Drainage System

Drainage System
Drainage
System
Building Services-I (AR142)
Prepared by
Ar. Shubhajit Sadhukhan
Assistant Professor
Department of Architecture
National Institute of Technology Patna
Department of Architecture Building Services-I (AR142)

Drainage System
Technical Terms
Soil Appliances: Water Closets (W.C.), Urinals, Bed-pan, Washers, etc.
Soil Pipe: A pipe which carries discharge from W.C., Urinals, or any other soil appliances
Waste Appliances: Wash basins, sinks, bath tubs, washing trough, drinking water fountain
Waste Pipe: A pipe which carries discharge from kitchen, bathroom, floor traps, nahani trap
or any other waste appliances
Rain Water Pipe: A pipe provided to carry rain water
Vent Pipe: A pipe that ventilates drainage system
Stack: Any vertical pipe line of a drainage system
House Drain: Underground Horizontal pipes for drainage of discharge from soil pipes, waste
pipes
Sewage: Combination of discharge from soil pipe, waste pipe with or without rain water
Sewer: A system of underground pipe belonging to local municipal authority that collects
discharge from drains or house drains
Trunk Sewer: Main sewer which receives discharges from all smaller sewers
Inspection Chamber and Manhole: Masonry chambers provided for inspection
Drainage System
Drainage System
1. Drainage below the ground
2. Drainage above the ground

Drainage System
Drainage System
1. Drainage below the ground
1.1 Combined System: In this system storm water is completely
mixed with the sanitary sewage and conveyed through a single
drain
1.2 Separate System: In this system the storm is not allowed to get
mixed with sanitary sewage. Two separate drains are provided,
one for sanitary sewage and other for storm water drainage
1.3 Partially Combined System: In this system part of storm water

(run-off from roof paved yards, street etc.) is mixed with
sanitary sewage and conveyed through sewer and remaining
storm water conveyed through separate surface drains

Drainage System
Drainage System
2. Drainage above the ground
This consists of a system of vertical stacks, horizontal

branches, floor traps, etc. provided for conveying sanitary
sewage ( soil water and waste water), storm water (rain water)
etc. to the under ground drainage system for final disposal

Drainage System
Plumbing System
1. One Pipe System
2. Two Pipe System
3. Single Stack System
4. Partially Ventilated Single Stack System

Drainage System
One Pipe System
• The system of plumbing in which soil

and wastes from the sinks, baths and MVP: Main Vent Pipe
wash basins, and soil pipe branches MSWP: Main Soil & Waste Pipe
are all collected into one main pipe.

• The main pipe is connected directly to
the drainage system.
• Gully traps and waste pipes are
completely dispersed with, but all the
traps of the water closets, basins, etc.
are completely ventilated to preserve
the water seal.

Drainage System
Two Pipe System
• The system of plumbing in which soil

MVP: Main Vent Pipe
and waste pipes are distinct and
MSP: Main Soil Pipe
Separate MWP: Main Waste Pipe
• The soil pipes being connected to the
drain direct and waste pipes through a
trapped gully.
• All traps of all appliances are
completely ventilated in this system

Drainage System
Single Stack System
• The one pipe system in which there is

no trap ventilation

Drainage System
Partially Ventilated Single Stack System
• A system in which there is one soil

pipe into which all water closets,
baths, sinks, and basins discharge.
• There is a relief vent, which ventilates
only the traps of water closet

Drainage System
Type of Pipes
Material:
For Underground Drainage system may be of
• Cast Iron
• Reinforced Concrete
• Pre-stressed Concrete
• Mild Steel
• Wrought Iron
• Asbestors
• P.V.C.
• Stoneware
For Work above ground system may be of

• Cast Iron
• Asbestors
• P.V.C.

Drainage System
Type of Pipes
Minimum Size:
Underground horizontal pipes laid to slope 100 mm dia.
Vertical soil pipe (above ground) 100 mm dia.
Vertical waste pipe (above ground) 50 to 75 mm dia.
Branch soil pipe 60 to 75 mm dia.
Vent pipe 50 mm dia.
Rain water pipe 75 mm dia.
Waste pipe from individual kitchen, sink, wash basin 40 mm dia.

Drainage System
Traps
• A fitting provided in a drainage system to prevent entry of foul air or gases from the sewer or drain
into the building
• The barrier to the passage of foul air is provided by the water seal in the trap
• A trap is merely a double bend or loop in sanitary fitting
• The depth of the seal is the distance between the top of the first bend and bottom of the second

Drainage System
Traps
Essentials of a good trap
• It should maintain an efficient water seal under all conditions of flow, both during the water
flow as well as in the absence of water flow
• It should be self cleansing
• It should not have any internal projections, angles or contractions so as to permit unobstructed
flow through it
• It should have a smooth inner surface so that each part is automatically secured by flow of water
and there is no possibility of dust, dirt, etc. getting struck to it
• It should be provided with suitable means of access for cleaning purpose

Drainage System
Traps
Causes of loss or breaking of Water Seal
• Evaporation of water in the trap caused on account of not using the appliances for a long time
• Use of defective trap, defective installation of trap or development of crack in the trap after
installation
• Creation of partial vacuum caused due to discharge of another fitting connected to the same
stack leading to emptying of the water of the seal by induced siphonage
• build up of back pressure of sewer gas in the drain forcing up the water of the trap seal
• Pressure on seal of trap due to sudden discharge of water in large quantity into the fitting
( bucketful water into a W.C.) forcing the seal to break due to self siphonage
• Due to capillary action caused by the piece of some porous material getting struck at the outlet
of the trap in such a manner that one end of the piece remains in water of the seal and the other
end of the piece remains hanging over outlet

Drainage System
Shapes of Traps

Drainage System
Type of Traps
• Floor Trap or Nahani Trap
• Gully Trap
• Intercepting Trap
• Grease Trap
• Silt Trap

Drainage System
Type of Traps
Floor Trap or Nahani Trap
• Trap provided in floors to collect used water from floors of bathroom, kitchen or washing floor etc.
• It has a removable grating on top which intercepts dust or other solid matter and prevent blockage

Drainage System
Type of Traps
Gully Trap
• A deep seal trap which is provided on the
external face of wall for disconnecting the
waste water flowing from kitchen, bath, wash
basin and floors from main drainage system
• It prevent the passage of foul air from house
drain to the inside of the building
• It has a removable grating on top which
intercepts dust or other solid matter and
prevent blockage

Drainage System
Type of Traps
Intercepting Trap
• Provided at the junction of house drain (inspection chamber) and street sewer to prevent
entry of foul gases from sewer into the house drain

Drainage System
Type of Traps
Grease Trap
• Provided in large hotels, restaurant or other industries
producing large quantity of greasy waste with primary aim
of removing the grease content of waste before discharging
the same into drain
• The velocity of waste water flow gets reduced on entering
the grease trap and that results in separation of oily or
greasy material
• Greasy materials are removed periodically with the help of
a grease tray

Drainage System
Type of Traps
Silt Trap
• Silt traps are provided only in situations
where waste water carries large amount of
silt, sand, coarse particles, etc.
• It is masonry chamber which functions like a
girt chamber
• Silt, sand, coarse are settled down in the
bottom of the chamber

Drainage System
Sanitary Fittings
 Wash Basin
 Sink
 Bath Tub
 Urinal
 Water Closet (W.C.)
 Flushing Cistern

Drainage System
Sanitary Fittings
Wash Basin

Drainage System
Sanitary Fittings
Sink

Drainage System
Sanitary Fittings
Bath Tub

Drainage System
Sanitary Fittings
Urinal
Bowl Type Urinal

Drainage System
Sanitary Fittings
Urinal
Slab Type Urinal

Drainage System
Sanitary Fittings
Urinal
Stall Type Urinal

Drainage System
Sanitary Fittings
Water Closet (W.C.)
• A sanitary appliance provided for collection and discharge of
human excreta into soil pipe trough a trap
• W.C. is connected to a flushing cistern to flush the excreta
from the pan
• Generally made of glazed earthen ware, fire clay, vitreous
chinaware
Type
a. Indian or Squatting Type
b. European Type
c. Anglo-Indian Type

Drainage System
Sanitary Fittings
Indian or Squatting Type Water Closet

Drainage System
Sanitary Fittings
European Wash-down Type Water Closet

Drainage System
Sanitary Fittings
Double European Type Water Closet

Drainage System
Sanitary Fittings
Anglo Indian Type Water Closet

Drainage System
Sanitary Fittings
Flushing Cistern

Drainage System
Septic Tank
• A combined sedimentation cum digestion tank in which flow of raw sewage is slowed down so
that solids settle down at the bottom of the tank by sedimentation
• Sewage in the tank is acted upon anaerobic bacteria which during process of digestion, convert
the sewage into liquid and gaseous form and there is a reduction in volume of sludge
• Sludge in the effluent thus falls on the tank floor and the scum (lighter matter such as grease, fats
etc.) floats on top
• As the anaerobic action cannot take place in presence of oxygen, it is necessary to cover the
septic tank with water and light tight top (roof slab)
• The effluent that flows out of the tank still contains considerable amount of dissolved and
suspended organic solids and other harmful matter as such it has to be disposed off into either
Soak pit or Dispersion trenches for absorption in the soil
Drainage System
Septic Tank
• The tank may be constructed in brick masonry, stone masonry or with concrete
• The tank is designed to provide for a detention period of 24 to 48 hours based on an average daily flow of
anticipated sewage
• The tank should be water tight and as such all the inner surfaces of its walls, floor and roof slab are
plastered with rich cement mortar
• The floor of the tank should be in cement concrete and sloped towards sludge outlet
• The invent level of the outlet pipe is kept 7 to 10 cm below the invent level of the inlet pipe
• To prevent the direct currents between inlet and outlet pipes, pipe tees are provided in the two pipes
• A baffle wall is provided near inlet pipe at a distance of 1/5th the length of tank
Drainage System
Septic Tank
• A vent pipe is provided on the roof of
the tank to discharge the foul gases
• For efficient working it is necessary to
remove the digested sludge and scum
from the tank periodically (say once in a
year or two)
• Access manholes of adequate size are
provided in the roof slab for inspection
and cleaning

Drainage System
Septic Tank

Drainage System
Septic Tank

Drainage System
Soak Pit
• A simple pit of any suitable shape (square or
circular) dug in the ground for disposal of
effluent from a septic tank
• A soak pit can function effectively when

water table is sufficiently below the ground
level and soil is of porous type
• The soak pit may be lined or unlined but the

walls of the pit have to be necessarily lined
for a depth of 15 cm below the invent level of
the inlet pipe upto top in either cases
• In case of unlined soak pits, the pit is filled
with rubble or brick bats

Drainage System
Septic Tank
• A vent pipe is provided on the roof of
the tank to discharge the foul gases
• For efficient working it is necessary to
remove the digested sludge and scum
from the tank periodically (say once in a
year or two)
• Access manholes of adequate size are
provided in the roof slab for inspection
and cleaning

Drainage System
Dispersion Trenches
• Disposal of effluent from septic tank is conveyed into a small masonry distribution chamber trough a pipe
• From distribution chamber the effluent is discharged into a number of dispersion trenches through tight
jointed 75 to 100 mm dia.
• Each dispersion trench is a narrow and shallow trench about 30 cm to 100 cm wide and 50cm to 100 cm
deep and it is excavated to slight gradient
• Open jointed unglazed earthenware or concrete pipes of 75 to 100 mm dia. are laid in the trench over a
bed of 15 to 25 cm of washed gravel or crushed stone
• Remaining depth is filled with ordinary soil
• Center to center spacing between two trenches should not be less than 2 m and their length shoud not
exceed 30 m

Drainage System
Dispersion Trenches

Drainage System
Be Healthy with


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Drainage System

Department of Architecture Building Services-I (AR142)

2. Drainage above the ground

Department of Architecture Building Services-I (AR142)

1.3 Partially Combined System: In this system part of storm water

Department of Architecture Building Services-I (AR142)

This consists of a system of vertical stacks, horizontal

Department of Architecture Building Services-I (AR142)

2. Two Pipe System

3. Single Stack System

4. Partially Ventilated Single Stack System

Department of Architecture Building Services-I (AR142)

One Pipe System

• The system of plumbing in which soil

are all collected into one main pipe.

Department of Architecture Building Services-I (AR142)

Two Pipe System

• The system of plumbing in which soil

Department of Architecture Building Services-I (AR142)

Single Stack System

• The one pipe system in which there is

Department of Architecture Building Services-I (AR142)

Partially Ventilated Single Stack System

• A system in which there is one soil

Department of Architecture Building Services-I (AR142)

For Work above ground system may be of

Department of Architecture Building Services-I (AR142)

Underground horizontal pipes laid to slope 100 mm dia.

Vertical soil pipe (above ground) 100 mm dia.

Vertical waste pipe (above ground) 50 to 75 mm dia.

Branch soil pipe 60 to 75 mm dia.

Vent pipe 50 mm dia.

Rain water pipe 75 mm dia.

Waste pipe from individual kitchen, sink, wash basin 40 mm dia.

Department of Architecture Building Services-I (AR142)

Department of Architecture Building Services-I (AR142)

flow as well as in the absence of water flow

• It should be self cleansing

and there is no possibility of dust, dirt, etc. getting struck to it

• It should be provided with suitable means of access for cleaning purpose

Department of Architecture Building Services-I (AR142)

Department of Architecture Building Services-I (AR142)

Department of Architecture Building Services-I (AR142)

Department of Architecture Building Services-I (AR142)

Department of Architecture Building Services-I (AR142)

Department of Architecture Building Services-I (AR142)

Department of Architecture Building Services-I (AR142)

Department of Architecture Building Services-I (AR142)

Department of Architecture Building Services-I (AR142)

 Water Closet (W.C.)

Department of Architecture Building Services-I (AR142)

Department of Architecture Building Services-I (AR142)

Department of Architecture Building Services-I (AR142)

Department of Architecture Building Services-I (AR142)

Bowl Type Urinal

Department of Architecture Building Services-I (AR142)

Slab Type Urinal

Department of Architecture Building Services-I (AR142)

Stall Type Urinal