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 TODAY’S AGENDA

FUNCTIONS Formation male

OF THE of reproductive
SYSTEM gametes system
EFFECTS OF
AGING ON THE
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
physiology of FEmale physiology of
the male reproductive the female
reproductive reproductive
system system system
 INTRODUCTION
What does the reproductive system do?

The reproductive system

is a collection of organs
and a network of
hormone production that
work together to create
life.
FUNCTIONS
01 PRODUCTION OF GAMETES

02 FERTILIZATION

03
DEVELOPMENT AND NOURISHMENT
OF A NEW INDIVIDUAL

PRODUCTION OF
04 REPRODUCTIVE HORMONES
FORMATION OF
GAMETES
GAMETE FORMATION
through meiosis (reduction
division), in which a germ cell
undergoes two fissions, resulting
in the production of four gametes.
MEIOSIS
TWO DIVISIONS
MEIOSIS I
MEIOSIS II
HAPLOID CELLS
Contain one set of
chromosomes
HAPLOID MALE AND FEMALE ZYGOTE
unite in the process of A diploid and contains two sets
fertilization. of chromosomes.
MEIOSIS
PHASES OF MEIOSIS
1. Prophase
2. Metaphase
3. Anaphase
4. Telophase
MEIOSIS
PROPHASE I
I
MEIOSIS
PROPHASE I
I
MEIOSIS
PROPHASE I
I
MEIOSIS
PROPHASE I
I
MEIOSIS
PROPHASE I
I
MEIOSIS
PROPHASE I
I
MEIOSIS
PROPHASE I
I
MEIOSIS I
METAPHASE I ANAPHASE I
MEIOSIS
TELEPHASE I
I
MEIOSIS
TELEPHASE I
I
MEIOSIS
PROPHASE II
II
MEIOSIS
METAPHASE II
II
MEIOSIS
ANAPHASE II
II
MEIOSIS
ANAPHASE II
II
MEIOSIS
TELEPHASE II
II
MEIOSIS
TELEPHASE II
II
 RECAP QUESTION
At which stage of meiosis are sister
chromatids separated from each other?

a. Prophase II b. Metaphase I

c. Anaphase II d. Telophase I
MALE
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
 INTRO QUESTION
It is the large head region of the
sperm that contains DNA.

a. Midpiece b. Head

c. Tails d. Center
WHAT IS THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM?
Consists of a number sex
organs that are a part of the
human reproductive
process.
Produces, store and
releases the male gametes,
or sperm
 MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
EXTERNAL GENITAL ORGANS
1. Penis
2. Scrotum

INTERNAL GENITAL ORGANS

1. Testis
2. Epididymis
3. Vas Deferens
4. Accessory Glands
Seminal VesicleS
Prostate Gland
Bulbourethral Glands
 MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS

FRONT VIEW
 MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS

SIDE VIEW
 EXTERNAL GENITAL ORGANS
PENIS
SCROTUM
 PENIS
The penis is the organ
by which the sperm is
introduced into the
female.
It contains spongy
tissue that becomes
turgid and erect when
filled with blood.
 ERECTILE TISSUES
Corpus spongiosum - is the mass of
spongy tissue which surrounds
urethra and is involved in erection by
allowing rushing of the blood into it.
Corpus cavernosa - is one of a pair
of songe-like regions or erectile
tissue which contains most of the
blood in the penis during penile
erection.
Urethra - a tube within the penis that
conveys semen out of the body
during ejaculation
Glans - the rounded, highly sensitive
head of the penis.
Prepuce - a fold of the skin, covering
the head of the penis.
 SCROTUM
A pouch of the skin
formed from the lower
part of the abdominal
wall.
Scrotum keeps the
testes at a temperature
slightly cooler than
body temperature.
 INTERNAL GENITAL ORGANS
Testis
Epididymis
Vas Deferens
Accessory Glands
Seminal Vesicles
Prostate Gland
Bulbourethral Glands
 TESTIS (plural testes)
The testes are the two
oval shaped male
organs that produce
sperm and hormone
testosterone.
Testosterone - the
primary male sex
hormone
 TESTIS (plural testes)
Each testis is made of
tightly coiled structures
called Seminiferous
tubules.
Among tubules are
cells that produce
testosterone.
 EPIDIDYMIS
Is a tightly coiled
tube against the
testicles.
It acts as maturation
and storage place for
sperm
 VAS DEFERENS (Ductus Deferens)
Vas deferens is a
thin tube that starts
from the epididymis
to the urethra in the
penis.
They transport
sperm from the
epididymis in
anticipation of
ejaculation.
 ACCESSORY GLANDS
Seminal Vesicles
Prostate Gland
Bulbourethral Glands

These glands produce

nourishing fluids for the sperms
that enter the urethra.
 SEMINAL VESICLES
Seminal vesicles are sac-
like structures attached
to the vas deferens at
one side of the bladder
They produce a sticky
yellowish fluid that
contains fructose
 PROSTATE GLAND
Prostate gland surrounds
the ejaculatory ducts at
the base of the urethra,
just below the bladder.
Prostate gland is
responsible for making
the production of semen,
a liquid mixture of sperm
cells, prostate fluid and
seminal fluid.
BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS (Cowper’s gland)
Bulbourethral glands are
two small glands located
on the sides of the
urethra just below the
prostate gland.
These glands produce a
clear, slippery fluid that
empties directly into the
urethra.
 RECAP QUESTION
In which organ of the human male does
the mature sperm stored for a time?

a. Testis b. Epididymis

c. Vas Deferens d. Accessory Gland

PHYSIOLOGY OF
THE MALE
REPRODUCTION
 INTRO QUESTION
The primarily a male sex hormone
produced by the testes.

a. Estrogen b. Semen

c. Testosterone d. Sperm
REGULATION OF REPRODUCTIVE HORMONE SECRETION
PUBERTY IN MALES
The sequence of events by
which a child is transformed
into a young adult.
In boys, puberty commonly
begins between the ages of
12 and 14 and is largely
completed by age 18.
EFFECTS OF TESTOSTERONE
Testosterone is the major male
hormone secreted by the testes.
Testosterone influences
reproductive organs and
non-reproductive structures
during puberty.
EFFECTS OF TESTOSTERONE
ERECTION, EMISSION, AND EJACULATION
Erection is the first major component of
the male sex act.
Erectile dysfunction (ED): failure to
achieve erections, sometimes called
Impotence
Emission is the movement of the semen in
urethra.
Ejaculation is the movement of the semen
out of the urethra.
INFERTILITY IN MALES
Infertility is reduced or diminished fertility.
The sperm cell count can decrease
because of damage to the testes as a
result of:
Trauma,
radiation
cryptorchidism,
infections, such as mumps, which
block the ducts in the epididymis.
INFERTILITY IN MALES
Infertility is reduced or diminished fertility.
In cases of infertility due to low sperm cell
count or reduced motility, fertility can
sometimes be achieved by collecting
several ejaculations, a process called
Artificial insemination.
 RECAP QUESTION
Where does the gonadotropin- releasing
hormone (GnRH) come from?

a. Anterior Pituitary b. Hypothalamus

c. Testosterone d. Gonadotropin-
releasing hormone
FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
 INTRO QUESTION
The female reproductive system is composed of a
pair of ovaries along with oviducts, vagina, cervix,
uterus, and the _________ that are located in
the pelvic region.

a. External Genitalia b. Internal Genitalia

c. External Groin d. Internal Groin

The primary sex organs in
females are a pair of ovaries,
which produce ova or egg and
they also secrete female sex
hormones like progesterone and
estrogen . The other accessory
sex organs include the uterus,
fallopian tubes, cervix and
vagina. The external genitalia
comprises the labia minora, labia
majora and clitoris.
OVARIES
Ovaries act as the main female sex organs
that produce the female gamete and various
hormones.
The two ovaries are small organs
suspended in the pelvic cavity by ligaments.
The outer part of the ovary is composed of
dense connective tissue and contains
ovarian follicles in which each follicle
contains an oocyte (female sex cell).
OOGENESIS AND FERTILIZATION
The production of egg in the female reproduction organ, the ovary, is
called oogenesis.
Pre-natal Stage. The primary oocyte grows while being arrested in
meiosis-I.
Antral Stage. The fluid-filled area, present between granulosa cells,
combines to form a central fluid-filled space called the antrum.
These are known as secondary follicles.
Pre-Ovulatory Stage. This stage is induced by LH surge, and meiosis-
I completes here. This cell does not participate in ovum formation.
The other daughter cell is known as the secondary oocyte.
Ovulation is the release of an oocyte from an ovary. As the menstrual
cycle starts, primary oocytes initiate to grow bigger, and follicle
cells rise in number, causing the follicle to grow larger too.
Fertilization begins when a sperm cell penetrates the cytoplasm of a
secondary oocyte.
FALLOPIAN TUBE (UTERINE TUBES)
Fallopian tubes are a pair of muscular tubes and
funnel-shaped structures, extend from the right
and left of the superior corners of the uterus to
the edge of the ovaries.
The opening of each uterine tube is surrounded
by long, thin processes called fimbriae (fringes).
Fertilization usually occurs in the part of uterine
tube near the ovary called the ampulla.
The fertilized oocyte then travels to the uterus,
where it embeds in the uterine wall in a process
called implantation.
UTERUS
A uterus is also called the womb. It is
a muscular, inverted pear-shaped
organ of the female reproductive
system.
Superior to the entrance is fundus,
main part of uterus is the body and
narrower part is the cervix (neck)
directed inferiorly.
UTERUS
The uterine wall is composed of three layers:
Serous layer or the outer layer called
perimetrium is formed from visceral
peritoneum.
Muscular layer or the middle layer called
myometrium, consists of smooth muscle and
quite thick that accounts for the bulk of
uterine wall.
Innermost layer called endometrium consist
of simple columnar epithelial cells with an
underlying connective tissue layer.
UTERUS
The uterus is supported by the broad
ligament and the round ligament.
The uterus can extend inferiorly into
the vagina, a condition called
prolapsed uterus.
VAGINA
The vagina is a muscular and elastic tube
that connects the cervix to the external
body.
The receptacle for the penis in sexual
intercourse and delivers sperm to the
fallopian tubes and uterus.
It also acts as a birth canal by expanding
to allow delivery of the fetus during
childbirth.
VAGINA
The vaginal opening is covered by
a thin mucous membrane called
the hymen.
The condition of the hymen is
therefore an unreliable indicator of
virginity.
EXTERNAL GENITALIA
The external female genitalia, also called the vulva or
pudendum, consists of vestibule and its surrounding
structures.
The vestibule is the space into which the vagina and
urethra opens. It is bordered by a pair of thin,
longitudinal skin folds called labia minora.
A small erectile, erectile structure called the clitoris is
located in the anterior margin of the vestibule.
The two labia minora unite over the clitoris to form a
fold of skin called prepuce.
Lateral to the labia minora are two prominent, rounded
folds of skin called labia majora.
EXTERNAL GENITALIA
The two labia majora unite anteriorly at an
elevation of tissue over the pubic symphysis
called mons pubis.
The space between labia majora is called
pudendal cleft.
The region between the vagina and anus is the
clinical perineum.
The skin and muscle of this region can tear
during childbirth and to prevent from tearing, an
incision called episiotomy is made in the clinical
perineum.
MAMMARY GLANDS
The organs of milk production and are located
in the breasts.
Both male and female has a raised nipple
surrounded by a circular, pigmented area
called areola.
Occasionally, the breasts of a male can
become permanently enlarged, a condition
called gynecomastia. Causes of gynecomastia
include hormonal imbalances and the abuse of
anabolic steroids.
MAMMARY GLANDS
Each adult female breast contains mammary
glands consisting of usually 15–20 glandular
lobes covered by adipose tissue.
Each lobe possesses a single lactiferous duct
that opens independently to the surface of the
nipple.
In the milk-producing, or lactating, mammary
gland, the ends of these small ducts expand to
form secretory sacs called alveoli.
Myoepithelial cells surround the alveoli and
contract to expel milk from the alveoli.
 RECAP QUESTION

Fertilization occurs in the:

a. Uterus b. Fallopian Tubes

c. Labia d. Vagina
PHYSIOLOGY OF
THE FEMALE
REPRODUCTION
 INTRO QUESTION
What hormones control the female
reproductive system?
a. Follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing
hormone, estrogen and progesterone

b. estrogen, progesterone and luteinizing hormone

c. Follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing

hormone and progesterone
PUBERTY IN FEMALES
It is the initial change that results
in puberty most likely maturation
of the hypothalamus.
Puberty, which commonly begins
in girls, between the ages of 11
and 13, and is largely completed
by the age of 16, indicated by the
first episode of menstrual
bleeding, also known as
Menarche (me-nar′k; me n, month
+ arche, start).
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
It is a natural process that occurs
in females' reproductive age.
It involves the monthly release of
an egg from the ovaries.
The term menstrual cycle refers to
the series of changes that occur in
sexually mature non-pregnant
females.
Typically, the menstrual cycle is
about 28 days long although it can
be as short as 18 days or as long as
40 days.
MENOPAUSE

At the age of 40-50 years old, the menstrual cycle becomes

less regular and ovulation does not occur consistently.
FEMALE SEXUAL BEHAVIOR AND SEX ACT
Female sexual behavior refers to the
various ways in which women express
their sexuality, both physically and
emotionally.
Sex act is a period of resolution which
is characterized by an overall sense of
satisfaction and relaxation.
INFERTILITY IN FEMALES
Infertility in females is a complex
medical condition that affects a
woman's ability to conceive and
carry a pregnancy to term.
 RECAP QUESTION
What stage of the menstrual cycle would fit this
description of the uterus? “The stoma is deep and richly
vascularised and contains proliferating tubular glands.”

a. Secretory phase b. Menstrual phase

c. Proliferative phase d. Ovulatory phase

EFFECTS OF
AGING ON THE
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
 INTRO QUESTION

Prostate cancer is more common in:

a. Elderly women b. Elderly Men

c. Young Women d. Young men

EFFECTS OF AGING ON THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
1. Benign prostatic enlargement affects
men as they age.
2. Prostate cancer is more common in
elderly men.
3. Menopause is the most common age-
related change in females.
4. Cancers of the breast, the cervix, and
the ovaries increase in elderly women.
 RECAP QUESTION
Cancer of the breast, the cervix and the
________ increase in elderly women.

a. Prostate b. Heart

c. Ovaries d. Colon
 H AN K
T U
YO !