Asian J.

Management; 8(3): July - September, 2017

ISSN 0976-495X (Print) www.anvpublication.org

2321-5763 (Online)

RESEARCH ARTICLE

The Impact of Individual, Social and Organizational Factors on Work-Life

Balance: A Cross-sectional Analysis of Manufacturing and Service Sector
Kshitija Mittal1, Dr. Karminderjit Singh2, Dr Geetika Sharma3
1
Research Scholar, I.K.G.P.T.U, Kapurthala, Punjab, India
2
Associate Professor, LM Thapar School of Management, Thapar University, Dera Bassi Campus
3
Head Deptt. of Management, SUSCET, Tangori, Mohali, Punjab
*Corresponding Author E-mail: kshitija213@gmail.com, karminder@thapar.edu,
Drgeetikasharma.sus@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:
The relationship between Work-Life Balance (WLB) and the various constituent factors and its consequent
impact has been studied separately in different settings/industries, but not as a cross-sectional analysis across the
manufacturing and service sectors. Through the current study, an attempt has been made to determine the
relationship between individual, family and social, and organizational factors and the WLB in the manufacturing
and service sector to decipher the consequent impact.
Responses were sought from 150 middle and senior level employees working in the various manufacturing and
service sector organizations in the north-western region of India through a structured questionnaire. The results
validate that various factors affect and have a relationship with work-life balance of employees. The results also
reveal the commonalities and differences in the work-life balance across the two sectors.
The study reveals that the studies regarding factors affecting work-life have been an issue of great importance
and concern in the past as well as the current socio-economic scenario. But, there exists a dearth of studies that
portray a comparative analysis of the impact of factors /determinants affecting work life balance in the
manufacturing and service sector. The present study aims to fill this gap. India is emerging as one of the fastest
growing economies of the world, but this phenomenon has not been investigated in a comprehensive manner in
the Indian context. This calls for an in-depth study that examines various individual, family and social, and
organizational factors affecting work-life imbalance and its relationship and sector wise comparative difference
and impact in both in manufacturing as well as service sector in the Indian context.

KEY WORDS: work-life balance, individual, family and social and organizational factors/determinants,
manufacturing, and service sector.

INTRODUCTION: It has been necessitated by the contemporary work

Work plays a central role in the development, mutations (MacInnes, 20062; Jones, et al. 20063),
expression, and maintenance of psychological health specifically the increasing demands on employees, the
(Blustein, 20081). Interface between work and life, the rise of consumerism and the power of money and the
two most important spheres of an individual's life has negative impact of overwork on life quality at both
been the object of investigation for researchers personal and professional levels (Harris and Foster,
worldwide. 20084). The increase in female employment, feminism,
higher unemployment among men, low-level service
Received on 09.05.2017 Modified on 23.05.2017 jobs as well as an intensification of life causes an
Accepted on 06.07.2017 © A&V Publications all right reserved increasing pressure between work and private life
Asian J. Management; 2017; 8(3):881-892. (Badura, 20035).
DOI: 10.5958/2321-5763.2017.00137.8

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In this context, it’s important to investigate: how the integrating the work and non-work aspects of their lives
imbalance between work and life is caused and what are (Felstead et al., 200217). Recently, the terms "work-life
the determinants affecting the balance in the two spheres enrichment," "work-life facilitation” and “employee
of life and work amongst the employees working in well-being” have been introduced, which stress on
manufacturing and service sector? Thus the present positive interdependence and satisfaction between work
study examines the relationship between determinants and life (Li et al., 201418).
and work life balance and impact of several determinants
on work-life imbalance of employees in the two sectors Factors affecting WLB:
Work life balance has generally been determined on the
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: basis of a wide conglomerate of factors like the
Work-Life Balance: individual, family, social, organizational, etc. Burke and
The WLB has been conceptualised as ‘satisfaction and Greenglass (1999)19 highlighted the influence of support
good functioning at work and home with a minimum of variables from the work domain and the family domain
role conflict' (Campbell-Clark, 20006). Boundaries on work-family conflict. Lin (2008)20 suggested four
between the two are mental constructions of the borders classifications of social support i.e. family support
between activities, such as work and personal life, and (parents, brothers and sisters, relatives, spouses and
employees vary in the extent to which they prefer to children); friend support (classmates and friends); co-
keep these activities separate (segmentation) or have worker support (colleagues in the workplace); and
them overlap (integration) (Clark, 20007). If "Work" is supervisor support (direct supervisor in the workplace.
normally conceived as paid employment than "life" Kreiner et al., (2009)21 suggested physical, behavioral,
usually includes activities outside of work (Health, time-based and communicative tactics to achieve
pleasure, leisure, family and spiritual development) frontiers between work and home.
(Guest, 20018).
Earlier studies also suggest some factors influencing
Work-life balance is a multi-dimensional notion whose employee well-being, most of which emphasize
hard core is formed by the work-family balance and of individual factors such as job stress, personality and
other areas of life beyond family, as well (Jones et al., work-family balance (Lapierre and Allen, 200622;
20063; Shah, 20149). The underlying assumption of role Schaufeli et al., 200823) or job characteristics such as job
theory is that resources are scarce (Kahn et al., 196410) demand (De Jonge and Schaufeli, 199824; Macky and
and involvement in work, therefore, leaves individuals Boxall, 200825). Andrijana Mušura, Mirna Koričan and
with a limited amount of resources (both physical and Siniša Krajnović (2013)26 in their study, examined
psychological) for their non-work roles. The two main personal external (age, gender, marital status, children);
aspects of Work–life balance are a) lack of time and work external (years of current employment, working
scheduling conflicts (Work-to-family interference/ hours, job position, company size); personal internal
Family-to-work interference) b) feeling overwhelmed, (self-esteem, internal and external locus of control);
overloaded or stressed by the pressures of multiple roles work internal (job satisfaction, employee control, work-
(Health Canada, 200811). Stein (200712) identified related stress); and WLB policies (flexible working
achievement and enjoyment as the two key concepts at hours, work from home, sport facilities, childcare
the core of an effective work-life balance. Bird (2003)13 facilities) as variables in their study of WLB.
defines WLB by taking into consideration what does not
constitute a work-life balance, "Work-Life Balance does Individual factors:
not mean an equal balance. There is no perfect, one-size Many studies have highlighted the importance of
fit all balance. It is different for each of us because we individual factors in determining the status of work-life
all have different priorities and different lives". balance of an employee. Studies have confirmed the
positive versus negative consequences of the satisfaction
Conflicting priorities and lack of time can inevitably versus frustration of the basic psychological needs (Deci
influence the employees. Hence they can end up over and Ryan 200027). Related to this, Baard, Deci and Ryan
tired, lacking in concentration or suffering from ill (2004)28 observed that the perceived support of
health. To handle with these conflicting demands, autonomy was linked with greater intrinsic needs
individuals need to be informed about how they balance satisfaction. A number of studies found a negative
work and life (Loghran, 200214; Torun, 200715). Hobson correlation between self-esteem and work-life conflict
et al. (2001)16, suggested that employees, who have more (Nikandrou, Panayotopoulou and Apospori, 200829); but
direct decision over their work and their working time, in their meta-analysis, Eby et al. (2005)30 depicted a lack
feel less stressed and are more satisfied and loyal. Thus, of understanding on how the perception of self and the
embracing various Work/life balance strategies can work situation is impacting work-life conflict.
enhance the autonomy of workers in coordinating and

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Family and Social Factors: “risky” as their rationale (Zheng, et al., 201544). The
Haddock, Zimmerman, Ziemba (2006)31 found that the ‘struggle to juggle’ is taking a toll on companies,
family domain i.e. having a supportive partner enhances families, and workers, which is showing up as increased
the employee's ability to balance work and family. Thus, job stress, declining physical and mental health,
help from a spouse was found to improve individual role increased absenteeism, declining job satisfaction,
stress and enhance well-being (Beutell and Greenhaus, weakening employee commitment, lower workplace
198332). Social support in the work context is composed morale, and reduced satisfaction with family life (Stein,
of organizational support and support by a supervisor 200712). Between 1977 and 2002, the combined weekly
and co-workers (Yoon and Thye, 200033). When facing work hours of dual-earner couples with children
Work life imbalance, people seek emotional or increased by an average of 10 hours per week, from 81
substantial support through formal or informal resources, to 91 hours (Bond, et al., 200245).
called “social support," which include supervisor, co-
workers, and relatives, and friends, etc. Furthermore, Shaji, et al. (2015)46 carried out a gender wise
some research studies divided the source dimensions of comparative study of the factors contributing to the
social support into work and non-work social support employee work-family conflict working in the IT
(Allen, et al. 199834 and Wadsworth, 200335). House companies and found no substantial gender wise
(1981)36 identified nine sources of social support i.e. significant difference in the impact of work-life family
spouse, partners, relatives, friends, neighbors, conflict (though it was measured more in women due to
supervisor, co-workers, and service providers and their dual responsibility). Nevin Deniza, Simge Denizb,
professional institutions. Cassel (1976)37 found that Öznur Gülen Ertosun (2012)47 segregated the women
social support can reduce work pressure and promote workforce in the banking sector into two categorizes
physical and mental health. namely work-oriented and family-oriented to find out the
factors affecting the perception of women employees
Organisational factors: and found that significant relationships existed between
In the increasingly demanding world of work, more and demographic variables and the perception of woman-
more employees need to be supported in their roles, and friendliness. Subramaniam and Saravanan. (2012)48,
yet companies are often resistant to reducing work- made an investigation to find out the factors affecting
family conflict and increasing work-family enrichment quality of work life of employees working in banking
(Demerouti, et al., 200138). Research studies have sector and found that factors like quality on personal
emphasized that by providing a ‘family-friendly', work anticipatory, quality on motivational insights, quality on
environment organizations can significantly benefit in job freedom, quality of workplace, quality on branch
terms of decreased turnover intentions, increased operations and quality on working conditions explain the
organizational commitment (Grover and Crooker, poor work-life quality of employees in the workplace.
199539; Thompson et al., 199940) and increased job Panatika, et al. (2011)49 measured the difference in level
satisfaction (Allen, 200141; Breaugh and Frye, 200742). of work-family conflict being faced by school teachers in
Greenhaus, Ziegert, and Allen (2012)43 observed that Malaysia, on the basis of demographic factors such as
support at work is beneficial for integrating work-family gender, marital status, and type of school etc. and found
roles. Supervisory supportive practices such as granting that work interfered more with the family life than vice
flexibility for subordinates to handle family duties at versa and that the Work family conflict had a negative
work (e.g., taking a brief leave of absence) could impact on life satisfaction, mental health, and turnover
alleviate feelings of work-family conflict. A supportive intentions. Tewathia (2014)50 found that work had an
workplace was found to be important for balancing adverse effect on health and sleep of both the genders
family and work. Job autonomy, as the important and identified the flexible working hours, work from
supportive resource from the organization, allows home, child care facilities at the workplace, supportive
employee's significant control over their work to shape work environment as factors which the employees
schedules and to remain actively involved in the lives of perceived would improve their work-life balance for a
their life. sustainable business performance.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND Locus of control was found to be having a direct impact
HYPOTHESES DEVELOPMENT: on the work-life conflict (Noor, 200651). In another study
The pressures and demands of work are reflected both in conducted among accountants, female externals reacted
longer hours, more exhaustion and the less scope for more negatively to conflicts and were more likely to
“quality” family time. Eighty-three percent of employees hand in their resignation (Reed, Kratchman and
reported going to work even while sick, citing heavy Strawser, 1994)52. But, both studies showed different
workload, need to conserve time off to meet family levels of impact and different correlations with
needs and a work environment where taking time off is demographic variables, calling for further investigation.

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Gomez, et al. (2010)53 examined the how social support, reduced their sense of fulfillment at work. Dobrotić and
job satisfaction are related to work–family balance and Laklija (2009)62 too found that the larger number of
found that the males supported and allowed females to working hours, stress at work, and fear of losing one’s
work to avoid family questions and complications job are the best predictors of work-life conflict. Shift
caused by the joint family system. Thompson and work too is linked to a series of acute and chronic effects
Aspinwall (2009)54 studied the influence of four on human beings as proportion of shift workers suffering
work/life benefits i.e. childcare, telecommuting, from sleep disturbances is usually above 50% compared
eldercare, flextime and found that the Childcare benefits to 5-20% for day workers; and the corresponding fatigue
influenced 58%, flextime influenced 33%, further lead to psychological problems: irritation, anger,
telecommuting 26%, and eldercare benefits 33% of the depression, and mental stress (Rao and Ummul, 2012)63.
respondents in the job choice decisions of fresh On similar lines Babu, et al. (2010)64 found a positive
graduates. Cegarra-Leiva, et al. (2012)55 in an empirical correlation between employee stress reduction and flexi-
study of metal industry SMEs of Southeast Spain found time. Ljungblad, et al. (2014)65 observed that employers
that a WLB supportive culture mediates the effect of the with more favourable employee ratings of the
availability of WLB practices on outcomes for psychosocial work conditions, as well as of specific
employees as well as organisational performance. health-promoting measures had better self-rated health
and lower sickness absence level among employees.
Liang-Qiu WU, Dan Yan, ( 2012)56, examined the
relationship between the social support at work and Based on these studies following hypotheses were
home (e.g., supervisor support, autonomy support, formulated:
coworker relationship and spouse support) and work- H1: There is no significant difference between
family balance and found that social support has a Individual, Family and Social, and Organizational
significantly negative effect on work-family conflict and determinants affecting work-life balance amongst the
significantly positive effect on work-family facilitation. employees working in manufacturing and service sector.
The basic psychological needs satisfaction of H2: There is no relationship between WLB and
competence, autonomy, and relatedness mediate the Individual, Family and Social and Organizational
negative relation between social support and work- determinants affecting the work-life balance amongst the
family conflict and the positive relation between social employees in the manufacturing and service sectors.
support and work-family facilitation. Schieman and Reid H3: Individual, Family and Social and Organizational
(2009)57 found that those in senior management determinants have no significant impact on the
positions (those with greater job authority) had greater employee’s work life balance in the manufacturing and
work-home interference and thus enhanced levels of service sectors.
stress. Warr (2005)58 found that freedom, and decision-
making latitude, and control over ones' (or another's) OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:
work, seemed to be the most influential attributes in Through this empirical study, an endeavour has been
positive workplace wellbeing for senior managers. made to understand the relationship between Individual,
Netemeyer, et al. (1996)59 found a positive relationship Family and Social and Organizational determinants and
between number of weekly hours devoted to work and work-life balance of employees working in various
WL/LWC. organizations in the manufacturing and service sectors.
The specific objectives of the present study are as
Wang, et al. (2012)60 while exploring the effects on follows:
WFC (“family to work” and “work to family” conflict)
to job performance under different sources of social a. To examine the difference in the Individual, Family
support from nurses working in hospitals in Taiwan and Social and Organizational factors/ determinants
found that sources of social support all had positive affecting the work-life balance amongst the
influences on job performance; “friend support” employees working in manufacturing and service
strengthened the negative effect on“family to work” sector.
conflict to job performance and “co-worker support” had b. To study the relationship between work-life balance
a moderating effect on the relationship between “work to and Individual, Family and Social and
family” conflict and job performance. Fujimoto, et. al Organizational determinants affecting employees
(2013)61 studied how the overtime reduction affects working in the service and manufacturing sector.
engineers' sense of fulfillment in work and personal life, c. To depict the comparative impact of various
depression and perceived health and found that overtime Individual, Family and Social and Organizational
reduction had both positive and negative effects, on one determinants on the employee’s work life balance.
hand, it enhances the time adequacy for engineers'
private life, and on the other hand it significantly

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MATERIAL AND METHODS: Pearson correlation, t-test, ANOVA and forward

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: regression analysis. The statements on Individual
Research Instrument: determinants, Family and Social determinants,
A structured questionnaire was prepared for the purpose Organizational determinants (33) and on Work life
of collecting the primary data. The reliability and balance (21) were grouped on the basis conclusions
validity of the research instrument was determined prior drawn from the review of literature done during the
to conducting the survey through a pilot study, wherein a research. The analysis was carried out using statistical
sample of 30 respondents was interviewed using the software IBM-SPSS-20.
instrument. The Cronbach alpha score was calculated
and found to be 0.837, which was well above the DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS:
required level of 0.70. The Cronbach’s Alpha for the Demographic Statistics: Description of the sample
data collected from 150 respondents too was found to be distribution:
.787, which indicates the reliability of the data collected Table 1 shows that majority of the respondents (77.2%)
for the study. belonged to the service sector. The majority of the
respondents were male; 93.1% in the case of the
Sampling Plan: manufacturing sector and 77.2% in the case of the
The research was conducted in the major cities and service sector. The majority of the respondents working
industrial hubs of the northwestern region of India. Non- in the service sector had work experience less than five
probability, Convenience Sampling method was years, and 31% of the respondents belonging to
employed for selecting the respondents for the study. manufacturing sector had experience in the range of 5-10
Responses were sought from 150 middle and senior level years. 46.7% of respondents belonging to service sector
employees working in manufacturing and service sectors and 31% of respondents from the manufacturing sector
through a standardized questionnaire. The sectors were in the age group of 30 to 40 years. Nearly two-third
included in this study were banking, education, telecom, of the respondents were married. Half of the respondents
pharma, automobile, and consumer goods. belonging to service sector had an income of Rs.25,000
to Rs.50,000, and 41.4% of the respondents belonging to
Data Analysis: manufacturing sector had income in the range of
The primary data was statistically validated to test the Rs.50,000 to Rs.75,000.
hypotheses by employing tools like chi-square, Karl
Table 1: Sample Distribution (Sector wise classification of the respondents)
Sector
Service Manufacturing Total
Male 71 77.2% 54 93.1% 125 83.3%
Gender
Female 21 22.8% 4 6.9% 25 16.7%
Less than five years 46 50.0% 14 24.1% 60 40.0%
5 to 10 years 29 31.5% 18 31.0% 47 31.3%
Experience 10 to 15 years 7 7.6% 13 22.4% 20 13.3%
15 to 20 years 4 4.3% 5 8.6% 9 6.0%
More than 20 years 6 6.5% 8 13.8% 14 9.3%
20 - 30 1 1.1% 1 1.7% 2 1.3%
30 - 40 43 46.7% 18 31.0% 61 40.7%
Age 40 - 50 34 37.0% 17 29.3% 51 34.0%
50 - 60 7 7.6% 15 25.9% 22 14.7%
Above 60 7 7.6% 7 12.1% 14 9.3%
Married 68 73.9% 45 77.6% 113 75.3%
Marital Status
Unmarried 24 26.1% 13 22.4% 37 24.7%
Below 25000 6 6.5% 2 3.4% 8 5.3%
25000 - 50000 46 50.0% 18 31.0% 64 42.7%
Income 50000 - 75000 37 40.2% 24 41.4% 61 40.7%
75000 - 100000 1 1.1% 10 17.2% 11 7.3%
Above 100000 2 2.2% 4 6.9% 6 4.0%
Total 92 100.0% 58 100.0% 150 100.0%

Normality (Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test) .276, .222, .058 and .924, respectively; which are greater
To check the normality between the data, Kolmogorov- than 0.05 (5% level of significance). Hence the results
Smirnov test is applied. P-values for individual indicate that data of individual determinants, family and
determinants, family and Social determinants, Social determinants, organizational determinants and
organizational determinants and Work life balance are Work life balance are normally distributed.
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Table 2: One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test

Individual Family and Social Organisational Work life
Determinants/ Factors Determinants/ Factors Determinants/ Factors balance
Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z .994 1.048 1.330 0.549
p-value .276 .222 0.058 0.924
Level of Work Life Balance in Manufacturing and Service sector

Cross Tabulation was performed to explore the current imbalance. A significant number of respondents reported
level of work-life balance amongst the respondents imbalance in their work and family life, but the
working in the service and manufacturing sector. 60.8% incidence of imbalance was higher in the case of
of respondents working in service and 44.8% in employees working in the service sector than in the
manufacturing sector reported experiencing work-life manufacturing sector.
Table 3: Cross tabulation
BS21 Total
SD D N A SA
Count 13 43 21 14 1 92
Service
% within Sector 14.1% 46.7% 22.8% 15.2% 1.1% 100.0%
Sector
Count 2 24 16 11 5 58
Manufacturing
% within Sector 3.4% 41.4% 27.6% 19.0% 8.6% 100.0%
Count 15 67 37 25 6 150
Total
% within Sector 10.0% 44.7% 24.7% 16.7% 4.0% 100.0%

RESULTS: RESEARCH FINDINGS: value for Individual Determinants was 2.2932 and
Hypotheses Testing: 2.4789 and mean values for work-life balance were
Determinants affecting Work Life Balance in 2.8810 and 3.0392 in the service and manufacturing
Manufacturing and Service sector. sector respectively. This indicates that the level of
individual determinants, affecting the level of Work life
The t-test was employed to compare the averages of the balance of employees working in the manufacturing
responses from those working in the service and sector is higher as compared to those working in the
manufacturing sector with respect to the various service sector. The t-value and p-value between the
determinants and work life balance. Work life balance of means of two sectors were found to be 2.394 and 0.018
the employees was found to be significantly different in and 2.089 and 0.038 (p-value<0.01), which is significant
the two sectors for Individual level determinants/factors. at 1% level.
The results reported in Table 4 indicate that the mean
Table 4: Group Statistics: Compare (t-test)
Std. Std. Error t- p-
Sector N Mean
Deviation Mean value value
Service 92 2.2932 .47431 .04945 .018*
Individual Determinants/Factors 2.394
Manufacturing 58 2.4789 .44357 .05824
Service 92 2.6528 .46677 .04866 .185
Family and Social Determinants/ Factors 1.331
Manufacturing 58 2.7657 .56299 .07392
Service 92 2.4587 .54668 .05700 .289
Organisational Determinants/ Factors 1.065
Manufacturing 58 2.5603 .60338 .07923
Service 92 2.8810 .40848 .04259 .038*
Work life balance 2.089
Manufacturing 58 3.0392 .51267 .06732
*p value < or = .05= significant

The null hypothesis is rejected, and thus there is a

Determinants/factors. The results of interrelationship
significant difference between Determinants affecting
between the variables presented in Table 5 indicate that
work-life balance amongst employees working in the work-life balance of employees had significant
manufacturing and service sector. positive relationship with Individual Determinants (r=
434** , p-value<.0.01), Family and Social Determinants
Relationship between work life balance and (r=.473** , p-value <.0.01) and Organizational
Determinants/Factors Determinants (r=.526**, p-value <.0.01). Thus work life
balance of employees has significantly strong and
Pearson correlation was employed to determine the positive relationship with all Individual, Family and
relationship between the Work-life balance and the Social and Organisational Determinants.

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Table 5: Correlation Values

Correlations (n=150)
Individual Family and Social Organisational Work life
Determinants/ Factors Determinants/ Factors Determinants/ Factors balance
Work life Pearson Correlation .434** .473** .526** 1
balance p-value .000 .000 .000
**p value < or = .01= highly significant,*p value < or = .05= significant

Thus the null hypothesis is rejected, and the alternate Relationship between work life balance and
hypothesis that there is a relationship between work life Determinants/Factors in Service Sector
balance and determinants of employees in the two
sectors is supported. Table 6 presents the interrelationship between the
variables for the service sector.
Table 6
Correlations (n=92)
Individual Family and Social Organisational Work life
Determinants/ Factors Determinants/ Factors Determinants/ Factors balance
Work life Pearson Correlation .382** .420**
.441** 1
balance p-value .000 .000 .000
**p value < or = .01= highly significant

The results depicted in Table 6, confirm the relationship service sector.

between the dependent variable (work-life balance) and
the independent variables (individual, family and Social Relationship between work life balance and
and organizational determinants / factors). The results Determinants/Factors in Manufacturing Sector
show that work - life balance has a strong significant
positive relationship with individual, family and social Table 7 presents the interrelationship between the
and organizational factors (r=.382, .420, .441,) in the variables for the service sector.
Table 7
Correlations (n=58)
Individual Family Social Organisational Work life
Determinants/ Factors Determinants/ Factors Determinants/ Factors balance
Work life Pearson Correlation .469** .510** .615** 1
balance p-value .000 .000 .000
**p value < or = .01= highly significant

The results depicted in Table 7 confirm the relationship Impact of Determinants on Work-life Balance
between the dependent variable (work-life balance) and To examine the impact of (individual, family and social
the independent variables (individual, family and social and organizational determinants/factors on the level of
and organizational determinants / factors). The results work-life balance of the employees, forward regression
show that work - life balance has strong significant was employed all the Determinants. Before employing
positive relationship with individual, family and social the forward regression, the goodness of fit was
and organizational factors (r=.469, .510, .615,) in determined by performing ANOVA on the collected data
manufacturing sector with respect to the level of work-life balance. The F-
value in the Table 8 was found to be satisfactory and
validated the application of regression model on the
work-life balance.
Table 8: ANOVA Findings with respect to level of work-life balance of Employees
Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F-value p-value
Work life 3 Regression 8.600 1 8.600 56.683 .000**
Balance Residual 22.455 148 .152
Total 31.055 149
**p value < or = .01= highly significant

The findings of forward regression analysis on the level below in Table 9.

of work-life balance of the employees are tabulated

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Table No 9: Forward Regression Analysis

Model Summary
R Adjusted R Std. Error of Change Statistics
Model R
Square Square the Estimate R2 Change F Change df p-value F Change
1 .526a .277 .272 .38951 .277 56.683 1,148 .000**
2 .584b .341 .332 .37313 .064 14.279 1,147 .000**
3 .621c .386 .373 .36140 .045 10.704 1,146 .001**
**p value < or = .01= highly significant

The R2 was found to be .386 (Table 9). The null alternate hypothesis that Individual, Family and Social
hypothesis is rejected, and thus, it can be concluded that and Organisational determinants have a significant
the Individual, Family and Social and Organisational impact on the level of employee work-life balance is
determinants have a statistically significant impact on supported.
the level of employee work life balance. Thus, the
Table 10: Coefficients
Unstandardized Standardized
Collinearity Statistics
Model Coefficients Coefficients t-value p-value
B Std. Error Beta Tolerance VIF
(Constant) 1.162 .195 5.958 .000**
Organisational Determinants .251 .062 .313 4.031 .000** .697 1.434
3
Individual Determinants .235 .069 .242 3.415 .001** .840 1.190
Family and Social Determinants .222 .068 .246 3.272 .001** .742 1.348
**p value < or = .01= highly significant

The findings in Table 10 show that the independent

variables organizational determinants, family and social Y = 1.162 + 0.251X1 + 0.222X2+ 0.235X3
determinants and individual determinants with the
standardized coefficient of Beta being .313, .246 and Impact of determinants on work-life balance in Service
.242 respectively, have a significant positive impact on Sector
the work-life balance of the employees in the two
sectors. The organizational determinants, family and To examine the impact of (individual, family and social
social determinants and individual determinants, explain
and organizational determinants / factors on the level of
57% of the total variation in the dependent variable i.e.
work-life balance of the employees in the service sector,
level of work-life balance of the employees in both forward regression was employed on all the
service and manufacturing sector. Since **p-value < or =
Determinants. Before employing the forward regression,
.01 and thus, the regression model is a good fit of thethe goodness of fit was determined by performing
data. ANOVA on the collected data with respect to the level
of work-life balance. The F-value in Table 11 was found
Based upon the coefficients we can derive a Model for to be satisfactory and validated the application of
level of work life balance of employees (Y) and regression model on the work-life balance in the service
organizational determinants (X1), family and social sector.
determinants (X2) and individual determinants (X3) is:
Table 11: ANOVA Findings with respect to level of work-life balance of Employees
Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F-value p-value
Regression 2.956 1 2.956 21.757 .000**
1 Residual 12.228 90 .136
Total 15.184 91
**p value < or = .01= highly significant

The findings of forward regression analysis on the work- in Table 12.

life balance level of the employees are tabulated below
Table No 12: Forward Regression Analysis
Model Summary
Change Statistics
Adjusted R Std. Error of
Model R R Square p-value F
Square the Estimate R2 Change F Change df
Change
b
1 .441 .195 .186 .36860 .195 21.757 1,90 .000**
2 .502c .252 .236 .35714 .058 6.864 2,89 .010*
3 .542d .294 .270 .34894 .042 5.232 3,88 .025*
**p value < or = .01= highly significant

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 Asian J. Management; 8(3): July - September, 2017

As the R2 was found to be .294 (Table 12); the null determinants have a statistically significant impact on
hypothesis is rejected, and thus, it can be concluded that the level of employee work life balance in the service
the Individual, Family and Social and Organisational sector.
Table 13: Coefficients
Unstandardized Standardized
p-value Collinearity Statistics
Model Coefficients Coefficients t-value
B Std. Error Beta Tolerance VIF
(Constant) 1.434 .248 5.791 .000**
Organisational Determinants .184 .079 .246 2.328 .022* .718 1.393
3
Family and Social Determinants .210 .090 .240 2.332 .022* .760 1.315
Individual Determinants .192 .084 .222 2.287 .025* .848 1.179
**p value < or = .01= highly significant

The findings in Table 13 show that the independent Y = 1.434+ 0.184X1 + 0.210X2+ 0.192X3
variables Organizational determinants, Family and
Social determinants and Individual determinants with the
Impact of determinants on work-life balance in
standardized coefficient of Beta being .246, .240 and Manufacturing Sector:
.222 respectively, have a significant positive impact on
To examine the impact of (individual, family and social
the work-life balance of the employees in the Service and organizational determinants/factors on the level of
sector. The organizational determinants, family and work-life balance of the employees in the manufacturing
social determinants and individual determinants, explain
sector, forward regression was employed on all the
22% of the total variation in the dependent variable i.e.
Determinants. Before employing the forward regression,
level of work-life balance of the employees in the the goodness of fit was determined by performing
service sector. Since **p-value < or = .01 and thus, the
ANOVA on the collected data with respect to the level
regression model is a good fit of the data. of work-life balance. The F-value in Table 14 was found
to be satisfactory and validated the application of
Based upon the coefficients we can derive a Model for regression model on the work-life balance in the service
the level of work-life balance of employees (Y), and sector.
organizational determinants (X1), family and social
determinants (X2) and individual determinants (X3) is:
Table 14: ANOVA Findings with respect to level of work-life balance of Employees
Model Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F-value p-value
Regression 5.669 1 5.669 34.089 .000**
1 Residual 9.312 56 .166
Total 14.981 57
**p-value < or = .01= highly significant
The findings of forward regression analysis on the work- Table 15.
life balance of the employees are tabulated below in
Table No 15: Forward Regression Analysis
Model Summary
Adjusted R Std. Error of Change Statistics
Model R R Square
Square the Estimate R2 Change F Change df p-value F Change
b
1 .615 .378 .367 .40779 .378 34.089 1,56 .000
2 .666c .443 .423 .38934 .065 6.434 2,55 .014
3 .696d .484 .455 .37830 .041 4.255 3,54 .044
**p-value < or = .01= highly significant

The R2 was found to be .484 (Table 15). The null determinants have a statistically significant impact on
hypothesis is rejected, and thus, it can be concluded that the level of employee work life balance in the
the Individual, Family and Social and Organisational Manufacturing sector.
Table 16: Coefficients
Unstandardized Standardized 95.0% Confidence Collinearity
Coefficients Coefficients t- p- Interval for B Statistics
Model
Std. value value Lower Upper Toler
B Beta VIF
Error Bound Bound ance
(Constant) .855 .336 2.544 .014* .181 1.529
Organisational Determinants .340 .101 .400 3.380 .001** .138 .542 .681 1.468
3 Individual Determinants .290 .123 .251 2.366 .022* .044 .537 .846 1.182
Family and Social
.215 .104 .236 2.063 .044* .006 .423 .732 1.366
Determinants
a. Dependent Variable: Work life balance
**p-value < or = .01= highly significant

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 Asian J. Management; 8(3): July - September, 2017

The findings in Table 16 show that the independent relationship and impact on the work life balance of the
variables organizational determinants, individual employees in the two sectors. Through this empirical
determinants and family and social determinants with the study, it brings to the attention of practitioners,
standardized coefficient of Beta being .400, .251 and businesses, government agencies that we must rise to
.236 respectively, have a significant positive impact on this challenge and devise strategies for understanding
the work-life balance of the employees in the and examining the differences and correlations of the
Manufacturing sector. The organizational determinants, factors affecting work life balance so as to improve,
family and social determinants and individual facilitate and attain better work-life balance. Future
determinants, explain 34 % of the total variation in the researchers need to undertake more experiment based
dependent variable i.e. level of work-life balance of the empirical research to develop interventions and
employees in the manufacturing sector. Since **p-value strategies that can guide the organizations to develop a
< or = .01 and thus, the regression model is a good fit of healthy work-life balance on the basis of the study and
the data. facilitating the factors/ determinants affecting it.

Based upon the coefficients we can derive a Model for LIMITATIONS:

the level of work-life balance of employees (Y), and As the sample/data in this research is restricted to
organizational determinants (X1), family and social Middle level and Senior Managers, future research
determinants (X2) and individual determinants (X3) is: should examine this phenomenon amongst workers,
junior staff other and entry-level managers for
Y = 0.855+ 0.340X1 + 0.215X2+ 0.290X3 determining the applicability of these results to different
levels in the organization. Another limitation is that
DISCUSSION: CONCLUSION: sample size can be increased to include employees from
More than half of the respondents reported imbalance other sub-sectors of the two sectors. This study also does
with respect to their work and family and social not consider the professionally self-employed persons
responsibilities. But, the percentage of respondents like Advocates, Doctors entrepreneurs. A separate study
reporting imbalance was significantly higher in the can be undertaken for them as even these self-employed
service sector (60.8%) than those who were associated persons constitute a large portion of workforce and also
with the manufacturing sector (44.8%). face critical work-life imbalance issues.

It was observed that there exist a significant difference ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

between determinants affecting work-life balance We are thankful to IKGPTU, Kapurthala (RIC dept.), for
amongst employees working in manufacturing and supporting and promoting this research work.
service sector. The level of individual determinants,
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