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UNIT-I
Linear Modulation Schemes

1. Define Modulation.
Modulation is the process of changing the parameters of the carrier signal, in accordance with
the instantaneous values of the modulating signal.
2. Explain Need for Modulation
 Antenna size gets reduced.

 No signal mixing occurs.
 Communication range increases.
 Multiplexing of signals occur.
 Adjustments in the bandwidth are allowed.
 Reception quality improves.
3. Explain about DSBSC modulation.
If this carrier is suppressed and the saved power is distributed to the two sidebands, then such a
process is called as Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier system or simply DSBSC.
4. What is Bandwidth of DSBSC Wave?
We know the formula for bandwidth (BW) is

BW=fmax−fmin
BW=fc+fm−(fc−fm) ⇒BW=2fm
5. Define Amplitude modulation.
According to the standard definition, “The amplitude of the carrier signal varies in accordance
with the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal.” This means, the amplitude of the
carrier signal containing no information varies as per the amplitude of the signal containing
information, at each instant. This can be well explained by the following figures.
6. Explain about SSBSC modulation.
The DSBSC modulated signal has two sidebands. Since, the two sidebands carry the same
information, there is no need to transmit both sidebands. We can eliminate one sideband. The
process of suppressing one of the sidebands along with the carrier and transmitting a single
sideband is called as Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier system or simply SSBSC.
7. Write Hilbert Transform Properties.
A signal x(t) and its Hilbert transform x^(t) have

 The same amplitude spectrum.
 The same autocorrelation function.
 The energy spectral density is same for both x(t) and x^(t).
 x(t) and x^(t) are orthogonal.
 The Hilbert transform of x^(t) is -x(t)
 If Fourier transform exist then Hilbert transform also exists for energy and power
signals.
8. Explain about VSB modulation.
SSBSC modulated signal has only one sideband frequency. Theoretically, we can get one
sideband frequency component completely by using an ideal band pass filter. However,
practically we may not get the entire sideband frequency component. Due to this, some
information gets lost. To avoid this loss, a technique is chosen, which a compromise between
DSBSC and SSBSC is. This technique is known as Vestigial Side Band Suppressed Carrier
(VSBSC) technique. The word “vestige” means “a part” from which, the name is derived.
9. Bandwidth of VSBSC Modulation
We know that the bandwidth of SSBSC modulated wave is fm. Since the VSBSC modulated
wave contains the frequency components of one side band along with the vestige of other
sideband, the bandwidth of it will be the sum of the bandwidth of SSBSC modulated wave and
10. What are the types of AM Modulators.
The circuit that generates the AM waves is called as amplitude modulator and in this post we
will discuss two such modulator circuits namely
1. Square Law Modulator

2. Switching Modulator
Both of these circuits use non-linear elements such as a diode for their implementation. Both
these modulators are low power modulator circuits.
11. What are the types of AM Demodulators.
The process of extracting an original message signal from the modulated wave is known
as detection or demodulation. The circuit, which demodulates the modulated wave is known as
the demodulator. The following demodulators (detectors) are used for demodulating AM wave.
 Square Law Demodulator

 Envelope Detector
12. What are the types DSBSC Modulators?
The following two modulators generate DSBSC wave.
 Balanced modulator
 Ring modulator
13. What are the types DSBSC Demodulators?
The process of extracting an original message signal from DSBSC wave is known as detection
or demodulation of DSBSC. The following demodulators (detectors) are used for demodulating
DSBSC wave.
 Coherent Detector
 Costas Loop
13. What are the types SSBSC Modulators?
We can generate SSBSC wave using the following two methods.
 Frequency discrimination method

 Phase discrimination method
14. What are the types SSBSC Demodulators?
The process of extracting an original message signal from SSBSC wave is known as detection
or demodulation of SSBSC. Coherent detector is used for demodulating SSBSC wave.Here, the
same carrier signal (which is used for generating SSBSC wave) is used to detect the message
signal. Hence, this process of detection is called as coherent or synchronous detection.
15. What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of VSBSC modulation?
Following are the advantages of VSBSC modulation.
 Highly efficient.
 Reduction in bandwidth when compared to AM and DSBSC waves.
 Filter design is easy, since high accuracy is not needed.
 The transmission of low frequency components is possible, without any difficulty.
 Possesses good phase characteristics.
Following are the disadvantages of VSBSC modulation.
 Bandwidth is more when compared to SSBSC wave.
 Demodulation is complex.
16. What are the Applications of VSBSC modulation?

The most prominent and standard application of VSBSC is for the transmission of television
signals. Also, this is the most convenient and efficient technique when bandwidth usage is
considered.
17. Define Modulation Index?

The modulation index (or modulation depth) of a modulation scheme describes by how much
the modulated variable of the carrier signal varies around its unmodulated level. It is defined
differently in each modulation scheme.
18. What is the Formula to calculate total transmitted power in Amplitude Modulated
System?
Pt= Pc (1+µ2/2) where Pt is Total Transmitted power
Pc is carrier power, µ is Modulation index
19. Define Quadrature Null Effect?

Quadrature null effect is caused due to phase error in the DSB-SC signal that has been
received. Due to disturbance in the channel there can be a phase error and this phase error
reduces the output of the demodulator. When phase error is 90 degrees the output is 0. When
phase error is 0 degrees the output is maximum.
20. What are the Advantages, Disadvantages and applications of SSBSC modulation?
Advantages
 Bandwidth or spectrum space occupied is lesser than AM and DSBSC waves.
 Transmission of more number of signals is allowed.
 Power is saved.
 High power signal can be transmitted.
 Less amount of noise is present.
 Signal fading is less likely to occur.
Disadvantages
 The generation and detection of SSBSC wave is a complex process.

 The quality of the signal gets affected unless the SSB transmitter and receiver have
excellent frequency stability.
Applications
 For power saving requirements and low bandwidth requirements.

 In land, air, and maritime mobile communications.
 In point-to-point communications.
 In radio communications.
 In television, telemetry, and radar communications.
 In military communications, such as amateur radio, etc.

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UNIT-I

Linear Modulation Schemes

2. Explain Need for Modulation

 Antenna size gets reduced.

3. Explain about DSBSC modulation.

4. What is Bandwidth of DSBSC Wave?

We know the formula for bandwidth (BW) is

5. Define Amplitude modulation.

6. Explain about SSBSC modulation.

A signal x(t) and its Hilbert transform x^(t) have

 The same autocorrelation function.

8. Explain about VSB modulation.

9. Bandwidth of VSBSC Modulation

10. What are the types of AM Modulators.

1. Square Law Modulator

 Square Law Demodulator

12. What are the types DSBSC Modulators?

The following two modulators generate DSBSC wave.

13. What are the types DSBSC Demodulators?

13. What are the types SSBSC Modulators?

We can generate SSBSC wave using the following two methods.

 Frequency discrimination method

14. What are the types SSBSC Demodulators?

Following are the advantages of VSBSC modulation.

 Reduction in bandwidth when compared to AM and DSBSC waves.

 Filter design is easy, since high accuracy is not needed.

 The transmission of low frequency components is possible, without any difficulty.

 Possesses good phase characteristics.

Following are the disadvantages of VSBSC modulation.

 Bandwidth is more when compared to SSBSC wave.

16. What are the Applications of VSBSC modulation?

17. Define Modulation Index?

Pc is carrier power, µ is Modulation index

19. Define Quadrature Null Effect?

 The generation and detection of SSBSC wave is a complex process.

 For power saving requirements and low bandwidth requirements.

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