This document provides information about camshafts and cam mechanisms. It discusses:
1) A camshaft converts rotational motion into linear motion through radial cams that push against followers as the camshaft rotates. Camshafts are used in internal combustion engines to control the opening and closing of intake and exhaust valves.
2) The cam and follower mechanism uses a rotating cam to impart reciprocating, linear, or oscillating motion to another machine component through a follower. Different cam shapes and follower motions are described.
3) Types of cams include disk cams, cylindrical cams, and translating cams. Displacement, velocity, and acceleration diagrams are used to design cam profiles that produce
This document provides information about camshafts and cam mechanisms. It discusses:
1) A camshaft converts rotational motion into linear motion through radial cams that push against followers as the camshaft rotates. Camshafts are used in internal combustion engines to control the opening and closing of intake and exhaust valves.
2) The cam and follower mechanism uses a rotating cam to impart reciprocating, linear, or oscillating motion to another machine component through a follower. Different cam shapes and follower motions are described.
3) Types of cams include disk cams, cylindrical cams, and translating cams. Displacement, velocity, and acceleration diagrams are used to design cam profiles that produce
This document provides information about camshafts and cam mechanisms. It discusses:
1) A camshaft converts rotational motion into linear motion through radial cams that push against followers as the camshaft rotates. Camshafts are used in internal combustion engines to control the opening and closing of intake and exhaust valves.
2) The cam and follower mechanism uses a rotating cam to impart reciprocating, linear, or oscillating motion to another machine component through a follower. Different cam shapes and follower motions are described.
3) Types of cams include disk cams, cylindrical cams, and translating cams. Displacement, velocity, and acceleration diagrams are used to design cam profiles that produce
This document provides information about camshafts and cam mechanisms. It discusses:
1) A camshaft converts rotational motion into linear motion through radial cams that push against followers as the camshaft rotates. Camshafts are used in internal combustion engines to control the opening and closing of intake and exhaust valves.
2) The cam and follower mechanism uses a rotating cam to impart reciprocating, linear, or oscillating motion to another machine component through a follower. Different cam shapes and follower motions are described.
3) Types of cams include disk cams, cylindrical cams, and translating cams. Displacement, velocity, and acceleration diagrams are used to design cam profiles that produce
HEMN SABAH RASHID DR. WAEL 3RD YEAR REPORT FOR ( THEORY OF MATION ) GROUP B HEMN SABAH
OUT LINE:
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INSTRUCTIONS A camshaft is a rod that rotates and slides against a piece of machinery to turn rotational motion into linear motion. This change of motion is accomplished by the camshaft moving further and closer from the axis of rotation as the camshaft is pushed by the machinery .[2] These moving pieces of the shaft are the cams. The linear distance moved is called the 'throw' and can be seen in Figure1. A camshaft on an internal combustion heat engine is a device that controls both the input of fuel and the expulsion of exhaust fumes. It consists of several radial cams, each displacing intake or exhaust valves.
CAM This camshaft is connected to the crankshaft via belt, chain, or gears. This ensures consistent timing of the valves about the motion of the pistons.[3] . The function of a camshaft is dependent on how a valve works and the function of the CAM SHAFT cam itself. A valve on a cylinder head consists of two basic parts, a stem, and ahead The head plugs the nozzle that allows fuel VALVE intake or exhaust flow and requires linear motion. [5] A cam, in its simplest definition, is a mechanical link that converts rotational motion into linear motion, or vice versa.[2] The cams on a camshaft achieve this displacement by the rotation of a radial pattern and a follower which moves CRANK SHAFT perpendicular to the rotational axis. The cam pattern on a camshaft is non-circular with a single lobe. The follower matches the displacement of the cam as it rotates. This FIGER 1 : CAR ENGINE displacement is then translated to the stem of the valve, allowing the head to rise as the lobes of the cam pass through the follower.[5]
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CAM AND FOLLOWER MECHANISM
Cam and follower are a pair of higher links that are used to move links directly or periodically
The cam mechanism: Consider an imperfect circle or rather an oval shape
or an ellipse rotating about its minor axis, if an oval shape is taken into consideration, we will notice that the movement will form a periodic outer bulge in its locus. this outer can be used effectively for useful periodic mechanical work provided the cam keeps on rotating. cams can be of different forms which are single headcams or multiple head cams but the single headcam is normally used especially in Internal Combustion Engine.
Hence a cam can be easily explained as a mechanical component that
transmits reciprocating, linear, or oscillating motion to other parts of a machine usually the follower.
the follower: the follower is a simple mechanism that is restricted to just a
push and pulls motion. while the push motion is done by the cam rotation and the pull is either with the force of a spring or the effect of gravity. this follower mechanism is simply a link that is used to transfer work or motion to any required part of the machine, for example, the pump lever in a manual fuel pump serves as the follower in the I.C.E which drives the tube in the pump.
The cam and follower mechanism
are essential in the field of engineering in that it is to drive even the minute component in a system. its also employed in lock systems and central locks in cars.
Figer 2 : Cam and Fallower Mechanism
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TYPES OF CAM Cams can be classified based on their physical shape.
a) Disk or plate cam The disk (or plate) cam has an irregular contour to impart a specific motion to the follower. The follower moves in a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the camshaft and is held in contact with the cam by springs or gravity
b) The cylindrical cam has a groove cut along its cylindrical surface. The roller follows the groove, and the follower moves in a plane parallel to the axis of rotation of the cylinder.
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c) Translating cam. The translating cam is a contoured or grooved plate
sliding on a guiding surface(s). The follower may oscillate (Fig.3 a)or reciprocate (Fig. 3b). The contour or the shape of the groove is determined by the specified motion of the follower.
NOMENCLATURE OF CAMS
Cam Profile The contour of the working surface of the cam.
Trace Point The point at the knife-edge of a follower, or the center of a roller, or the center of a spherical face. Pitch Curve The path of the tracer point. Base Circle The smallest circle drawn, tangential to the cam profile, with its center on the axis of the cam Shaft. The size of the base circle determines the size of the cam. Prime Circle The smallest circle drawn, can be drawn from the center of the cam and tangent to the pitch curve. Prime circle radius = Base circle radius for knife-edge and flat-faced follower Prime circle radius = Base circle radius + radius of roller for a roller follower
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Pressure Angle The angle between the normal to the pitch curve and the direction of motion of the follower at the point of contact Lift of stroke: It is the maximum travel of the follower from its lowest position to the topmost position. The maximum rise is called lift Pitch Point: It is a point on the curve having a maximum pressure angle Pitch Circle: It is the circle drawn from the center of the cam through the pitch points
TYPES OF FOLLOWER MOTION:
Cam follower systems are designed to achieve a desired oscillatory motion.
Appropriate displacement patterns are to be selected for this purpose, before designing the cam surface. The cam is assumed to rotate at a constant speed and the follower raises, dwells, returns to its original position, and dwells again through specified angles of rotation of the cam, during each revolution of the cam. Some of the standard follower motions are as follows: They are, follower motion with
Displacement diagrams: In a cam-follower system, the motion of the follower is very important. Its displacement can be plotted against the angular displacement θ of the cam and it is called the displacement diagram. The displacement of the follower is plotted along the y-axis and angular displacement θ of the cam is plotted along the x-axis. From the displacement diagram, velocity y and acceleration of the follower can also be plotted for different angular displacements θ of the cam. The displacement, velocity, and acceleration diagrams are plotted for one cycle of operations.e., one rotation of the cam. Displacement diagrams are basic requirements for the construction of cam profiles. Construction of displacement diagrams and calculation of velocities and accelerations of followers with different types of motions are discussed in the following sections .
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(a)Follower motion with Uniform velocity:
Fig.3.8shows the displacement, velocity, and acceleration patterns of a follower having a uniform velocity type of motion. Since the follower moves with constant velocity, during rising and fall, the displacement varies linearly with θ. Also, since the velocity changes from zero to a finite value, within no time, theoretically, the acceleration comes infinite at the beginning and end of rising and fall.
Follower motion with modified uniform velocity:
It is observed in the displacement diagrams of the follower with the uniform velocity that the acceleration of the follower becomes infinite eat the beginning and end of rising and return strokes. To prevent this, the displacement diagrams are slightly modified. In the modified form, the velocity of the follower changes uniformly during the beginning and end of each stroke. Accordingly, the displacement to the follower varies parabolically during the periods. With this modification, the acceleration becomes constant during the periods, instead of being infinite a sin the uniform velocity type of motion.
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b)Simple Harmonic Motion:
In fig 10, the motion executed by point Pl, which is the projection of point P on the vertical diameter is called simple harmonic motion. Here, P moves With uniform angular velocity ωp, along a circle of radius r (r=s/2).
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C)Cycloidal motion: A cycloid is a path generated by a point on the circumference of a circle, as the circle rolls without slipping, on a straight/flat surface. The motion executed by the follower here, is similar to that of the projection of a point moving along a cycloidal curve on a vertical line as shown in the figure. 11
