processing in the spinning mill more
difficult especially during “Drawing Operation”.
Different types of fibre elongation:
1.Permanent Elongation.
2. Elastic Elongation.
1.Permanent Elongation:
That part of the extension through which, the fibre does not return on its
original position.
2.Elastic Elongation:
That part of the extension through which, the fibre returns to its previous
potition.
3.Breaking Elongation:
The maximum possible extension of the fibre until it breaks.
i.e the permanent elongation & elastic elongation together.
Importance of fibre elongation:
During different stages of fibre & fabric processing forces are applied. If no
elongation property is available ,the fabric or fibre will break. No recovery will
be possible if the fibre does not have elongation property.

Fibre cleanliness:
Trash(%) Fibre quantity

Upto 1.2% Very clean
1.2%-2.0% Clean
2.0%-4.0% Medium clean
4.0%-7.0% Dirty
7.0% above Very dirty
Problem due to unclean fibre:

1.Metal pats cut the fibres and harmful to spinning machine.
2. Vegetable matters make disturbance in drafting.
3. Vegetable matters jam the carding pin.
4.Mineral matters decay the rolling parts of machine.
Color of fibre: Color gives an indication of the fibres ability to accept dyes in
manufacturing process.
Generally the color of cotton fibres is,
 Extra white.
 White.
 Spotted.
 Tinged.
 Yellow stained.
The color of cotton is determined by the degree of reflectance(R d) &
yellowness(+b) in the HVI .Reflectance indicates how bright or dull a sample is,
and yellowness indicates the degree of color pigmentation.
A three digit color code is used. The color code is determined by locating the
point at which the Rd & +b values intersect on the “Nickerson-hunter” cotton
colorimeter diagram.

Friction: force that opposes the relative motion or tendency toward such motion
of two surfaces in contact is called friction. It is not a fundamental force, as it is
made up of electromagnetic forces between atoms.
EFFECTS OF FIBRE FRICTION ON FIBRE:
Fibre friction can lead to damage of fibre surface.
It weakens the fibre,even causes breakage of fibres.
Types of firiction:
There are two types of frictions.
Static friction:
It is the force that must be overcome to begin sliding of two objects or fibres
in contact. It is independent of area of contact.
Kinetic or dynamic friction:
It is the force that must be overcome to continue sliding. It is independent of
sliding speed, however in case of some semi crystalline polymers this behaviour
is very complex.
Spin nability:
Spinnability is the fifth essential property. It indicates that individual fibres
must be capable of beingspun into a yarn then a fabric with sufficient strength.
For better spinnability ,the fibre must have better cohensiveness. i.e they must
hold together to prevent slippage.
Interestingly, spinnability term is commonly used in case of manmade fibre
manufacturing process it basically indicates whether a continuous thread can be
produced from a viscous material by extrusion, and the thread can be hardened.
So a fluid is spinnable under given deformation condition if steady state
continuous elongation of fluid jet proceeds without a break of any kind.
Technically, higher the length of the thread produced, better is the spinnability
of the material.
These above properties were termed as primary properties, which are most
mommon properties of popular natural fibres . After the introduction of the man
made fibres, more particularly with synthetic fibres, these properties no longer
have much importance as all these properties can be induced in the fibre. At

recent, primary properties or fibre characteristics include the chemical

composition ,molecular structure ,fibre length and fineness.

Description and working of
different types of gins; selection
of right type of gins; ginning
performance on yarn quality;
objects, principle and
description of opening, cleaning
and blending machines used in
blow room; chute feed; cleaning
efficiency, production
calculations.
GINNING
AND
BLOWROOM
MACHINERY
Unit - 2
Syam Sundar S B.Tech.,

DEAPARTMENT OF TEXTILE TECHNOLOGY.
TT8352 TECHNOLOGY OF PRE SPINNING PROCESS
UNIT-2 GINNING AND BLOWROOM MACHINERIES
1 Prepared By| [Syam Sundar S B.Tech.,AP/TT]













SSM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,KOMARAPALAYM
DEPARTMENT OF TEXTILE TECHNOLOGY
TT-8352 TECHNOLOGY OF PRE SPINNING PROCESS
UNIT-2 GINNING AND BLOWROOM
1 Prepared by| SYAM SUNDAR.S B.TECH AP/TT




















SSM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,KOMARAPALYAM.
DEPARTMENT OF TEXTILE TECHNOLOGY.
TT8352 TECHNOLOGY OF PRE-SPINNING PROCESS
UNIT-3 CARDING
Prepared By Syam Sundar s B.Tech.,AP\TT Page 1

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UNIT-4 COMBER

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UNIT-5 DRAWING MACHINE & ROVING MACHINE































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Sequence of spinning machinery

for producing carded, combed

SYAM SUNDAR S B.TECH.,AP/TT

SEQUENCE OF SPINNING MACHINES:

Lap Carding Card Sliver

Card sliver 1st Drawing Frame Drawn Sliver

Drawn Sliver 2nd Drawing Frame Drawn Sliver

Drawn Sliver Simplex Roving

Roving Ring Frame Yarn

Prepared By Syam Sundar.S B.Tech.,AP/TT Page 1

Fiber Blow Room Lap

Lap Carding Card Sliver

Card Sliver Pre-Comb Draw frame sliver (pre-drawing)

Sliver Lap Former Lap

Lap Comber Comb Sliver

Prepared By Syam Sundar.S B.Tech.,AP/TT Page 2

Comb Sliver Post –Comb Drawing frame Drawn sliver

Drawn sliver Simplex Roving

Roving Ring Frame Yarn

Prepared By Syam Sundar.S B.Tech.,AP/TT Page 3

Types of Yarn Count:

1. Direct Count System

The following formula is used to calculate the yarn count:

In brief, definition of the above Systems is as follows:

Prepared By Syam Sundar.S B.Tech.,AP/TT Page 4

4. Millitex ................................No. of milligrams per 1000 metres

From above discussion it is concluded that, higher the yarn number(count)

2. Indirect Count System:

The following formula is used to calculate they are count:

1. Ne: No of 840 yards yarn weighing in One pound

2. Nm: No of one kilometer yarn weighing in One Kilogram

Prepared By Syam Sundar.S B.Tech.,AP/TT Page 5

For the determination of the count of yarn, it is necessary to determine the

Yarn Count Variation:

Influence of characteristics of raw material:

Share (%) of contribution to yarn quality:

Influences of fiber length in yarn production & quality:

Prepared By Syam Sundar.S B.Tech.,AP/TT Page 7

Classification of fibre according to length:

Classification of fibre according to span length:

fibre type 2.5% span length(mm)

Fibre strength is as the Presseley index(P.I)

Pressley index Strength

Higher mic value mears coarse fiber

Prepared By Syam Sundar.S B.Tech.,AP/TT Page 10

Prepared By Syam Sundar.S B.Tech.,AP/TT Page 11

Trash(%) Fibre quantity

Problem due to unclean fibre:

Prepared By Syam Sundar.S B.Tech.,AP/TT Page 12

Prepared By Syam Sundar.S B.Tech.,AP/TT Page 13

recent, primary properties or fibre characteristics include the chemical

Prepared By Syam Sundar.S B.Tech.,AP/TT Page 14

Syam Sundar S B.Tech.,

1 Prepared By| [Syam Sundar S B.Tech.,AP/TT]

2 Prepared By| [Syam Sundar S B.Tech.,AP/TT]

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