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Name of Symbol of Atomic Atomic mass

Characteristic
element element Number (amu)
Nitrogen N 7 14.01 Non metal
Phosphorus P 15 30.97 Non metal
Arsenic As 33 74.92 Metalloid
Antimony Sb 51 121.75 Metalloid
Bismuth Bi 83 208.98 Metal

Moscovium Mc 115 289 Metal

ns2 np3
General Electronic Configuration – ns2np3

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Nitrogen

N2 - 78% by volume Chile saltpeter NaNO3 Constituent in plants &

Indian saltpeter KNO3 animals

Phosphorous

Apatite
Ca9(PO4)6 .CaX2

As, Sb, Bi

Present in sulphide minerals

As2S3 and Sb2S3 sulphide ore Bi sulphide ore (Bi2S3)

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 Atomic Size :
N < P < As < Sb < Bi
• Small increase from Sb to Bi is due to poor shielding of d and f electrons.
 Ionisation Enthalpy :
N > P > As > Sb > Bi
• Ionization enthalpy greater than group 14 and group 16 element due to extra stable
half filled electronic configuration.
 Electronegativity :
N > P > As > Sb ≈ Bi

 Boiling Point :
N < P < As < Sb > Bi
• Increase in mass is due to increase in mass and vander waal forces.

 Melting Point :
N < P < As > Sb > Bi
• Melting point decreases after As due to poor packing in solid state.

 Density :
N < P < As < Sb < Bi
• Due to increase in mass.

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 Allotropy :
• All elements except Bi show allotropy.
. ℃
• N ∶ α − nitrogen (Cubic) β −nitrogen (Hexagonal)
• P ∶ White, red, black α and β , Scarlet, violet.
• As ∶ Green, yellow, black
• Sb ∶ Yellow and black
 Catenation :
• All except nitrogen show catenation due to weak N − N single bond.
P > As > Sb > Bi

 Oxidation Number :
• Maximum oxidation state = +5
• Stability of +5 O.S. decreases down the group due to inert pair effect.
• -3 O.S. is exhibited by N and P. Element Oxidation Number
N −3, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5
3 HNO HNO + 2 NO + H O
P −3, +1, +3, +5
2 H PO H PO + PH As +3, +5
Sb +3, +5
4 H PO 3 H PO + PH
Bi +3
BiCl → BiCl + Cl

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Which of the following has least tendency in +3 oxidation state to show

disproportionation reaction.
a) N
b) P
c) Bi
d) Sb

Reaction with M E or M E type

metal Compounds

Reaction with Reactions of group 15 Reaction with

Oxygen elements hydrogen
E O or E O type EH type Hydrides
Oxides
Reaction with
halogen

EX or EX type Halides

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EH type Hydrides
 Bond Angle :
NH > PH ≈ AsH ≈ SbH ≈ BiH ≈ 90°
• Drago’s Rule.
 Reducing Nature :
NH < PH < AsH < SbH < BiH
 Basic Nature :
NH > PH > AsH > SbH > BiH
• Due to decrease in electron density on donor central atom.

EH type Hydrides
 Stability of hydrides :
NH > PH > AsH > SbH > BiH
• Due to increase in bond length and poor overlapping between orbitals.

• Hydrides can be obtained by reduction of trichlorides with Zn − HCl or LiAlH .

ECl EH + 3 HCl
• NH is water soluble due to H-bonding and other hydrides are less soluble.
• All hydrides are poisonous in nature and poisonous nature increases down the
group.

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Which of the following is the correct statement for PH

a) It is less basic than NH
b) It is less poisonous than NH
c) Bond angle of PH > NH
d) It does not show reducing properties

𝐸 𝑂 𝑜𝑟 𝐸 𝑂 type Oxides
𝐴𝑠 𝑂 + 6 𝐻𝐶𝑙 → 2 𝐴𝑠𝐶𝑙 + 3 𝐻 𝑂 𝑁𝑂 𝑁𝑂 𝑁𝑂 𝑁𝑂 𝑁𝑂
𝐴𝑠 𝑂 + 6 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 → 2 𝑁𝑎 𝐴𝑠𝑂 + 3 𝐻 𝑂 𝑃𝑂 𝑃𝑂
𝐴𝑠 𝑂 𝐴𝑠 𝑂
𝑆𝑏 𝑂 𝑆𝑏 𝑂
𝐵𝑖𝑂 𝐵𝑖 𝑂 𝐵𝑖 𝑂
• Oxides on hydrolysis give corresponding acids.
𝑁 𝑂 + 𝐻 𝑂 → 2 𝐻𝑁𝑂 𝑁 𝑂 + 𝐻 𝑂 → 𝐻𝑁𝑂 + 𝐻𝑁𝑂
𝑃 𝑂 + 3 𝐻 𝑂 → 2 𝐻 𝑃𝑂
𝑁 𝑂 + 𝐻 𝑂 → 2 𝐻𝑁𝑂
𝑃 𝑂 + 3 𝐻 𝑂 → 2 𝐻 𝑃𝑂

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𝐸 𝑂 𝑜𝑟 𝐸 𝑂 type Oxides
 Stability of oxides :
𝑁 𝑂 > 𝑃 𝑂 > 𝐴𝑠 𝑂 > 𝑆𝑏 𝑂 > 𝐵𝑖 𝑂
• Due to increase in bond length and poor overlapping between orbitals.
𝑁 𝑂 < 𝑃 𝑂 < 𝐴𝑠 𝑂 < 𝑆𝑏 𝑂 < 𝐵𝑖 𝑂
• All pentaoxides (except 𝑃 𝑂 ) acts as strong oxidising agent and 𝑁 𝑂 is strongest.
• 𝑃 𝑂 acts as dehydrating agent.

𝐸𝑋 𝑜𝑟 𝐸𝑋 type Halides
• All trihalides are stable but NCl , NBr and NI are unstable due to low polarity and
large size difference.
• All trihalides are covalent except BiF which is ionic.
• All trihalides except NF and PF can be hydrolysed by water :
NCl + 3 H O → NH + 3 HOCl
PCl + 3 H O → H PO + 3 HCl
AsCl + 3 H O → H AsO + 3 HCl
• SbF is called Swartz reagent and used as fluorinating agent.

CH Cl CH F

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𝐸𝑋 𝑜𝑟 𝐸𝑋 type Halides
• N does not form pentahalide due to absence of d-orbitals.
• Bi form only BiF due to inert pair effect.
BiCl → BiCl + Cl
• PCl is used as chlorinating agent due to present of weak axial bond with Cl atoms.

PCl PCl + Cl
• Pentahalides can also be hydrolysed by water :
PCl + H O → POCl + 2 HCl
POCl + 3 H O → H PO + 3 HCl
• In solid state, PCl exists as PCl PCl and PBr exists PBr Br

Which of the following halide of nitrogen is stable?

a) NF
b) NCl
c) NBr
d) NI

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𝑀 𝐸 𝑜𝑟 𝑀 𝐸 type Compounds
• Only N and P react with Metal to give corresponding nitrides and phosphides.

3 Mg + N Mg N
• On hydrolysis they give hydroxides and hydrides.
Ca P + 6 H O → 3 Ca OH + 2 PH

𝟐
Methods of Preparation :

• NH Cl + NaNO → N + 2 H O + NaCl • NH Cr O → N + 4 H O + Cr O
Artificial valcano
• 2 NH + 2 CuO → N + 3 H O + 3 Cu • Ba N s → 3 N g + Ba s
Ultrapure
• NH CONH + 2 HNO → N + 3 H O + CO

Fractional Distillation of Air :

• 90% N can be obtained after rectification

from Claude’s apparatus.

• N + O + Cu/C/P → N + CuO/CO/P O
Purified air

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Due small size and unavailability of d-subshell in N-atom it shows different properties
from rest of the family members.
• Low catenation.

• Formation of multiple bonds.

• Maximum covalence of 4.

• Inability to form dπ – pπ multiple bond.

𝟐
Physical Properties :
• Colourless, tasteless, odourless and non-combustible gas.
• Boiling point = −195.8℃
Chemical Properties :
• Inert due to strong N ≡ N bond.

M N/M N /MN BN/ Si N CaCN

Cyanamide
Non − Metals or Nitrolim
Metals Red Heat CaC
400 − 800℃

O , 3000℃ H , 500℃
NO N 200atm
NH

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𝟐
• Liquid 𝑁 as refrigerant and in cryosurgery.
• Filling in bulbs.
• Manufacture of 𝐻𝑁𝑂 , 𝑁𝐻 , 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑁 , 𝐻 𝑁𝐶𝑂𝑁𝐻 .
• Preservative in food packaging.

Nitrogen gas is absorbed by

a) Ammonium sulphate
b) Ferrous chloride
c) Calcium carbide
d) Calcium hydroxide

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Producer gas is a mixture of

a) CO and N
b) CO and H
c) CO and H
d) CO and N

𝟑
Methods of Preparation :
• First isolated by Priestley.
• NH Cl + NaOH → NH ↑ +NaCl + H O
• CaCN + 3 H O → 2 NH ↑ +CaCO Cyanamide process
• AlN + 3 H O → Al OH + NH ↑
• P O and CaCl can not be used for drying NH .
Haber’s Process :
N + 3 H ⇌ 2 NH
• T = 450℃ − 550℃, P = 200 atm
• ΔH = −93 kJ/mol
• Fe as catalyst and Mo as promoter

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𝟑
Physical Properties :
• Colourless, pungent smelling poisonous gas.
• Soluble in water due to H − bonding.
• Boiling point = −33℃ and melting point = −78℃ N
• Δ H = 327 kcal/g H H
Chemical Properties : H
• Acts as lewis base.
NH + H O ⇌ NH + OH K = 1.8 × 10
• Also used as important reagent during salt anlysis.

Liquid ammonia is used for refrigeration because

a) It has a high dipole moment
b) It has a high heat of vapourisation
c) It is basic
d) It is a stable compound

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𝟑
N + H O + Cu/Pb

CuO/PbO
NaNH + H Salt NH Cl

Na Acid HCl

NH Cl + N NH O N +H O
Cl
Cl , Excess O , 4: 5 (Pt)

NCl + 3HCl NO + H O
CO Red Heat
CaOCl
H NCONH N +3H

CaCl + N + H O

𝟑
NH Cl + Fe OH , Al OH , Cr OH
Precipitate

FeCl , AlCl , CrCl

Ni NH Cl NH OH HgCl HgNH Cl
NiCl
Violet

CuSO K HgI + KOH

Nesseler s Test
Cu NH SO Hg Cl H NHgO. HgI + KI
Deep Blue Brown
Hg + HgNH Cl Grey

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𝟑
Methods of Preparation :

• KNO + H SO → HNO + KHSO

Ostwald’s Process :
, ℃
• NH + O NO + H O
ΔH = −21.6 kcal/mol
• NO + O → NO
• 4 NO + 2 H O + O → 4 HNO

𝟑
Physical Properties :
• Boiling point = 84.1℃ and Melting point = −42℃
• 68% HNO forms an azeotropic mixture.
• Colourless but appears yellow due to decomposition.

4 HNO 4 NO + 2 H O + O
• Kept on dark coloured bottle.
• Extremely corrosive and cause painful sores on skin.
Chemical Properties :
• Very strong acid.
• Strong oxidising agent in concentrated state.

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𝟑
NaNO + H O

NaOH
H PO + NO NaNO + H O + CO

P Na CO
S
H SO + NO HNO CaO Ca NO +H O
(non metals)
KI
HI
Sn
H SnO + NO KNO + I + NO
As
C H O
H AsO + NO I + NO + H O

6 COOH

𝟑
NaNO + H HNO : HCl = 1: 3
(Aqua ragia)
Cu NO + NO Na HAuCl + NOCl + H O
Cu
(conc. acid) Au
Cu Al
Cu NO + NO HNO Al O + NO + H O
(dil. acid) (Conc acid)

Zn
(70% acid) Zn
Zn (6% acid)
(20% acid)
Zn NO + NO Zn NO + NH NO

Zn NO +N O

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White Phosphorus :
• Waxy and poisonous solid with garlic smell.
• Less stable and soluble in CS
• Glows in dark due to phosphorescence.

P + 3 NaOH + 3 H O → PH ↑ +3 NaH PO

P +5O PO
Red Phosphorus :
• Polymeric form of P having iron grey lusture.
• More stable and insoluble in CS
℃
• White P Red P

Black Phosphorus :

• Thermodynamically most stable form.

• Insoluble in 𝐶𝑆

𝑅𝑒𝑑 𝑃 𝛼 − 𝑃ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑜𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑢𝑠

𝑊ℎ𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑃 𝛽 − 𝑃ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑜𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑢𝑠

𝑅𝑒𝑑 𝑃 𝑉𝑖𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑃

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Each of the following is true of white and red phosphorus except that they
a) Are both soluble in 𝐶𝑆
b) Can be oxidised by heating in air
c) Consist of the same kind of atoms
d) Can be converted into one another

𝟑
Methods of Preparations :

• 𝑃 (𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑡𝑒) + 3 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 + 3 𝐻 𝑂 → 𝑃𝐻 ↑ +3 𝑁𝑎𝐻 𝑃𝑂

• 𝐶𝑎 𝑃 + 6 𝐻 𝑂 → 2 𝑃𝐻 + 3 𝐶𝑎 𝑂𝐻

Physical Properties :

• Colourless, rotten fish smelling poisonous gas.

• Melting Point = −134℃
• Boiling Point = −89℃

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𝟑
𝑃 +𝐻

𝑃 𝑂 +𝐻 𝑂 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡, 400℃ 𝐻𝑔 𝑃 + 𝐻𝐶𝑙

• Very spontaneous due to 𝐻𝑔𝐶𝑙
𝑂
presence of 𝑃 𝑜𝑟 𝑃 𝐻
vapours.
𝑃𝐻 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂 𝐶𝑢 𝑃 + 𝐻 𝑆𝑂
• Used in Holme’s signal.
• HI is added to reduce the 𝐶𝑙
presence of impurities. 𝐻𝑁𝑂 𝐶𝑎𝑂𝐶𝑙
+𝐻 𝑂
𝑃 𝑂 + 𝑁𝑂 + 𝐻 𝑂 𝑃𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻𝐶𝑙

𝐶𝑎 𝑂𝐻 + 𝑃𝐶𝑙

𝟒 𝟔
𝑃 +3𝑂 𝑃𝑂
• Traces of 𝑃 𝑂 formed are removed by passing it through
glass wool.
℃
𝑃 +6𝑁 𝑂 𝑃 𝑂 +6𝑁
• Waxy solid with garlic smell and soluble in 𝐶 𝐻 and 𝐶𝐻𝐶𝑙 .
𝑃𝑂𝐶𝑙 + 𝑃𝑂𝐶𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑑 𝑃 + 3 𝑂 𝑃 𝑂 + 𝑅𝑒𝑑 𝑃

440℃
𝐶𝑙 210℃

𝐻𝑂 𝐻 𝑂
𝐻 𝑃𝑂 + 𝑃𝐻 𝐻𝑜𝑡
𝑃𝑂 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑑
𝐻 𝑃𝑂

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𝟒 𝟏𝟎
𝑃 +5𝑂 𝑃𝑂
℃
𝑃 + 10 𝐶𝑂 𝑃𝑂 + 10 𝐶𝑂
• White crystalline and odourless solid.
• Sublime at 360℃.
𝐻𝑂 𝐻𝑂
4 𝐻 𝑃𝑂 2𝐻 𝑃 𝑂 4𝐻𝑃𝑂 𝑆𝑂 + 𝐻 𝑂

𝐻𝑂
𝐻 𝑆𝑂

𝐻𝑂 𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝑂𝑁𝐻
𝐻 𝑃𝑂 𝑃𝑂 𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝑁 + 𝐻 𝑂

Acidic Nature :
H PO > H PO > H PO
Due to stability of conjugate base.

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𝟑 𝟒
P + HNO → H PO + NO

Ca PO + H SO H PO + CaSO

Pb PO +H S H PO + PbS
NH PO . 12 MoO
Strong Δ, 600℃
PO Heat HPO H PO Yellow ppt.
Test for PO ion

Δ, 250℃ Mg NH PO
White ppt.
Test for Mg ion

AgNO NaBr
Ag PO + HNO H PO HBr + Na PO

Which of the following statements is not valid for oxyacids of phosphorus?

a) All oxyacids contain tetrahedral four coordinated phosphorus
b) All oxyacids contain atleast one P = O unit and one P-OH group
c) Orthophosphoric acid is used in the manufacture of triple superphosphate
d) Hypophosphorous acid is a diprotic acid

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Assertion : Both 𝐻 𝑃𝑂 and 𝐻 𝑃𝑂 have the same number of hydrogen atoms but
𝐻 𝑃𝑂 is a tribasic acid and 𝐻 𝑃𝑂 is a diabasic acid.
Reason : 1 mol of 𝐻 𝑃𝑂 is neutralised by 2 mol of NaOH while 1 mol of 𝐻 𝑃𝑂 is
neutralised by 3 mol of 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻.

Which of the following statements is true?

a) H PO is a stronger acid than H SO
b) In aqueous medium HF is a stronger acid than HCl
c) HClO is a weaker acid than HClO
d) HNO is a stronger acid than HNO

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Name of Symbol of Atomic Atomic mass Atomic mass

element element Number (g/mol) (g/mol)

Oxygen O 8 16 Non metal

Sulphur S 16 32.06 Non metal
Selenium Se 34 78.96 Metalloid
Tellurium Te 52 127.60 Metalloid
Polonium Po 84 210 Metal
ns2 np4
General Electronic Configuration – ns2np4

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Oxygen

O2 -20% by volume 46% on earth crust

Sulphur

Sulphate ores Sulphide ores

• Se and Te are found as sulphides Cu SeS and Bi Te S .

• Po is obtained as the radio decay product of uranium and thorium.

 Atomic Size :
O < S < Se < Te < Po
 Ionisation Enthalpy :
O > S > Se > Te > Po
• All have high ionisation enthalpies.
 Electronegativity :
O > S > Se > Te > Po
 Electron Affinity :
S > Se > Te > Po > O
• Due to small size of O-atom and high inter-electronic repulsion.

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 Boiling Point :
O < S < Se < Te < Po
 Melting Point :
O < S < Se < Te
 Density :
O < S < Se < Te < Po
• Due to increase in mass.

 Catenation :
• All except oxygen (due to weak O − O single bond) show catenation.
S > Se > Te

 Allotropy :
• O ∶ O and O
• S ∶ Rhombic, monoclinic, plastic, amorphous
. ℃
S rhombic S monoclinic
• Se ∶ Red (non-metallic) and Grey (metallic)
• Te ∶ Crystalline and amorphous
• Po ∶ α and β

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Ozone is
a) An isobar of oxygen
b) An isotope of oxygen
c) A polymer of oxygen
d) An allotrope of oxygen

Oxygen is gas but sulphur is solid because -

a) Oxygen is composed of discrete molecules while sulphur is polymeric
b) Molecular weight of sulphur is much higher than that of oxygen
c) Oxygen is a stronger oxidising agent than sulphur
d) Boiling point of sulphur is much higher than that of oxygen

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Which one has the highest bond energy -

a) O – O
b) S – S
c) Se – Se
d) Te – Te

 Oxidation Number :
• General oxidation state = -2
• Maximum oxidation state = +6
• Stability of +6 O.S. decreases down the group due to inert pair effect.
 Chemical Reactivity : Element Oxidation Number
• Oxygen is most reactive among others O −2, +1, +2
members. S −2, +2, +4, +6

• Reactivity decreases down the group. Se +2, +4, +6

Te +2, +4, +6
O > S > Se > Te > Po
Po +2, +4

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Reaction with Reactions of group 16 Reaction with

Oxygen elements hydrogen
EO or EO type H E type Hydrides
Oxides
Reaction with
halogen

EX or EX type Halides

H E type Hydrides
 Acidic Nature:
H O < H S < H Se < H Te
• Bond dissociation energy of H − E bond decreases down the group.
 Thermal Stability :
H O > H S > H Se > H Te
 Reducing Nature :
H S < H Se < H Te
• H O does not show reducing character.

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H E type Hydrides
 Covalent Nature:
H O < H S < H Se < H Te
• As size of atom increases down the group.
 Melting Point :
H O > H Te > H Se > H S
• Due to H-bonding in H O.

 Boiling Point :
H O > H Te > H Se > H S

H S is far more volatile than water because :

a) sulphur atom is more electronegative than oxygen atom.
b) oxygen being more electronegative than sulphur forms hydrogen bond.
c) H O has bond angle of nearly 104.5°.
d) hydrogen atom is loosely bonded with sulphur.

 Volatile Nature:
H O < H Te < H Se < H S

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sp3d2
EX , EX , EX type Halides Octahedral F
• Oxygen form halide only with fluorine OF and O F . F F
• Among hexahalides, only hexafluorides are stable due to steric factor. E
F F
• All hexafluorides are colourless gases.
F
SF , SeF , TeF Cl
Reactivity ↑ Stability ↓
Cl Cl
TeF + 6 H O → 6 HF + Te OH or H TeO
E
F
• SF can not be hydrolysed.
F F Cl Cl

H O:̈ S
Cl
F F
F

EX , EX , EX type Halides
sp3d X
SF , SeF , TeF Trigonal bipyramidal
See – saw
Gas Liquid Volatile Solid X
E
• SF is most reactive and can act as both lewis acid and base. X
• All except Se, form dihalides like OF , SCl , SF .
X
• Monohalides are unstable and exist as dimers O F , S Cl , Se Cl (unstable)
2 Se Cl → Se + SeCl

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EO , EO type Oxides
SO SeO TeO SO SeO TeO
RA and OA both Oxidising Nature
Reducing Nature ↓ Acidic Nature ↓
Acidic Nature ↓

𝟐
• 20% by Volume in Air.
• Fractional distillation of air.
• Laboratory:
2 KClO → 2 KCl + 3 O ↑
• Heating of oxides :
2 Ag O → 4 Ag + O ↑
MnO → Mn + O ↑
Physical Properties :
• Colourless, odourless and tasteless gas.
• MP : 54.6 K and BP : 90 K
• Paramagnetic due to presence of unpaired electron in π∗ molecular orbitals.

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𝟐
H O + Cl Deacon’s Process

Na O + Na O HCl SO + SO
S
Contact Process
Na
K NH
K O + KO O NO + H O
Al P Ostwald Process
Al O
P O +P O
Amphoteric Nature
Mixed Oxides : N
Fe O = FeO + Fe O
Pb O = 2 PbO + PbO NO + NO

𝟑
• Allotrope of Oxygen.
• Stratosphere (10-15 Km above from sea level).

O 2O
Endothermic
2O+2O → 2O
• Separated using fractional distillation.
O = 90 K and O = 164.6 K
• Pale Blue gas
Brodie’s Ozoniser
• Strong oxidizing Nature.

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𝟑
RCHO • Decolorizing Action:
RCH = CHR O →O + O
Zn Dust
Colour + O → Colourless
Cl + O + H O O
300℃ • Permanent Decolorization
HCl
O
I PbS
Fe
I PbSO
Fe

Estimation of ozone can be made quantitatively by :

a) decomposition into O and absorption of O into pyrogallol
b) volumetric method using KI and titration of the liberated iodine using hypo
solution
c) oxidative ozonolysis method
d) all methods given above

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 11-07-2023

𝟐
FeS or ZnS + H SO → ZnSO or FeSO + H S ↑ Bent

• Colourless gas and Rotten egg smell.

• B.P. = −60℃ and M.P. = −85℃
• Good Reducing Agent
H +S
310℃

MnSO + S H S S
KMnO SO H S
FeS or ZnS
HNO HX
dil. H SO
H O + S + NO X +S
Kipp’s Apparatus

𝟐
Basic
PbS
Medium
Black ppt CuS MnS
Pb Flesh colour ppt
Insoluble in HgS Cu
NH S
Hg
Mn
ZnS
CdS
Zn White ppt
Yellow ppt
Cd
H S
Co
Sb Ni
Sn CoS
Acidic Sb S
NiS Black ppt
Medium
Orange ppt SnS
Soluble in
NH S Chocolate ppt

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 11-07-2023

When H S is passed through acidified K Cr O solution, the solution turns :

a) Yellow
b) Blue
c) Green
d) White

Oxygen is more electronegative than sulphur, yet H S is acidic while H O is neutral.

This is because-
a) Water is a highly associated compound
b) H – S bond is weaker than H – O bond
c) H S is a gas while H O is a liquid
d) The molecular weight of H S is more than that of H O

37
 11-07-2023

𝟐
• S + O → SO
sp
• S + H SO → SO + H O

• ZnS + O → SO + ZnO Roasting

• Burning Sulphur Smell
FeO + FeS Decolorizing Nature :
Fe Oxidising Nature SO + H O → H SO + H
IO H S
I + SO SO S+H O Colour + H → Colorless
Fe • Temporary decolorization.
Reducing Nature
Fe + SO

S + SO
1200℃
H O NaOH
H SO SO Na SO + H O
Acidic Nature Ca OH

CaSO + H O
Milky
Test for SO

38
 11-07-2023

Which of the following gases turn lime water milky?

a) SO
b) CO
c) H S
d) Both (a) and (b)

Which one of the following gives mixture of SO and SO on heating ?

a) ZnSO
b) CuSO
c) Fe SO
d) FeSO

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 11-07-2023

Which of the following product is formed by the reaction of sulphur dioxide with
chlorine in presence of charcoal ?
a) SO Cl
b) SO Cl
c) SOCl
d) SO Cl

+4 +6 +6

H S O + H O → 2 H SO
0
+3 +5
H S O + 2 H O → 2 H SO + H O
+2
H S O + H O → H SO + H O

+6 +6

Marshall’s Acid

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 11-07-2023

Hydrolysis of one mole of peroxy disulphuric acid produces

a) two moles of sulphuric acid
b) two moles of peroxymonosulphuric acid.
c) one mole of sulphuric acid and one mole of peroxymonosulphuric acid.
d) one mole of sulphuric acid, one mole of hydrogen peroxide.

𝟐 𝟒
2 FeSO . 7H O → Fe O + SO + H SO + 13 H O
Green Vitrol Oil of Vitrol

Contact Process :
S s + O g → SO (g)
( )
2 SO g + O g 2 SO (g)
SO g + H SO (aq) → H S O (aq)
H S O (aq) + H O(l) → 2 H SO (aq)
• In Lead chamber process, only 75-80% pure
96-98%
H SO is obtained.
• Dense liquid due to H-boning. H-Bonding
• B.P.= 611 K
• Corrosive in nature.
• Dilution is highly exothermic due to formation of H-bonds
with water molecules.

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 11-07-2023

𝟐 𝟒
Na SO + H O

NaOH
H PO + SO Na SO + H O + CO

P Na CO
S
H O + SO H SO CaO CaSO + H O
(non metals)
H SO → HSO + H … K
Cu HI HSO → SO + H … K
CuSO + SO + H O
Δ, 440℃ K ≫K
C H O
H O + SO I + SO + H O

12 C + 11 H O

𝟐 𝟒
FeSO + H S

FeS
C H +H O ZnSO + H

C H OH Zn
NaCl
Na SO + HCl H SO CO + H O
HCOOH
KI
NaNO
Na SO + HNO COOH K SO + I + SO
|
• Oxidising Nature : COOH
H SO → H O + SO + O
Nascent Oxygen CO + CO + H O

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 11-07-2023

When water is added in conc. H SO the reaction is exothermic because -

a) H SO is viscous
b) Hydrates of H SO are formed
c) H SO is corrosive
d) None of these

Concentrated H SO is not used to prepare HBr from KBr because it -

a) Oxidizes HBr
b) Reduces HBr
c) Causes disproportionation of HBr
d) Reacts too slowly with KBr

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 11-07-2023

H SO reacts with sugar and acts as -

a) A dehydrating agent
b) An oxidizing agent
c) A sulphonating agent
d) None of these

On addition of conc. H SO to a chloride salt, colourless fumes are evolved but in case
of iodide salt, violet fumes come out. This is because:-
a) H SO reduces HI to I
b) HI is of violet colour
c) HI gets oxidised to I
d) HI changes to HIO

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 11-07-2023

Which of the following gases can be dried by concentrated H SO ?

a) HCl
b) HBr
c) HI
d) H S

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 11-07-2023

Name of Symbol of Atomic Atomic mass

Physical State
element element Number (g/mol)

Fluorine F 9 19 Gas
Chlorine Cl 17 35.5 Gas
Bromine Be 35 79.9 Liquid
Iodine I 53 126.90 Solid
Astatine At 85 210 Solid

General Electronic Configuration : ns np

• F : Found on earth crust in form of ores like :

Apatite Ca PO . CaF , Fluorospar CaF , Cryolite Na AlF
• Cl, Br, I are found from sea water as metal halide salts of Na, Mg, K, Ca.
• Sea water contain around 2.5% NaCl by mass and seaweeds contain around 0.5%
iodine.
• At is radioactive and highly unstable.

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 11-07-2023

 Atomic Size :
F < Cl < Br < I
 Ionisation Enthalpy :
F > Cl > Br > I

 Electronegativity :
F > Cl > Br > I
 Electron Affinity :
Cl > F > Br > I
• Due to smaller size of F atom addition of electron is difficult because of inter-
electronic repulsion.

 Bond Energy :
Cl − Cl > Br − Br > F − F > I − I
• Due to smaller size of F atom and lp-lp repulsion.
 Electrode Potential (E | ):
F > Cl > Br > I

1
X g X g X g X aq
2
 Hydration Energy :
F > Cl > Br > I
 Solubility :
F > Cl > Br > I

47
 11-07-2023

Oxidising action increases in the following order :

a) Cl < Br < I < F
b) Cl < I < Br < F
c) I < F < Cl < Br
d) I < Br < Cl < F

Volatile nature of halogen is because :

a) Halogen molecules are bonded by strong forces
b) Halogen molecules are bonded by electrostatic forces
c) The forces existing between the discrete molecule are only weak vander Waals
force
d) Halogen molecules are more reactive

48
 11-07-2023

Which one of the hydracid does not form any precipitate with AgNO ?
a) HF
b) HCl
c) HBr
d) HI

Element Oxidation Number

 Oxidation State :
F −1
Common oxidation state = −1
Cl −1, +1 𝑡𝑜 + 7
Br −1, +1, +3, +5
 Chemical Reactivity :
I −1, +1 𝑡𝑜 + 7
F > Cl > Br > I

X + H O → HX + HOX … (X = Cl or Br)
F + H O → HF + O
• In case of iodine, Reactions are reversible due to strong reducing nature of I .

I +O +H →I +H O

49
 11-07-2023

Astatine is the element below iodine in the group 17 of the periodic table. Which of the
following statements is not true for astatine ?
a) It is less electronegative than iodine.
b) It will exhibit only –1 oxidation state.
c) Intermolecular forces between the astatine molecules will be larger than that
between iodine molecules.
d) None of these.

When iodine reacts with NaF, NaBr and NaCl -

a) It gives mixture of F , Cl and Br
b) It gives chlorine
c) It gives bromine
d) None of the above

50
 11-07-2023

Which of the following does not decolourise iodine?

a) Na SO
b) Na S O
c) NaCl
d) NaOH

NaX (Salt)
PX + PX Oxides (+1 to + 7)
Na
P O
Metals
Non − Metals
dil. NaOH
HX H X (Halgens) NaX + NaOX
I + H → HI
Reversible in Nature conc. NaOH
X′ H O

XX′ NaX + NaXO

HX + HOX
Interhalogen compounds
F + H O → HF + O

51
 11-07-2023

H + X → 2 HX (g)
Hydrogen Halides
• Aqueous solution of HX is called hydrohalic acid HX → H + X .

HF HCl HBr HI
BL ↑ BE ↓ Acidic Nature ↑

• MP and BP : HF > HI > HBr > HCl

• HF can not be stored in glass container due to etching of glass.
SiO + 4 HF → SiF + 2 H O

Which of the following hydrogen halide is most volatile.

a) HCl
b) HF
c) HI
d) HBr

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 11-07-2023

Which can do glass etching ?

a) HIO
b) HF
c) HNO
d) SiF

• OF and O F are oxygen fluorides, highly reactive and good fluorinating agent.
Strongest oxidizing
Cl O Br O I O agent
Bleaching agent. ClO BrO I O Acidity ↑

Cl O BrO Stability ↑
Reactivity ↓
Cl O Less stable exist only at
low temperature
• Stability of oxides : I > Cl > Br
• All oxides are good oxidizing agents.
• Reactivity : Cl O > ClO > Cl O > Cl O

53
 11-07-2023

+1 0 −1
F∶H−O−F
Acidity ↓ Stability ↓ Oxidising Nature ↑

Hypohalous Acid +1 HClO HBrO HIO

Acidity ↑
Halous Acid +3 HClO
Stability ↑
Halic Acid +5 HClO HBrO HIO Oxidising
Nature ↓
Per Halic Acid +7 HClO HIO

• Stability of oxoacids : I > Cl > Br.

• All acids are monobasic.

54
 11-07-2023

Which one of the following oxy acid of fluorine exists ?

a) HOF
b) HFO
c) HFO
d) HFO

Which of the following statements is correct regarding halogens

a) All form HOXO type oxy acid
b) Only chlorine and bromine form oxyacids
c) All halogens form oxyacids
d) Only iodine forms oxyacid

55
 11-07-2023

Consider the oxy acids HClO series, here value of n is 1 to 4. Then incorrect statement
regarding these oxy acids is
a) acidic character of oxy acids increases with increasing value of n.
b) oxidising power of oxy acids increases with decreasing value of n.
c) thermal stability of oxy acids decreases with increasing value of n.
d) Cl-O bond order decreases with decreasing value of n.

Cl + F → 2 ClF Cl + I → 2 ICl
Cl + 3 F → 2 ClF Br + 5F → 2 BrF
Colourless Gas
AB ClF BrF IF BrCl ICl IBr Black Solid

AB ClF BrF IF ICl

AB BrF IF Orange
Gas
AB IF But at T < 77 Solid
Colourless
Thermal Stability ∝ ΔEN Reactivity ∶ F > X − X > X
IF > BrF > ClF > ICl > IBr > BrCl X − X + H O → HX + HOX′

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 11-07-2023

Formula Physical state and column Structure

CIF Colourless gas −
BrF Pale brown gas −
IF Detected spectroscopically −
XX BrCl Gas −
Ruby red solid α − form
ICl −
Brown red solid β − form
IBr Black solid −
CIF Colourless gas Bent T – shaped
BrF Yellow green liquid Bent T – shaped
XX
IF Yellow powder Bent T – shaped
ICl Orange solid Bent T – shaped
Colourless gas but Square
IF
Solid below 77 K Pyramidal
XX
BrF Colourless liquid Square
CIF Colourless liquid Pyramidal
XX IF Colourless gas Pentagonal

𝟐
Laboratory Preparation :
MnO + 4 HCl → MnCl + Cl + 2 H O
MnO + NaCl + H SO → MnCl + Cl + Na SO
KMnO + HCl → Cl + MnCl + H O + KCl
Deacon’s Process :
4 HCl + O → 2 Cl + 2 H O
• Conc. H SO can be used to dry Cl gas.
Physical Properties :
• Greenish Yellow, pungent smelling and suffocating gas.
• Boiling point : −34℃

57
 11-07-2023

𝟐
NaCl Photohalogenation :
HCl + H SO N + NH Cl
Na CH + Cl CH Cl + HCl
SO + H O Metals NH (excess) C H + 11Cl 10C + 22 HCl

HCl dil. NaOH

H Cl NaCl + NaOCl

conc. NaOH
CO H O
COCl
NaCl + NaClO
Phosgene Gas HCl + HOCl
Poisonous Bleaching Action:
Ca OH + Cl → CaCl + Ca OCl +H O HOCl → HCl + O
Color + O → Colorless
Bleaching Powder Permanent decolorisation

Preparation :
∆
NaCl + Conc. H SO →HCl ↑ +Na SO
• Conc. H SO is used to dry HCl.

NaCl + PH PbCl ↓ +HNO

• Colourless gas with pungent smell.
Na P Pb NO
• B.P.= 189 K and M.P.= 159 K
NH Mg
NH Cl NH OH
HCl MgCl + H • Highly soluble in water and form
White dense fume hydrochloric acid.
Test of HCl Na CO
• Aqua Ragia : 1 HNO : 3 HCl
NaCl + CO + H O

58
 11-07-2023

Which of the following statements is not true for halogens ?

a) All form monobasic oxyacids.
b) All are oxidizing agents.
c) All but fluorine show positive oxidation states.
d) Chlorine has the highest electron-gain enthalpy.

Concentrated hydrochloric acid when kept in open air sometimes produces a cloud of
white fumes. This is due to :
a) Strong affinity of HCl gas for moisture in air results in forming of droplets of liquid
solution which appears like a cloudy smoke
b) Due to strong affinity for water, conc. HCl pulls moisture of air towards self. The
moisture forms droplets of water and hence the cloud
c) Conc. HCl emits strongly smelling HCl gas all the time
d) Oxygen in air reacts with emitted HCl gas to form a cloud of Cl gas

59
 11-07-2023

Name of Symbol of Atomic Atomic mass

element element Number (g/mol)

Helium He 2 4
Neon Ne 10 20
Argon Ar 18 39.95
Krypton Kr 36 83.80
Xenon Xe 54 131.30
Redon Rn 86 222

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 11-07-2023

• Characteristic spectra in discharge tube.

• All except He can be absorbed by charcoal.
• Low M.P. and B.P.
He < Ne < Ar < Kr < Xe < Rn

B. P. = 4.2 K 211 K
M. P. = 1 K 202 K
• Monoatomic and non-reactive gases.
• γ = 5/3
• IE ⇒ He > Ne > Ar > Kr > Xe > Rn
• EA ⇒ He > Ne = Ar > Kr > Xe > Rn

• Due to relatively low IE Kr and Xe form compounds with highly reactive non-metals
O and F.
• First compound of noble gases (Xe PtF ) was formed by Niel Bertlett.
O IE = 1175 KJmol ⇒ O PtF (Red )
Xe IE = 1170 KJmol ⇒ Xe PtF (Red)
• Kr ⇒ KrF
• Xe ⇒ XeF , XeF , XeF , XeOF , XeO F , XeO , XeO
• Noble gas hydrate (clathrate compound): Ar, Kr, Xe can form clathrate compounds
but He, Ne cannot due to their smaller size.
Kr. 6H O, Ar. 6H O, Xe. 6H O

61
 11-07-2023

Xe + HF
Xe + F C H F + HF + Xe
H
C H

Xe + O F XeF
sp d
IF Trigonal bipyramidal
I H O
Linear
IF + Xe
Xe + HF + O XeF IF

XeF + O
PtF orHgF + Xe
O F
1: 5
Pt or Hg
Xe + 2F XeF
SbF sp d
H Octahedral
H O
XeF SbF Square
XeF Planar
Xe + XeO + HF + O

62
 11-07-2023

XeF HF
Xe + H F
HF
1: 20 H
Xe + 3F XeF sp d
H O
XeOF Pentagonal bipyramidal
∆ Distorted Octahedral
H O H O
XeF + XeF + F XeO F XeO

• XeO :
• Colorless explosive solid.
;
Pu + Xe + H O XeO HXeO

• XeOF :
• Colorless liquid
• XeO : O

• Yellow solid and unstable

Xe O
O
O

63