List of countries by system of government

This is a list of sovereign states by system of government. There is also a political mapping of the world
that shows what form of government each country has, as well as a brief description of what each form of
government entails. The list is colour-coded according to the type of government, for example: blue
represents a republic with an executive head of state, and red is a constitutional monarchy with a
ceremonial head of state. The colour-coding also appears on the following map, representing the same
government categories. The legend of what the different colours represent is found just below the map.

Certain states have been defined as having more than one system of government or a hybrid system – for
instance, Poland possesses a semi-presidential government where the President appoints the Prime Minister
or can veto legislation passed by parliament, but its Constitution defines the country as a parliamentary
republic and its ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence.[1][2][3][4][5][6]

List of countries

Map

Legend

Presidential republic: Head of state is a president that is the head of government and is
independent of legislature
Semi-presidential republic: Head of state is a president that has some executive
powers and is independent of legislature; remaining executive power is vested in ministry
that is subject to parliamentary confidence
Republic with an executive presidency or directory nominated by or elected by the
legislature: President or Directory is both head of state and government; ministry, including
the president, may or may not be subject to parliamentary confidence
Parliamentary republic: Head of state is a president that is mostly or entirely
ceremonial; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
 Constitutional monarchy (ceremonial): Head of state is a monarch that is mostly or
entirely ceremonial; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Constitutional monarchy (executive): Head of state is an executive monarch; monarch
personally exercises power in concert with other institutions; sometimes known as a semi-
constitutional monarchy
Absolute monarchy: Head of state is executive; all authority vested in absolute
monarch
One-party state: Head of state is executive or ceremonial; power constitutionally linked
to a single political party
Countries in which constitutional provisions for government have been
suspended (e.g. military juntas)
No constitutionally defined basis to current regime (e.g. transitional governments)
Overseas possessions, colonies, and places without governments
Note: this chart represent de jure systems of government, not the de facto degree of democracy. Several
states that are constitutional republics are in practice ruled as authoritarian states.

UN member states and observers

Head of
Name Constitutional form Basis of executive legitimacy
state
No constitutionally-defined basis to current
Afghanistan Provisional n/a
regime[note 1]
Albania Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is

Algeria Republic Executive
subject to parliamentary confidence

Andorra Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

Presidency or Directory is elected by legislature;

Angola Republic Executive ministry may be, or not be, subject to
parliamentary confidence

Antigua and
Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Barbuda

Argentina Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Armenia Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

Australia Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

Austria Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is

Azerbaijan Republic Executive
subject to parliamentary confidence
Bahamas, The Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

Monarch personally exercises power in concert

Bahrain Constitutional monarchy Executive
with other institutions

Bangladesh Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

Barbados Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

Belarus Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Belgium Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

Belize Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

Benin Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Monarch personally exercises power in concert

Bhutan Constitutional monarchy Executive
with other institutions
Bolivia Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Bosnia and
Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Herzegovina

Presidency or Directory is elected by legislature;

Botswana Republic Executive ministry may be, or not be, subject to
parliamentary confidence
Brazil Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Brunei Absolute monarchy Executive All authority vested in absolute monarch

 Bulgaria Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

All authority vested in a committee of the

nation's military leaders for the duration of a
Burkina Faso Provisional n/a
state of emergency; constitutional provisions for
government are suspended

Burundi Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Cambodia Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

Cameroon Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Canada Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is

Cape Verde Republic Executive
subject to parliamentary confidence
Central African
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Republic

All authority vested in a committee of the

nation's military leaders for the duration of a
Chad Provisional n/a
state of emergency; constitutional provisions for
government are suspended

Chile Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

China,
Power constitutionally linked to a single political
People's Republic Republic Ceremonial
of party[note 2] For more info see Politics of China.

Colombia Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Comoros Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Congo,
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is
Democratic Republic Executive
subject to parliamentary confidence
Republic of the
Congo, Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is
Republic Executive
Republic of the subject to parliamentary confidence

Costa Rica Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Côte d'Ivoire Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Croatia Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

Power constitutionally linked to a single political
Cuba Republic Executive
party

Cyprus Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Czech
Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Republic
Denmark Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

Djibouti Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Dominica Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

Dominican
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Republic

Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is

East Timor Republic Executive
subject to parliamentary confidence

Ecuador Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

 Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is
Egypt Republic Executive
subject to parliamentary confidence
El Salvador Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Equatorial
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Guinea

Power constitutionally linked to a single political

Eritrea Republic Executive
party
Estonia Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

Eswatini Absolute monarchy Executive All authority vested in absolute monarch

Ethiopia Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

Fiji Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

Finland Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is

France Republic Executive
subject to parliamentary confidence

All authority vested in a committee of the

nation's military leaders for the duration of a
Gabon Provisional n/a
state of emergency; constitutional provisions for
government are suspended
Gambia, The Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Georgia Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

Germany Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

Ghana Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Greece Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

Grenada Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

Guatemala Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

All authority vested in a committee of the
nation's military leaders for the duration of a
Guinea Provisional n/a
state of emergency; constitutional provisions for
government are suspended

Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is

Guinea-Bissau Republic Executive
subject to parliamentary confidence

Presidency or Directory is elected by legislature;

Guyana Republic Executive ministry may be, or not be, subject to
parliamentary confidence
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is
Haiti Republic Executive
subject to parliamentary confidence

Honduras Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Hungary Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

Iceland Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

India Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

Indonesia Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Iran Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Iraq Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

 Ireland Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Israel Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

Italy Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

Jamaica Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

Japan Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

Monarch personally exercises power in concert

Jordan Constitutional monarchy Executive
with other institutions

Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is

Kazakhstan Republic Executive
subject to parliamentary confidence
Kenya Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Presidency or Directory is elected by legislature;

Kiribati Republic Executive ministry may be, or not be, subject to
parliamentary confidence

Monarch personally exercises power in concert

Kuwait Constitutional monarchy Executive
with other institutions
Kyrgyzstan Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Power constitutionally linked to a single political
Laos Republic Executive
party

Latvia Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

Lebanon Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

Lesotho Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

Liberia Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

No constitutionally-defined basis to current

Libya Provisional n/a
regime
Monarch personally exercises power in concert
Liechtenstein Constitutional monarchy Executive
with other institutions

Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is

Lithuania Republic Executive
subject to parliamentary confidence

Luxembourg Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is

Madagascar Republic Executive
subject to parliamentary confidence
Malawi Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Malaysia Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

Maldives Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

All authority vested in a committee of the

nation's military leaders for the duration of a
Mali Provisional n/a
state of emergency; constitutional provisions for
government are suspended

Malta Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

Presidency or Directory is elected by legislature;

Marshall
Republic Executive ministry may be, or not be, subject to
Islands
parliamentary confidence
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is
Mauritania Republic Executive
subject to parliamentary confidence
 Mauritius Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

Mexico Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Presidency or Directory is elected by legislature;

Micronesia Republic Executive ministry may be, or not be, subject to
parliamentary confidence

Moldova Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

Monarch personally exercises power in concert
Monaco Constitutional monarchy Executive
with other institutions

Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is

Mongolia Republic Executive
subject to parliamentary confidence

Montenegro Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

Monarch personally exercises power in concert
Morocco Constitutional monarchy Executive
with other institutions

Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is

Mozambique Republic Executive
subject to parliamentary confidence

All authority vested in a committee of the

nation's military leaders for the duration of a
Myanmar Provisional n/a
state of emergency; constitutional provisions for
government are suspended
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is
Namibia Republic Executive
subject to parliamentary confidence

Presidency or Directory is elected by legislature;

Nauru Republic Executive ministry may be, or not be, subject to
parliamentary confidence

Nepal Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

Netherlands Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

New Zealand Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

Nicaragua Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

All authority vested in a committee of the

nation's military leaders for the duration of a
Niger Provisional n/a
state of emergency; constitutional provisions for
government are suspended
Nigeria Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Power constitutionally linked to a single political

North Korea Republic Executive
party

North
Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Macedonia
Norway Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

Oman Absolute monarchy Executive All authority vested in absolute monarch

Pakistan Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

Palau Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is
Palestine Republic Executive
subject to parliamentary confidence

Panama Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

 Papua New
Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Guinea
Paraguay Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Peru Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Philippines Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Ministry is subject to parliamentary
Poland Republic Ceremonial
confidence[note 3]

Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is

Portugal Republic Executive
subject to parliamentary confidence
Monarch personally exercises power in concert
Qatar Constitutional monarchy Executive
with other institutions

Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is

Romania Republic Executive
subject to parliamentary confidence
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is
Russia Republic Executive
subject to parliamentary confidence

Rwanda Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Saint Kitts and

Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Nevis
Saint Lucia Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

Saint Vincent
Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
and the Grenadines

Samoa Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

San Marino Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

São Tomé and Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is

Republic Executive
Príncipe subject to parliamentary confidence

Saudi Arabia Absolute monarchy Executive All authority vested in absolute monarch

Senegal Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Serbia Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

Seychelles Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Sierra Leone Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Singapore Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

Slovakia Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

Slovenia Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

Solomon
Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Islands
Somalia Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

Presidency or Directory is elected by legislature;

South Africa Republic Executive ministry may be, or not be, subject to
parliamentary confidence

South Korea Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

South Sudan Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Spain Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

 Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is
Sri Lanka Republic Executive
subject to parliamentary confidence
All authority vested in a committee of the
nation's military leaders for the duration of a
Sudan Provisional n/a
state of emergency; constitutional provisions for
government are suspended

Presidency or Directory is elected by legislature;

Suriname Republic Executive ministry may be, or not be, subject to
parliamentary confidence

Sweden Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

Presidency or Directory is elected by legislature;

Switzerland Republic Executive ministry may be, or not be, subject to
parliamentary confidence

Syria Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Tajikistan Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Tanzania Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Thailand Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

Togo Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Monarch personally exercises power in concert

Tonga Constitutional monarchy Executive
with other institutions

Trinidad and
Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Tobago

Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is

Tunisia Republic Executive
subject to parliamentary confidence

Turkey Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Turkmenistan Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Tuvalu Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

Uganda Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is

Ukraine Republic Executive
subject to parliamentary confidence

United Arab Monarch personally exercises power in concert

Constitutional monarchy Executive
Emirates with other institutions

United
Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Kingdom
United States Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Uruguay Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Uzbekistan Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Vanuatu Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Vatican City Absolute monarchy Executive All authority vested in absolute monarch

Venezuela Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Power constitutionally linked to a single political

Vietnam Republic Executive
party

No constitutionally-defined basis to current

Yemen Provisional n/a
regime[note 4]
 Zambia Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Zimbabwe Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Other states

Head of
Name Constitutional form Basis of executive legitimacy
state

Abkhazia Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Ministry is subject to parliamentary
Cook Islands Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial
confidence

Ministry is subject to parliamentary

Kosovo Republic Ceremonial
confidence

Ministry is subject to parliamentary

Niue Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial
confidence
Presidency independent of legislature;
Northern Cyprus Republic Executive ministry is subject to parliamentary
confidence

Sahrawi Arab Power constitutionally linked to a single

Republic Executive
Democratic Republic political party

Somaliland Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Presidency independent of legislature;
South Ossetia Republic Executive ministry is subject to parliamentary
confidence

Presidency independent of legislature;

Taiwan (Republic
Republic Executive ministry is subject to parliamentary
of China)
confidence

Transnistria Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Systems of governance
Italics indicate states with limited recognition.

Presidential systems

These are systems in which a president is the active head of the executive branch of government, and is
elected and remains in office independently of the legislature.

In full presidential systems, the president is both head of state and head of government. There is generally
no prime minister, although if one exists, in most cases they serve purely at the discretion of the president.

The following list includes democratic and non-democratic states:

Presidential systems without a prime minister

Benin
Bolivia
Brazil
 Chile
Colombia
Comoros
Costa Rica
Cyprus
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Gambia, The
Ghana
Guatemala
Honduras
Indonesia
Liberia
Malawi
Maldives
Mexico
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Palau
Panama
Paraguay
Philippines
Seychelles
Somaliland
South Sudan
Turkey
Turkmenistan
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
Zambia
Zimbabwe

Nations with limited recognition are in italics.

Presidential systems with a Supreme Leader

Iran[note 5]

Presidential systems with a prime minister

The following countries have presidential systems where a post of prime minister (official title may vary)
exists alongside that of the president. The president is still both the head of state and government and the
prime minister's roles are mostly to assist the president.
 Abkhazia
Argentina (see Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers)
Belarus
Burundi
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Djibouti
Equatorial Guinea
Ivory Coast
Kenya (see Prime Cabinet Secretary)
Kyrgyzstan
Peru
Senegal
Sierra Leone (see Chief minister)
South Korea
Syria
Rwanda
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Togo
Transnistria
Uganda
Uzbekistan

Nations with limited recognition are in italics.

Semi-presidential systems

In semi-presidential systems, there is always both a president and a head of government, commonly but not
exclusively styled as a prime minister. In such systems, the president has genuine executive authority, but
the role of a head of government may be exercised by the prime minister.

Premier-presidential systems

The president chooses a prime minister and cabinet from the parliament with approval from the parliament,
however only the parliament may remove them from office with a vote of no confidence. The president
does not have the right to dismiss the prime minister or the cabinet.

Algeria
Cape Verde
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
East Timor
Egypt
France
Haiti
Lithuania
 Madagascar
Mongolia
Northern Cyprus
Portugal
Romania
São Tomé and Príncipe
Sri Lanka
Ukraine[8]

Nations with limited recognition are in italics.

President-parliamentary systems

The president is head of state and the prime minister is head of government, although the prime minister
generally works under the discretion of the former more so than in a premier-presidential system. The
president chooses the prime minister and the cabinet without a confidence vote from the parliament, but
must have the support of a parliamentary majority for their selection. In order to remove a prime minister or
their cabinet from power, the president may dismiss them or the parliament can remove them by a vote of no
confidence.

Azerbaijan[9]
Congo, Republic of the
Guinea-Bissau
Kazakhstan[10]
Mauritania
Mozambique
Namibia
Palestine
Russia[9]
South Ossetia
Taiwan
Tunisia

Nations with limited recognition are in italics.

Parliamentary republican and related systems

In a parliamentary republic, the head of government is selected or nominated by the legislature and is also
accountable to it. The head of state is ordinarily called a president and (in full parliamentary republics) is
separate from the head of government, serving a largely apolitical, ceremonial role. In these systems, the
head of government is usually called the prime minister, chancellor or premier. In mixed republican systems
and directorial republican systems, the head of government also serves as head of state and is usually titled
president.

Full parliamentary republican systems

In some full parliamentary systems, the head of state is directly elected by voters. Under other classification
systems, however, these systems may instead be classed as semi-presidential systems as presidents are
always attached to a political party and may have broad powers (despite their weak presidency).[11] Full
parliamentary republican systems with presidents being purely ceremonial and neutral with no broad
powers, do not have a directly elected head of state and instead usually use either an electoral college or a
vote in the legislature to appoint the president.

Directly elected head of state

Austria
Bosnia and Herzegovina[note 6][note 7]
Bulgaria[12]
Croatia[13]
Czech Republic[14]
Finland
Iceland[15]
Ireland[16]
Moldova[17]
Montenegro[18]
North Macedonia
Poland[1][2]
Serbia[19]
Singapore[20]
Slovakia[21]
Slovenia[22]

Indirectly elected head of state

Albania
Armenia
Barbados
Dominica
Estonia
Ethiopia
Fiji
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Hungary
India
Iraq
Israel
Italy
Kosovo
Latvia
 Lebanon
Malta
Mauritius
Nepal
Pakistan
Samoa
San Marino[note 8][23][24][note 9]
Somalia
Trinidad and Tobago
Vanuatu

Nations with limited recognition are in italics.

Parliamentary republics with an executive presidency

A combined head of state and head of government in the form of an executive president is either elected by
the legislature or by voters after candidates are nominated for the post by the legislature (in the case of
Kiribati), and they must maintain the confidence of the legislature to remain in office. In effect, "presidents"
in this system function the same as prime ministers do in other parliamentary systems.

Angola[25]
Botswana[note 10]
Kiribati[26]
Marshall Islands[27]
Nauru[28]
South Africa[29]

Assembly-independent republican systems

A combined head of state and head of government (usually titled president) is elected by the legislature but
is immune from a vote of no confidence (as is their cabinet), thus acting more independently from the
legislature.[30] They may or may not also hold a seat in the legislature.

Federated States of Micronesia[note 11][31]

Guyana[note 12]
Suriname

Directorial republic

In a directorial republic, a council jointly exercises the powers and ceremonial roles of both the head of
state and head of government. The council is elected by the parliament, but if it is assembly-independent, it
is not subject to parliamentary confidence during its fixed term.
 Switzerland[note 13]

Constitutional monarchies

These are systems in which the head of state is a constitutional monarch; the existence of their office and
their ability to exercise their authority is established and restrained by constitutional law.

Constitutional monarchies with ceremonial/non-executive monarchs

Systems in which a prime minister is the active head of the executive branch of government. In some cases,
the prime minister is also leader of the legislature, while in other cases the executive branch is clearly
separated from legislature (although the entire cabinet or individual ministers must step down in the case of
a vote of no confidence).[32][33] The head of state is a constitutional monarch who normally only exercises
his or her powers with the consent of the government, the people and/or their representatives (except in
emergencies, e.g. a constitutional crisis or a political deadlock).[note 14]

Andorra[note 15]
Antigua and Barbuda[note 16]
Australia[note 16]
Bahamas[note 16]
Belgium
Belize[note 16]
Cambodia
Canada[note 16]
Cook Islands[note 16][note 17]
Denmark
Grenada[note 16]
Jamaica[note 16]
Japan
Lesotho
Luxembourg
Malaysia
Netherlands
New Zealand[note 16][note 17]
Niue[note 16][note 17]
Norway
Papua New Guinea[note 16]
Saint Kitts and Nevis[note 16]
Saint Lucia[note 16]
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines[note 16]
Solomon Islands[note 16]
Spain
Sweden
Thailand
 Tuvalu[note 16]
United Kingdom[note 16]

Constitutional monarchies with active monarchs

The prime minister is the nation's active executive, but the monarch still has considerable political powers
that can be used at their own discretion.

Bahrain
Bhutan
Jordan
Kuwait
Liechtenstein
Monaco
Morocco
Qatar
Tonga
United Arab Emirates[note 18][34][35]

Absolute monarchies

Specifically, monarchies in which the monarch's exercise of power is unconstrained by any substantive
constitutional law. The monarch acts as both head of state and head of government.

Brunei
Eswatini
Oman
Saudi Arabia
Vatican City[note 19]

One-party states

States in which political power is by law concentrated within one political party whose operations are
largely fused with the government hierarchy (in contrast to states where a multi-party system formally
exists, but this fusion is achieved anyway through election fraud or underdeveloped multi-party traditions).

China (Communist Party leads eight minor political parties) (list)

Cuba (Communist Party) (list)
Eritrea (People's Front for Democracy and Justice) (list)
North Korea (Workers' Party leads the Democratic Front) (list)
Laos (People's Revolutionary Party leads the Front for National Construction) (list)
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (Polisario Front)
Vietnam (Communist Party leads the Fatherland Front) (list)
Nations with limited recognition are in italics.

Military juntas

A committee of the nation's military leaders controls the government for the duration of a state of
emergency. Constitutional provisions for government are suspended in these states; constitutional forms of
government are stated in parentheses.

Burkina Faso (semi-presidential republic)[37]

Chad (presidential republic)[38]
Gabon (presidential republic)[39]
Guinea (presidential republic)[40][41]
Mali (presidential republic)[42]
Myanmar (assembly-independent republic)[43]
Niger (semi-presidential republic)[44]
Sudan (presidential republic)[45][46][47]

Transitional governments

States that have a system of government that is in transition or turmoil. These regimes lack a constitutional
basis.

Afghanistan[note 1][49]
Libya
Yemen[note 4][50]

Systems of internal structure

Unitary states

A state governed as a single power in which the central government is ultimately supreme and any
administrative divisions (sub-national units) exercise only the powers that the central government chooses
to delegate. The majority of states in the world have a unitary system of government. Of the 193 UN
member states, 126 are governed as centralized unitary states, and an additional 40 are regionalized unitary
states.

Centralized unitary states

States in which most power is exercised by the central government. What local authorities do exist have
few powers.

Regionalized unitary states

States in which the central government has delegated some of its powers to regional authorities, but where
constitutional authority ultimately remains entirely at a national level.
 Azerbaijan (59 districts, and 1 autonomous republic)
Bolivia (9 departments)
Chile (16 regions)
People's Republic of China (22 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 province-level
municipalities, 2 special administrative regions, and 1 claimed province)
Colombia (34 departments, and 1 capital district)
Denmark (5 regions, and 2 self-governing territories)
Finland (19 regions, and Åland)
France (18 regions, of which 6 are autonomous)
Georgia (9 regions, and 2 autonomous republics)
Greece (7 decentralized administrations, and 1 autonomous monastic state)
Indonesia (38 provinces, of which 9 have special status)
Israel (6 districts, Judea and Samaria Area)
Italy (20 regions, of which 5 are autonomous)
Japan (47 prefectures)
Kazakhstan (17 regions, 3 cities with region rights)
Kenya (47 counties)
Kingdom of the Netherlands (4 constituent countries)
Mauritania (15 regions)
Moldova (32 districts, 3 municipalities, and 2 autonomous territorial units)
New Zealand (16 regions, 1 self-administering territory, and 2 states in free association)
Nicaragua (15 departments, 2 autonomous regions)
Norway (10 counties, 1 autonomous city, 2 integral overseas areas, 3 dependencies)
Papua New Guinea (20 provinces, 1 autonomous region, and 1 national capital district)
Peru (25 regions, and 1 province)
Philippines (one autonomous region subdivided into 5 provinces and 113 other provinces and
independent cities grouped into 17 other non-autonomous regions)
Portugal (18 districts, and 2 autonomous regions)
São Tomé and Príncipe (6 districts, and Príncipe)
Serbia (29 districts, 2 autonomous provinces (one of which is a partially recognized de facto
independent state), and 1 autonomous city)
Solomon Islands (9 provinces, and 1 capital territory)
South Africa (9 provinces)
South Korea (8 provinces, 6 special cities, and 1 autonomous province)
Spain (17 autonomous communities, 15 communities of common-regime, 1 community of
chartered regime, 3 chartered provinces, 2 autonomous cities)
Sri Lanka (9 provinces)
Tajikistan (3 regions, 1 autonomous region, and 1 capital city)
Tanzania (21 regions, and Zanzibar)
Trinidad and Tobago (9 regions, 1 autonomous island, 3 boroughs, and 2 cities)
Ukraine (24 oblasts, 2 cities with special status, and Crimea)
United Kingdom (4 constituent countries, of which 3 have devolved administrations)
Uzbekistan (3 regions, 1 autonomous republic, and 1 independent city)

Federation
States in which the national government shares power with regional governments with which it has legal or
constitutional parity. The central government may or may not be (in theory) a creation of the regional
governments.

Argentina (23 provinces and one autonomous city)

Australia (six states and ten territories)
Austria (nine states)
Belgium (three regions and three linguistic communities)
Bosnia and Herzegovina (two entities and one district that is a condominium of the two entities)
Brazil (26 states and the Federal District)
Canada (ten provinces and three territories)
Comoros ( Anjouan, Grande Comore, and Mohéli)
Ethiopia (10 regions and 2 chartered cities)
Germany (16 states)
India (28 states and 8 union territories)
Iraq (18 governorates and one region: Kurdistan)
Malaysia (13 states and three federal territories)
Mexico (32 states)
Federated States of Micronesia ( Chuuk, Kosrae, Pohnpei and Yap)
Nepal (seven provinces)
Nigeria (36 states and one federal territory: Federal Capital Territory)
Pakistan (4 provinces, 2 autonomous territories and 1 federal territory)
Russia (46 oblasts, 22 republics (one of which is disputed), nine krais, four autonomous okrugs,
three federal cities (one of which is disputed), one autonomous oblast)
Saint Kitts and Nevis (Saint Kitts, Nevis)
Somalia (six federal member states)
South Sudan (ten states)
Sudan (17 states)
Switzerland (26 cantons)
United Arab Emirates (seven emirates)
United States (50 states, one incorporated territory, and one federal district: District of
Columbia)
Venezuela (23 states, one capital district, and the Federal Dependencies of Venezuela)

European Union
The exact political character of the European Union is debated, some arguing that it is sui generis (unique),
but others arguing that it has features of a federation or a confederation. It has elements of
intergovernmentalism, with the European Council acting as its collective "president", and also elements of
supranationalism, with the European Commission acting as its executive and bureaucracy.[51]

See also
List of sovereign states
List of countries by date of transition to republican system of government
List of political systems in France
 List of current heads of state and government
Government

Notes and references

Notes
1. Afghanistan: As of December 2022, despite the loss of territory to the Taliban in 2021, the
Islamic Republic continues to hold Afghanistan's seat at the United Nations, with the newly
reinstated Islamic Emirate remaining unrecognized by the organization.[48]
2. The President of China is legally a ceremonial office; however, since 1993, the presidency
has been held by the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, who is the most
powerful figure in the political system.[7]
3. The Republic of Poland has been defined de jure by its Constitution as a parliamentary
republic. However, the system is largely semi-presidential in nature as the President of
Poland does exercise some power – the head of state appoints the Prime Minister as the
head of government, and can veto legislation as well as dissolve parliament in certain
situations. The Cabinet and Prime Minister appointed by the President are subject to a vote
of confidence by the Polish Parliament (Sejm).
4. Disputed between the internationally recognized Presidential Leadership Council and the
Supreme Political Council.
5. Iran combines the forms of a presidential republic, with a president elected by universal
suffrage, and a theocracy, with a Supreme Leader who is ultimately responsible for state
policy, chosen by the elected Assembly of Experts. Candidates for both the Assembly of
Experts and the presidency are vetted by the appointed Guardian Council.
6. Collective presidency consisting of three members; one for each major ethnic group.
7. Despite having a collective head of state, Bosnia and Herzegovina's head of state is
ceremonial, and as such is not executively governed by a directorial system.
8. Their two-person head of state, the Captains Regent, serve for six month terms.
9. Despite having a collective head of state, San Marino's head of state is ceremonial, and as
such is not executively governed by a directorial system.
10. The president is elected by parliament and holds a parliamentary seat, much like a prime
minister, but is immune from a vote of no confidence (but not their cabinet), unlike a prime
minister. Although, if a vote of no confidence is successful and they do not resign, it triggers
the dissolution of the legislature and new elections (per section 92 of the Constitution).
11. Holds a legislative seat.
12. Elected directly by the people via double simultaneous vote.
13. The President of Switzerland serves in a primus inter pares capacity amongst the Swiss
Federal Council, the seven-member executive council which constitutes both the presidency
and the government.
14. Some monarchs are given a limited number of discretionary reserve powers only to be used
in certain circumstances in accordance with their responsibility to defend the constitution.
15. The Bishop of Urgell and President of France serve as ex officio co-princes who have their
interests known through a representative.
16. One of fifteen constitutional monarchies which recognize the Monarch of the United
Kingdom as head of state, who presides over an independent government. The Monarch is
titled separately in each country (e.g. King of Australia), and notionally appoints a Governor-
General (GG) to each country other than the United Kingdom to act as his representative.
The prime minister (PM) is the active head of the executive branch of government and also
leader of the legislature. These countries may be known as "Commonwealth realms".
In many cases, the Governor-General or monarch has a lot more theoretical, or
constitutional, powers than they actually exercise, except on the advice of elected officials,
per constitutional convention. For example, the Constitution of Australia makes the GG the
head of the executive branch (including commander-in-chief of the armed forces), although
they seldom ever use this power, except on the advice of elected officials, especially the PM,
which makes the PM the de facto head of government.
17. The Cook Islands and Niue are under the sovereignty of the Monarch of New Zealand as
self-governing states in free association with New Zealand. New Zealand and its associated
states, along with Tokelau and the Ross Dependency, comprise the Realm of New Zealand.
18. A federal absolute monarchy in which, different monarchies, or in this case, sheikhdoms
fulfill both the duty of president and prime minister, although in actuality they are monarchs.
19. The Vatican is an elective absolute monarchy and a Roman Catholic theocracy; its monarch,
the Pope, is the head of the global Roman Catholic Church. His power within the Vatican
City State is unlimited by any constitution; however, as all its citizens and its residents are
ordained Catholic clergy, members of the Swiss Guard, or their immediate family, they
arguably have consented to obey the Pope or are minors. (Citizenship is jus officii, on the
grounds of appointment to work in a certain capacity in the service of the Holy See and
usually ceases upon cessation of the appointment. Citizenship is also extended to the
spouse and children of a citizen, provided they are living together in the city; in practice,
these are few in number, since the bulk of Vatican citizens are celibate Catholic clerics or
religious. Some individuals are also authorized to reside in the city but do not qualify or
choose not to request citizenship.)[36]

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Macmillan, 2011), Chapters 1 and 2.

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