Himachal Pradesh Board of School Education, Dharamshala

CHEMISTRY

10+1

RATIONALE

Higher Secondary is the most crucial stage of school education because at this juncture
specialized discipline based content - oriented courses are introduced . Students reach this
stage after 10 years of general education and opt for Chemistry with a purpose of pursuing their
career in basic sciences or professional courses like medicine , engineering , technology and
study courses in applied areas of science and technology at tertiary level . Therefore , there is a
need to provide learners with sufficient conceptual background of Chemistry , which will make
them competent to meet the challenges of academic and professional courses after the higher
secondary stage .

The new and updated curriculum is based on disciplinary approach with rigour and depth
taking care that the syllabus is not heavy and at the same time it is comparable to the
international level . The knowledge related to the subject of Chemistry has undergone
tremendous changes during the past one decade . Many new areas like synthetic materials , bio
- molecules , natural resources , industrial chemistry are coming in a big way and deserve to be
an integral part of chemistry syllabus at senior secondary stage At international level , new
formulations and nomenclature of elements and compounds , symbols and units of physical
quantities floated by scientific bodies like IUPAC and CGPM are of immense importance and
need to be incorporated in the updated syllabus . The revised syllabus takes care of all these
aspects . Greater emphasis has been laid on use of new nomenclature , symbols and
formulations , teaching of fundamental concepts , applications of concepts in chemistry to
industry / technology , logical sequencing of units , removal of obsolete content and repetition
etc.

OBJECTIVES

The broad objectives of teaching Chemistry at Senior Secondary Stage are to help the learners

 To promote understanding of basic facts and concepts in chemistry while retaining the
excitement of chemistry
 To make students capable of studying chemistry in academic and professional courses (
such as medicine technology ) at tertiary level .
 To expose the students to various emerging new areas of chemistry and apprise
them with their relevance in their future studies and their application in various
spheres of chemical sciences and technology
 To equip students to face various changes related to health , nutrition ,
environment , population , weather , industries and agriculture .
 To develop problem solving skills in students .
 To expose the students to different processes used in industries and their
technological applications .
 To apprise students with interface of chemistry with other disciplines of science
such as physics , biology , geology , engineering etc.
 To acquaint students with different aspects of chemistry used in daily life ,
 To develop an interest in students to study chemistry as a discipline .
 COURSE STRUCTURE
THEORY

One Paper Time : 3 Hours 60 Marks

Unit No. Title Marks

Unit I Some basic Concepts of Chemistry 3

Unit II Structure of Atom 5
Unit III Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties 3
Unit IV Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure 5
Unit V States of Matter : Gases and Liquids 3
Unit VI Thermodynamics 5
Unit VII Equilibrium 6
Unit VIII Redox Reactions 3
Unit IX Hydrogen 3
Unit X S - Block Elements 4
Unit XI Some P - Block Elements 6
Unit XII Organic Chemistry - some basic Principles and Techniques 5
Unit XIII Hydrocarbons 7
Unit XIV Environmental Chemistry 2
Total 60

Unit 1 : Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

General Introdcution Importance and scope of chemistry

Historical approach to particulate nature of matter , laws of chemical combination .

Dalton's atomic theory concept of elements , atoms and molecules .

Atomic and molecular masses Mole concept and molar mass : percentage composition ,
empirical and molecular formula , chemical reactions , stoichiometry and calculations based on
stoichiometry

Unit II : Structure of Atom

Discovery of electron . proton and neutron ; atomic number , isotopes and isobars .
Thomson's model and its limitations Rutherford's model and its limitations Bohr's model and its
limitations , concepts of shells and subshells , dual nature of matter and light , De Broglie's
relationship . Heisenberg uncertainty principle , concept of orbitals , quantum numbers , shapes
of s , p . and d orbitals , rules for filling electrons in orbitals - Aufuau principle , Pauli exclusion
principle and Hund's rule , electronic configuration of atoms , stability of half filled and
completely filled orbitals .

Unit III : Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties

Significance of classification , brief history of the development of periodic table , modern

periodic law and the present form of periodic table , periodic trends in properties of elements -
atomic radii , ionic radii , inert gas radii . lonization enthalpy , electron gain enthalpy , electro
negativity , valence .
Unit IV : Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

Valence electrons , ionic bond , covalent bond : bond parameters . Lewis structure , polar
character of covalent bond , covalent character of ionic bond , valence bond theory , resonance
, geometry of covalent molecules , VSEPR theory , concept of hybridization , involving s.p and d
orbitals and shapes of some simple molecules , molecular orbital : theory of homo nuclear
diatomic molecules ( qualitative idea only ) , hydrogen bond .

Unit V : States of Matter : gases and liquids

Three states of matter . Intermolecular interactions , type of bonding, melting and boiling points .
Role of gas laws in elucidating the concept of the molecule , Boyle's law . Charles law , Gay
Lussac's law , Avogadro's law . Ideal behaviour , empirical derivation of gas equation ,
Avogadro's number . Ideal gas equation . Derivation from ideal behaviour , liquefaction of gases
, critical temperature

Liquid State - Vapour pressure , viscosity and surface tension ( qualitative idea only , no
mathematical derivations )
Liquid State - Vapour pressure , viscosity and surface tension ( qualitative idea only , no
mathematical derivations ) .
Unit VI : Thermodynamics

Concepts of System , types of systems , surroundings . Work , heat , energy , extensive

and intensive properties , state fucntions .

First law of thermodynamics - internal energy and enthalpy , heat capacity and specific
heat , measurement of AU and AH , Hess's law of constant heat summation enthalpy of bond
dissociation combustion formation , atomization , sublimation Phase transition , ionization , and
dilution .
Introduction of entropy as a state function , free energy change for spontaneous and non
- spontaneous process , equilibrium Zeus
Unit VII : Equilibrium

Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes , dynamic nature of equilibrium , law of

mass action , equilibrium constant , factors affecting equlibrium- Le Chatelier's principle ; ionic
equilibrium - ionization of acids and bases , strong and weak electrolytes , degree of ionization ,
concept of pH . Hydrolysis of salts ( elementary idea ) . Buffer solutions solubility product ,
common ion effect ( with illustrative examples )

Unit VIII : Redox Reactions

Concept of oxidation and reduction , redox reactions , oxidation number balancing redox
reactions , applications of redox reactions

Unit IX : Hydrogen

Position of hydrogen in periodic table . occurrence , isotopes preparation , properties and uses
of hydrogen ; hydrides - ionic , covalent and interstitial ; physical and chemical properties of
water , heavy water , hydroen peroxide - preparation , reactions and structure ; hydrogen as a
fuel .
Unit X : S - Block Elements ( Alkali and Alkaline earth metals)
Group 1 and Group - 2 elements
General introduction , electronic configuration , occurrence , anomalous properties of the
first element of each group , diagonal relationship , trends in the variation of properties ( such as
ionization enthalpy . atomic and ionic radii ) . trends in chemical reactivity with oxygen , water ,
hydrogen and halogens : uses ,
Preparation and properties of some important compounds :
Sodium carbonate , sodium chloride , sodium hydroxide and sodium hydrogen carbonate
, biological importance of sodium and potassium
CaO , CaCO3 and industrial use of lime and limestone , biological importance of Mg and Ca.

Unit XI : Some P - Block Elements

General Introduction to P - Block Elements
Group 13 elements : General introduction , electronic configuration , occurrence . Variation of
properties , oxidation states , trends in chemical reactivity , anomalous properties of first
element of the group : boron - physical and chemical properties , some important compounds :
borax , boric acids , boron hydrides . Aluminium uses , reactions with acids and alkalies .
Group 14 elements : General introduction , electronic configuration , occurrence , variation of
properties , oxidation states , trends in chemical reactivity , anomalous behaviour of first
element , Carbon - catenation , allotropic forms , physical and chemical properties , uses of
some important compounds • oxides . Important compounds of silicon and a few uses : silicon
tetrachloride , silicones , silicates and zeolites .
Unit XII : Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles and Techniques
General introduction method qualitative and quantitative analysis , classifiction and IUPAC
nomenclature of organic compounds .
Electronic displacements in a covalent bond : inductive effect , electromeric effect ,
resonance and hyper conjugation .
Homolytic and heterolytic fission of a covalent bond : free radicals carbocations ,
carbanions , electrophiles and nucleophiles , types of organic reactions

Unit XIII : Hydrocarbons

Classification of Hydrocarbons
Alkanes - Nomenclature , isomerism , conformations ( ethane only ) , physical properties
, chemical reactions including free radical mechanism on halogenation , combustion and
pyrolysis .
Alkenes Nomenclature , structure of double bond ( ethene ) geometrical isomerism ,
physical properties , methods of preparation ; chemical reactions : addition of hydrogen ,
halogen , water , hydrogen halides ( Markovníkov's addition and peroxide effect ) . ozonolysis ,
oxidation , mechanism of electrophilic addition ,
Alkenes - Nomenclature , structure of triple bond ( ethyne ) . physical properties .
Methods of preparation , chemical reactions : acidic character of alkynes , addition reaction of
hydrogen , halogens , hydrogen halides and water .
Aromatic hydrocarbons : Introduction , IUPAC nomenclature , Benzene : resonance
aromaticity , chemical properties : machanism of electrophilic substitution . - nitration
sulphonation , halogenation . Friedel Craft's alkylation and acylation directive influence of
functional group in mono - substituted benzene , carcinogenicity and toxicity .

Unit XIV : Environmental Chemistry

Environmental pollution - air , water and soil pollution , chemical reactions in atomosphere smog
, major atmospherica pollutants ; acid rain , ozone and its reactions , effects of depletion of
ozone layer , greenhouse effect and global warming - pollution due to industrial wastes : green
chemistry as an alternative tool for reducing pollution , strategy for control of environmental
pollution .
 PRACTICALS

EVALUATION SCHEME FOR EXAMINATION MARKS

 Volumetric Analysis 06 Marks
 Salt Analysis 05 Marks
 Content Based Experiment 03 Marks
 Class Record and Viva 03 Marks
 Investigatory Project 03 Marks
Total 20 Marks

PRACTICALS SYLLABUS

A. Basic Laboratory Techniques

(a) Cutting a glass tube and glass rod .

(b) Bending of a glass tube
(C) Draw out , a glass jet .
(d) Boring a Cork .

B. Characterization and Purification of chemical substance

1 . Determination of melting point of organic compound
2 . Determination of boiling point of organic compound
3 . Crystallization involving impure sample of anyone of the following Alum , copper sulphate ,
Benzoic acid .

C. Experiments related of pH change

(a) Anyone of the following experiments : Determination of pH of some solutions obtained from
fruit juices , solutions of known and varied concentrations of acids . bases and salts using pH
paper or universal indicator Comparing the pH of solutions of strong and weak acid of same
concentration . Study the pH change in the titration of a strong base using universal indicator

(b) Study of pH change by common - ion effect in case of weak acids and weak bases .

D. Chemical equilibrium

One of the following experiments :

(a) Study the shift in equilibrium between ferric ions and thiocyanate ions by increasing /
decreasing the concentration of either ions .

(b) Study the shift in equilibrium between [ Co ( H20 ) 612+ and chloride ions by changing the
concentration of either of the ions.

E. Quantitative estimation

 using a chemical balance .

 Preparation of standard solution of oxalic acid .
 Determination of strength of a given solution of sodium hydroxide by titrating it against
standard solution of oxalic acid .
 Preparation of standard solution of sodium carbonate .
 Determination of strength of a given solution of hydrochloric acid by titrating it against
standard sodium carbonate solution .
F. Qualitative analysis

Determination of one anion and one cation in a given salt

Cations - Pb2+ , Cu2+ , As3+, Al3+, Fe3+ Mn2+ , Zn2+ , Co2+ , Ca2+ Sr2+ , Ba2+ , Mg2+ NH4+

Anions - CO32- , S2- , SO32- . HO21- , NO3-1, Cl-, Br- ,I- PO43- , C2O42, CH3 COO-

( Note : Insoluble salts excluded )

( G ) Detection of nitrogen , sulphur , Chlorine

Bromine and iodine in an organic compound

PROJECT :

Scientific investigations involving laboratory testing and collecting information from other
sources ,

A Few suggested Projects

Checking the bacterial contamination in drinking water by testing sulphide ion

Study of the methods of purification of water .

Testing the hardness , presence of iron , fluoride , chloride etc. depending upon the regional
variation in drinking water and the study of causes of presences of these ions above permissible
limit ( if any ) .

Investigation of the foaming capacity of different washing soaps and the effect of addition of
sodium carbonate on them .

Study of the acidity of different samples of the tea leaves

Determination of the rate of evaporation of different liquids

Study of the effect of acids and bases on the tensile strength of fibers . Analysis of fruit and
vegetable juices for their acidity

Note : Any other investigatory project , which involves about 10 period of work , can be chosen
with the approval of the teacher .
Himachal Pradesh Board of School Education, Dharamshala
Design of Question Paper
( )

MCQ