PIPES&FITTING

FIXTURES
VALVES

WATER CLOSETS

CELIZ,JULES MELVIN R.
ARC140P MAJOR PROJECT 1-2
A69
 PIPES

The circular tubular products that are

used for conveying fluids (liquids, gases,
and fluidized solids) are referred to as
"pipes. "Pipes are designed to operate at
a specific design temperature and
pressure. Pipe Size, Schedule or
thickness, Material, Pressure and
Temperature Withstanding Capacity, and
other parameters are all related to pipes.

2
 TYPES OF PIPES

1. METALLIC PIPES
2. NON - METALIC PIPES

Pipes can be classified according to the material

they are made of. There are a variety of different
metal pipes available, including:
ordinary steel pipe,
galvanized steel pipe,
copper tube,
stainless steel pipe,
cast iron pipe, and more.

Additionally, there are a variety of different non-

metallic pipes available, including:
various common plastic pipes,
composite pipes
Rubber pipes
concrete pipes

3
 METALLIC PIPES are simple to make and
available in large quantities .A metal
tobacco pipe doesn't have the unique feel
of a glass pipe does, but you can always
count on it to work and look the same
every time.

Additionally, metal pipes have

characteristics that acrylic, glass, and
ceramic pipes do not. They have hinges and
removable pieces with tightly threaded
connections, for instance. Even for smoking,
there are metal pipes like the Transformer
Adjustable Metal Pipe, which can swivel into
nearly any hand pipe you want.

4
 a. Ordinary Steel Pipes
USE: Drainage branch pipes for sanitary appliances, non-
corrosive production drainage branch pipes for production
equipment, and rainwater pipes for industrial plants are all
examples of water supply pipes.

ADVANTAGES: High strength, an easy interface, a lot of

pressure inside, a smooth interior surface, and good
hydraulics

b. Galvanized steel pipe

USE: a production water supply pipeline and a system for
fighting fires with a diameter of less than or equal to 150
mm.

ADVANTAGES: Strong, simple interface, a lot of internal

pressure, a smooth interior surface, and good hydraulic
condition.

5
 c. copper tube
USE: Hot water pipe.

ADVANTAGES: High mechanical strength, good resistance to

corrosion in fresh water, easy processing, smooth inner
surface, hard to scale, beautiful.

d. stainless steel tube

USE: To transport pure water and corrosive production
sewage.
ADVANTAGES: Impermeability, resistance to corrosion,
good airtightness, a smooth inner wall, light weight, ease of
installation, resistance to high pressure and vibration, and
corrosion resistance.

6
 e. cast iron pipe
USE: primarily utilized in the engineering of gas pipelines,
drainage, and water supply.

It can be broken down into the following categories based on

the various manufacturing techniques:Continuous cast iron
straight pipe, sand mold iron pipe, and centrifugal socket
straight pipeIt can be divided into grey cast iron pipe, ductile
cast iron pipe, and high silicon iron iron pipe based on the
various materials used.

ADVANTAGES: Strong, tough, with a thin wall, light weight,

resistance to impact, bending function, and simple
installation.

CAST IRON PIPE

SAND MOLD IRON PIPE

used once in metal casting to
collect the casting after pouring
metal fluid and breaking it.

DUCTILE CAST IRON PIPE

CENTRIFUGAL SOCKET DTRAIGHT
POCKET used for potable water
are widely used in process plants transmission and distribution.
to compress gases.

7
 Over the past decade, the use of pressure
piping systems made of NON-METALLIC
(NM) materials has increased. New
thermoplastic and fiber-reinforced
thermosetting resin pipes that can withstand
high temperatures and pressures have been
developed as a result of recent advances in
material science.

This expanded the use of nonmetallic pipes

in different industries that needed liquid
transportation in various places.

here are some of the different uses of

Nonmetallic pipes:

8
 1. Chemical process
The long-term integrity of many piping materials can be
compromised by aggressive chemicals and high
temperatures. Due to leaks, contamination, and other
premature failures, this can necessitate costly repairs.

2. Food and Bevarege Industry

The long-term integrity of many piping materials can be
compromised by aggressive chemicals and high
temperatures. Due to leaks, contamination, and other
premature failures, this can necessitate costly repairs.

3.Oil and Gas Industry

These organizations need the tools, knowledge, and
resources to support their ever-evolving needs, whether
they're drilling underground or working in the frigid
temperatures and highly corrosive conditions of deep
underwater sea trenches.

4. power plant and industrial facilities

Air-pollution control systems are used by businesses to get
rid of acidic flue gases by filtering them through a slurry of
water and lime. To transport the slurry, this necessitates a
dependable piping system that can withstand this highly
corrosive and acidic mixture.

5. Water Industry
Companies must strategically invest in the right tools,
materials, and resources to operate in a highly efficient and
effective manner in order to meet an ever-changing set of
federal, state, and local standards.

This also includes pipes that are affected by the water

industry such as homes and other structure that includes
water.

9
 Types of Nonmetallic pipes
a. composite pipes
USE: It is built to carry a range of fluids, including fuels, oils
and liquid chemicals, so it’s almost certain that you’ll benefit
from investing in one for the purposes of your project or site.
it is formed by welding polyethylene, cross-linked
polyethylene and other non-metal materials inside and
outside, with the characteristics of metal pipe and non-metal
pipe.
e.g. Aluminum plastic composite pipe, steel plastic
composite pipe, copper plastic composite pipe, plastic
coated composite pipe, steel frame PE pipe, etc.

ADVANTAGES: Light weight, smooth inner wall, low

resistance, good corrosion resistance.

ALUMINUM PLASTIC COMPOSITE STEEL PLASTIC CIMPOSITE PIPE

suitable to use as heat
anti-corrosion, no rust, no fouling,
transmission pipes due to its
smooth and smooth, clean and
higher temperature and pressure
non-toxic, and long service life.
resistance

PLASTIC COATED COMPOSITE

PIPE structure of
It uses a composite
COPPER COMPOSITE PLASTIC
reinforced steel pipes that have been
used as a conductor of electricity welded together and are coated with
and as an electrical insulator. plastic on the inside and outside to
prevent rust and corrosion.
10
 b. Rubber Pipe
USE: e used in dams, railways, and construction sites, flood
relief tasks of dewatering and fire fighting.

ADVANTAGES: Corrosion resistance, vibration resistance,

anti noise, convenient interface.

c. concrete pipe
USE: be used under different circumstances to transport
fluids and gases. They can be applied to numerous different
industries.

ADVANTAGES: Low price, good corrosion resistance after

treatment.

11
 Pipe Sizing

Source: https://www.homestratosphere.com/types-
of-plumbing-pipes/

PVC Pipe Size Dimensions

Source:
https://www.theengineeringconcepts.com/nominal-
pipe-size-pipe-schedule/

12
 Aluminum Pipe Sizing

Source:
https://infinitypipesystems.com.au/media/news/toolb
ox/pipe-sizing-chart/

Source: https://www.homestratosphere.com/pvc-
pipe-and-fittings-sizes/
13
 PIPE FITTING

Pipe fittings are components that are

used to connect pipe sections to other
fluid control products like pumps and
valves to make pipelines.

14
TYPES OF PIPE FITTING

1. TEES AND SANITARY

TEES

It looks a lot like a capital T,

allowing for flow in a straight
line and at a 90-degree angle
from the main flow.

2. TEES AND SANITARY

TEES

resembles the lowercase letter

"y," with the longer side as a
straight run and the shorter
side branching off from it at a
45-degree angle.

3. CROSS FITTING

It has four equally sized

openings designed to connect
four pipes, each at 90-degree
intervals from the next along
the same plane.

15
 4. Elbow

ally angled at 90 or 45 degrees

and sometimes at 22.5 or 60
degrees. Elbows connect runs
of pipe wherever such angles
are needed.

5. Coupling

joins two identically sized

pieces of the same pipe
material.They can also be used
to fix a leaking pipe.Each end of
a bell reducer or reducing
coupling has a different size,
allowing you to switch sizes
along the pipe run.

6. Unions

comes in handy in places where

a coupling won't work to
connect two threaded pipes, as
the union has a nut as its own
tightening mechanism

16
 7. Caps
To seal a pipe, a cap is attached
to its top.While some are
threaded, many are held in
place with glue or solder,
making the seal somewhat
indestructible.

8. Plug Fitting

seals off an otherwise open

pipe's end.A plug fits partially
into the end of the pipe with
another part sticking out,
similar to a stopper for a wine
or champagne bottle, whereas
a cap covers the end of the
pipe.

9. Flanges

They are frequently utilized for

household pump systems and
for mounting the toilet over the
waste pipe.

17
 10. Nipples
On the outside of the nipple,
they are short pieces of
plumbing pipe with threads at
each end.Rather than
connecting two pipes in a
straight line, these are
frequently used to connect
other pipe fittings.

11. Push-Fit connection

They simply push into place

and slide over the pipe.A push-
fit connector's inner workings
are protected from leaks by O-
rings and internal stainless
teeth.

12. Adapters

used to change the type of end

on a pipe, such as from male to
female or from nonthreaded to
threaded.

18
BRANDS

19
20
 VALVES

The movement of liquids, gases, powders,

and other substances can be controlled by
means of mechanical or electro-mechanical
valves.via tubes or pipes, tanks, or other
containers.Most of the time, valves use a
mechanical barrier that can be inserted and
removed from the material's flow stream.
Some valves are designed as on-off models,
while others permit extremely precise media
flow control.

21
TYPES OF VALVES

1. AEROSOL VALVES

used for dispensing the contents

of aerosol cans.

Liquids, creams and ointments,

gases, cleaning agents, and any
other product that comes
packaged in an aerosol can are
dispensed by aerosol valves.

2. Ball Valves
quart-turn valves with ported
spheres that can either block or
allow flow in the pipe stream.

used practically anywhere a fluid

flow must be shut off, from a
compressed-air line to a high-
pressure, hydraulic system.

3. Blind Valves

mechanical devices that stop a

pipeline's flow.They are primarily
utilized by the oil and gas
industries for isolating pipeline
sections.

22
 4. Casing Valve

used to gain access to well casings

only by the oil and gas
industry.The intended use, the
kind of actuator, the connections
between ports, the size of the
valve, and the building materials
are all important details.

5. Clock valve
used for draining tanks and the
like and often incorporate a
threaded means for opening and
closing. They are also used as low-
pressure shut-offs where they
typically use a quarter-turn lever.

6. Faucet Valve

used to control the flow of fluid

into basins or sinks. They usually
don't have outlets, but some have
threads for connecting hose,
which is called a hose bibb or
spigot.

23
Plumbing Fixtures

Fixtures are belongings that are

incorporated into land or buildings.A
fixture is basically anything that is
physically connected to the
structure.

Bidet Shower
Water Closets bath tubs
Urinal Emergency fixture
Lavatories
Kitchen Sink
Sink
Faucets

24
 1. Bidet
The purpose of these fixtures is to clean
the area around the perineum.This fixture
can be used to clean by both men and
women.When water spray is applied, the
exit must be protected from backflow
because the aperture is below the flood
level rim of the bidet.

Types

a. Stand alone Bidet

porcelain bathroom
fixtures with an oval
shape that are installed
close to the toilet.They
lack a seat and have the
appearance of a toilet
bowl.

b. hand held bidet

includes a T-valve, bidet

hose, and a spray head.It
is a cheap bidet that only
has a few features.

25
2. water closets

a device for disposing of human feces that

uses water as the medium for
transportation. Toilet bowls are available
in two varieties: elongated and round
fronts. The opening in elongated bowls is 2
inches. The front bow of a conventional
bowl is longer. As a public service, this is
strongly encouraged.

Types

a. tank toilets
also known as toilets with
a gravity flush. This is due
to the fact that the toilet
tank is installed on top of
the tank, and during
flushing, water flows from
the tank to the bowl by
gravity.

b. floor mounted
a toilet with a floor-
mounted tank and bowl.
Because they provide
more space underneath
for storage than wall-
mounted units do, these
are frequently found in
commercial buildings.

26
 c. wall hung
a wall mounted water
closetinstalledin such a
waythat no part of the
water closet touches the
floor.

What is a water closet?

A water closet is a room that

contains a toilet. It gives that
privacy that the user needs when
they need to take their personal
time.

The width of a typical water closet is

30 inches. To make things easier to
use, experts recommend a width of
at least 40 inches.60 inches is the
minimum required length. This
allows for a minimum of 24 to 30
inches in front of the toilet for
sitting and standing convenience.

27
 3. urnials

It is a piece of clean plumbing that is only

used to urinate.

Types

a. stall urnials

A stall urinal is supported

by either the flange or the
floor.

b. sensor urinal
This type of urinal is
common in airports and
shopping malls for good
reason: the sensor flushes
itself automatically after
each use, saving time.

28
4. lavatories

At the sink, people can wash their

hands.Face and hands are washed in a
public restroom.Washing one's hands and
face, shaving, applying cosmetics, and
cleaning one's contact lenses are all
performed in residential lavatories.

Types

a. wall mounted

Because it creates a
minimalist design and is
an excellent space-saving
piece for smaller
bathrooms, it is one of the
most common types.

b. vessel
In order to make a
stunning statement in the
bathroom, vessel sinks are
the ideal choice because
they are luxurious and
seamless.

29
c. free-standing
The free-standing variety of
bathroom sinks is an original
and stylish choice. Because
of its sleek, contemporary
design and delicate curves, a
free-standing table has a
much smaller leg or
pedestal.

d. pedestal

The pedestal basin is one of

the most opulent-looking
sinks for bathrooms.It is
adaptable because it comes
in a variety of patterns and
designs that can be vintage
or modern.

e. under mount
The under-mount sink is the
best option for you if you
want to make the most of the
space on your
countertop.Since it is
installed completely
submerged in the surround,
this model is simple to style
and personalize.

30
5. kitchen sink

It could be a commercial or residential

property. In comparison to home kitchen
sinks, commercial sinks typically have a
bowl that is deeper and has a larger basin.

Types

a. single-bowl

one large basins that do

not have dividers are a
great option for kitchens
that are small and have
limited counter space.

b. double-bowl
You can use one side of
these sinks for dish
washing and the other for
rinsing, drying, or food
preparation thanks to the
divider.

31
c. low divider
has a low center divider that
only about halfway up the
basin reaches the
ground.You can still organize
washing and rinsing into
separate basins while still
having room to wash larger
dishes that wouldn't fit in a
single- or double-bowl sink.

d. over mount

sinks into the counter,

forming a lip or rim around it.

e. under mount
installed directly beneath
the counter, giving the sink
and countertop a seamless
appearance.

Debris can be pushed

straight into the sink without
catching on a rim or lip,
making cleanup a breeze.

32
 6. sink

Sinks are fixtures that are installed for the

convenience of building users but are not
kitchen or service sinks. Hospitals,
doctor's offices, labs, fast food
restaurants, office complexes, and image
processing facilities are all examples of
common installations.

Types

a. bar sink

sink that can be put in either

on top of or underneath the
countertop. In order to
ensure that any water that
spills from the sink will flow
into a drip tray.

b. integrated sink
Because it lacks a cover and
has no drainage channels or
faucet holes, it is easier to
clean.
Additionally, the products
are of high quality, the price
is reasonable, and the
stainless steel used in the
manufacturing process is
resistant to corrosion.
33
 7. Faucet

A faucet's primary functions include

opening and closing it, as well as mixing
hot and cold water

Types

a. compression faucet
This type of faucet is easy to
come by, and they are also
affordable. An associated
problem with this type of
valve is that the issue of
water leakage starts
occurring once the rubber
wears out.

b. ball faucet

This type of faucet is known

for its high rate of leakage.
This faucet type is
commonly used in the
kitchen.

34
c. cartridge
There are either single-
handle or double-handle
versions of this type of
faucet.
The distinctive operation
style of double handles
faucets has earned them a
reputation.

d. touchless
A motion sensor is included
with this kind of faucet.The
motion sensor ensures that
the water is turned on
immediately and effectively.
The water turns on and
begins to flow by simply
moving your hand across the
motion sensor.

e. ceramic disc
Your faucet can comfortably
mix hot and cold water
through his faucet.
Two ceramic discs are
included with this model of
faucet, and they are
positioned beneath the
lever.

35
 8. shower

designed to thoroughly cleanse the entire

body. A user must bend at the waist in
order to reach their lower body parts
because of the shower's size and design.

Types

a. prefabricated shower

consists of molded shower

surround walls and a shower
pan made of acrylic or
fiberglass.

b. glass enclosure

a specific kind of bespoke

shower made of panels of
tempered glass that are 1/4-
inch thick and wall off a
corner of the bathroom
where the shower fixtures
are mounted.

36
c. curve enclosed

The door to a curved

enclosure shower opens in a
graceful arc to provide
access, and it typically
occupies a corner of the
bathroom.

d. neo-angle

A shower with a neo-angle

enclosure is a good mix of a
corner and a curved
enclosure. Two flat sheets of
tempered form two sides of
the square shower, which is
tucked away in a corner.

e. body shower

one with a shower head

above the head and multiple
penetrations in one or more
walls for water jets ranging in
height from knee to
shoulder.

37
 9. bath tubs

The first tools for bathing and washing

were bathtubs. The bathtub was replaced
with a shower when bathing became too
time-consuming. It was common to have a
shower and a tub together.

Types

a. alcove
a bathtub design that is
practical and combines form
and function.These
bathtubs are designed with
ease of use in mind and
typically have a shower
head positioned toward the
top.

b. freestanding

For a stunning, one-of-a-

kind focal point and visual
stimulation, these tubs can
be positioned toward the
center of a room or close to
walls (although this is not
recommended).

38
c. clawfoot

The tub is defined in every

way by its vintage style.From
its intricate clawed feet to
the tub's deep and high
walls' romantic sloping
curves.

d. hot tubs

the ultimate in blissful,

warm, and soaking
relaxation. a place to
rejuvenate, refuel, and
reenergize.

e. built in tubs

these bathtubs have a drop-

in design function that
results in the rim of the tub
being flush with the platform
or deck it is mounted in; this
is a common design for air
tubs and whirlpool tubs.

39
BRANDS:

40
41
 Reference
https://whatispiping.com/types-of-pipes/
https://www.hunker.com/13769730/types-of-
pipe-fittings-explained
https://www.madisonpipe.com/blog/classificati
on-of-pipes-metal-pipes-non-metallic-pipes/
https://smokea.com/blogs/knowledge-
base/pros-and-cons-of-metal-pipes
https://www.asme.org/topics-
resources/content/explore-5-applications-of-
nonmetallic-piping-systems
https://www.parklane.ph/products/pvc-pipe-
philippines/
https://www.hunker.com/13769730/types-of-
pipe-fittings-explained
https://www.mcmaster.com/Pipe-Fittings/

https://www.thomasnet.com/articles/pumps-
valves-accessories/types-of-valves/
https://sweets.construction.com/MasterForma
t/Plumbing-
22_00_00/General_Duty_Valves_for_Plumbing_
Piping-22_05_23
https://www.civilclick.com/types-of-valves/
https://www.firstsupply.com/7-essential-
plumbing-
valves#:~:text=Angle%20Valve%20(Angle%20St
op),and%20help%20prevent%20an%20overflo
w
 https://designingidea.com/types-of-lighting-
fixtures/
https://simplicable.com/en/fixtures
https://toilethaven.com/2020/08/09/types-of-
bidets/
https://www.homedit.com/water-closet/
https://www.sloan.com/commercial-bathroom-
products/water-closets
https://www.philstar.com/other-
sections/supplements/2021/04/29/2094406/8-
types-lavatory-sink
https://kitchencabinetkings.com/ideas/types-of-
kitchen-sinks
https://sinkreviewer.com/types-of-sinks/
https://www.ges2016.org/types-of-faucets/
https://www.thespruce.com/types-of-showers-
4799624
https://www.homestratosphere.com/bathtub-
types/