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CHAPTER 10
OXYGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

10.1 Occurrence
Uncombined oxygen exists in the air, forming 23% by weight (or 21 % by volume) of the
air. Oxygen in the combined state exists in water, sand or silica, silicates, and rocks.

10.2 Methods of Preparation of Oxygen


Laboratory preparation of oxygen from hydrogen peroxide

Fig. 10.1 Laboratory preparation of oxygen from hydrogen peroxide

hydrogen peroxide water + oxygen


2H2O2 2H2O + O2
Some manganese (IV) oxide is placed in the flat-bottomed flask and the apparatus
set up as shown in Fig. 10.1. Hydrogen peroxide solution is added drop by drop, to the
manganese (IV) oxide, which catalyses the decomposition of the peroxide, to produce
oxygen.
Since oxygen has about the same density as air and is only slightly soluble in water,
it is collected by the downward displacement of water.
The gas jar is filled with oxygen, when all the water in the gas jar is displaced.
Note Alternatively, oxygen may be prepared by the drop by drop addition of hydrogen peroxide solution
to potassium permanganate in the presence of excess of dilute sulphuric acid.
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hydrogen potassium sulphuric potassium manganese (II)


+ + +
peroxide permanganate acid (dil) sulphate sulphate
5H2O2 + 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 K2SO4 + 2MnSO4
+ water + oxygen
+ 8H2O + 5O2

Laboratory preparation of oxygen from potassium chlorate

Fig. 10.2 Laboratory preparation of oxygen from potassium chlorate

potassium chlorate  potassium chloride + oxygen


2KC1O3  2KCl + 3O2
A mixture of potassium chlorate and manganese (IV) oxide in the ratio of 4 : 1 by
weight is placed in a hard glass tube. The apparatus is fitted up as shown in Fig. 10.2 and
the hard glass tube is heated. Oxygen is evolved.
Since oxygen has about the same relative vapour density as air, and since it is only
slightly soluble in water, it is collected by the downward displacement of water.
If required dry, it may be dried by passage through anhydrous calcium chloride,
and collected in a syringe.

Test for oxygen


When a glowing splint of wood is put into the gas jar containing oxygen, it will be
rekindled.
Note If potassium chlorate is heated alone, it gives off oxygen, but only at fairly high temperatures. If
mixed with manganese (IV) oxide, the potassium chlorate gives off oxygen at a much lower
temperature. On analysis of the residual mixture, it is found that the amount of manganese (IV)
oxide is unchanged.
A chemical reaction that goes too slowly, may often be hastened by the addition of
some substance that is found unchanged after the reaction is over. When such a
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substance is used in a reaction for this purpose, it is said to catalyse the reaction.
The substance itself is called a catalyst, and the process is called catalysis.

Industrial preparation

Fig. 10.3 Industrial preparation of oxygen

The best process for obtaining oxygen industrially is from liquid air.
Air is first cooled by a allowing compressed air to expand through a valve. This
cool air is recycled and is again recompressed and expanded through the valve. This
results in further cooling. When these successive coolings are finally sufficient (i.e.,
temperature is reduced lower than - 196°C), the air is liquefied. This liquefied air is then
fed into the fractionating column. The lower boiling nitrogen (b.p. - 196°C) will come out
from the top of the fractionating column and the higher boiling oxygen (b.p,- 183°C) will
come out from the bottom of the column.

10.3 The Activity Series


K
Na
Ca
Mg
Electropositivity decreases
Al from top to bottom.
Zn
Fe
Pb
H
Cu
Ag
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By studying the action of air, water and acids on the metals and the ease by which
the metal oxides may be reduced to metal, we may arrange the metals in a series known as
the Activity Series. A summarized form of the activity series outlining some trends in the
reactivity of the metals is given in Appendix 5. It may be seen that with few exceptions
there are very definite trends as the series is descended. Reference will be made to this
series in the appropriate sections and the reasons for the trends will be discussed.

10.4 Properties of Oxygen


1. Oxygen is a colourless gas, without taste or smell. It is only slightly soluble in
water and has approximately the same relative vapour density as air.
2. Oxygen will not burn, but it supports combustion.
3. Many metals and non-metals burn in oxygen, forming oxides.

Action with metals


The readiness with which oxygen reacts with metals is summarized in the following list
arranged according to the activity series.
K
Na
Ca
Mg When these metals are heated in air, the
Al oxygen reacts with potassium most readily,
Zn and with copper least readily.
Fe
Pb
Cu
Hg These metals react with oxygen at high
Ag temperature.
Au

Example :
A burning piece of magnesium ribbon continues burning in oxygen with a dazzling white
flame, leaving a white powder as residue. This residue is magnesium oxide.
magnesium + oxygen magnesium oxide
2Mg + O2 2MgO
A red hot iron wire burns in oxygen with a yellowish flame giving off showers of golden
sparks.
iron + oxygen tri iron tetroxide
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3 Fe + 2O2 Fe3O4
A heated piece of sodium metal burns in oxygen with a yellowish flame to form a
solid which dissolves in water. The solution obtained turns red litmus blue.
sodium + oxygen sodium oxide
4Na + O2 2Na2O

sodium oxide + water sodium hydroxide


Na2O + H2 O 2NaOH

Action with non-metals


Non-metals such as phosphorus, sulphur and carbon react with oxygen to form oxides.
Example :
A small piece of heated phosphorus (only red phosphorus may be used) burns in oxygen
giving off white fumes which consists of oxides of phosphorus.

phosphorus + oxygen phosphorus (V) oxide


P4 + 5O2 P4O10

phosphorus + oxygen phosphorus (III) oxide


P4 + 3O2 P4O6

These oxides dissolve in water to give solutions which turn blue litmus red.
Water + phosphorus (V)oxide phosphoric acid
6H2O + P4O10 4H3PO4

Water + phosphorus (III) oxide phosphorus acid


6H2O + P4O6 4H3PO3

Burning sulphur continues to burn in oxygen to form misty, pungent fumes which are
sulphur dioxide.
sulphur + oxygen sulphur dioxide
S + O2 SO2

This gas dissolves in water to give sulphurous acid. The acid solution turns blue litmus
red.
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Water + sulphur dioxide sulphurous acid


H2O + SO2 H2SO3

When a burning piece of charcoal is put into a gas jar of oxygen, it burn and emits a
shower of sparks to form a colourless gas, carbon dioxide.
carbon + oxygen carbon dioxide
C + O2 CO2

Carbon dioxide gas dissolves in water to form carbonic acid. This is a very weak acid and
turns blue litmus pink but not red.
water + carbon dioxide carbonic acid
H2O + CO2 H2CO3

When silicon is burnt in oxygen, silicon dioxide (silica) is obtained.


silicon dioxide + oxygen silicon dioxide
Si + O2 SiO2
Sand is one form of silica.
Since silicon dioxide is insoluble in water, no solution is formed and there will be no
reaction with litmus paper. However, the reactions with alkalis show that silicon dioxide
has acidic character.
silicon dioxide + sodium hydroxide sodium silicate + water
SiO2 + 2NaOH Na2SiO3 + H2O
Note The combination of a substance with oxygen is called oxidation.

10.5 Uses of Oxygen


Oxygen is used as an aid to breathing where the natural supply of oxygen is insufficient. It
is also employed as a mixture with hydrogen or acetylene for the production of high
temperatures. The oxyacetylene flame is used for cutting and welding steel. Oxygen also
finds application in the other industries, such as the manufacture of linoleum, varnishes,
steel etc.

10.6 Ozone O3
Oxygen and ozone are allotropes (section 15.2) of the same element. The difference
between them is that oxygen is a diatomic molecule (O2) and ozone is a triatomic
molecule (O3).
Preparation of ozone
Ozone is prepared by the passage of a silent electric discharge through oxygen.
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Fig. 10.4 Preparation of ozone gas


oxygen ozone
3O2 2O3

The apparatus is set up as shown in Fig. 10.4. Dry oxygen is passed through the
space between the two glass tubes. Each tube is coated with tin foil which serves as
electrodes and is connected to the terminals of an induction coil. The silent electrical
discharge passing through the oxygen from one electrode to the other causes partial
conversion of the oxygen to ozone. This ozonized oxygen should not be allowed to come
into contact with rubber, which is attacked by ozone.

Test for ozone


Ozone possesses a fishy smell. When mercury makes contact with ozone, the mercury 'tail'
is observed, i.e., mercury sticks to the glass as it flows across, leaving a trial mercury.

Properties of ozone
1. Ozone gas has a fishy smell.
2. It oxidizes;
(a) lead, (II) sulphide to lead (II) sulphate.
lead(II) sulphide + ozone lead (II) sulphate + Oxygen
(black) (white)
PbS + 4O3 PbSO4 + 4O2
(b) hydrogen sulphide to sulphuric acid.
hydrogen sulphide + ozone sulphuric acid + oxygen
H2S + 4O3 H2SO4 + 4O2
3. It also liberates iodine from potassium iodide in acidic solution.
potassium + sulphuric + ozone iodine + oxygen
iodide acid (brown)
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(colourless)
2KI + H2SO4 + O3 I2 + O2
+ potassium + water
sulphate
+ + H2 O
K2SO4
Uses of ozone
Ozone is used in ventilation systems to purify air. It is also used to sterilize water.

10.6.1 OZONE DEPLETION


CFCs are widely used as coolants in refrigerators and car air conditioners, as
solvents for cleaning computer and circuit boards, and in foam packaging and insulation.
Evidence indicates that the chemicals are finding their way to the stratosphere and
destroying the ozone there. The ozone layer filters out most of the ultraviolet radiation in
sunlight. It is believed that destruction of the layer would cause a dramatic increase in skin
cancer cases, a drop in crop yields, and reduction of the microscopic organisms in the
food chain of the oceans.
Since negotiation of the Montreal Protocol, scientists have found that the ozone in
the stratosphere is being depleted more rapidly than had been thought. Measurements
reported recently showed greatly increased levels of biologically damaging ultraviolet
radiation at the earth's surface in the Antarctic, where a "hole" in the ozone layer has
periodically appeared.
There was considerable controversy recently over the effects of aerosol propellants,
particularly the fluorocarbons, on the ozone shield in the earth's stratosphere. The two
most widely used fluorocarbons are fluorocarbon 11 (CFCl 3) and fluorocarbon 12
(CF2Cl2), often referred to by their trade names, Freon 11 and Freon 12. Fluorocarbon 11
is the propellant most used in aerosol spray cans for items other than food (paint, polish,
hair spray, and deodorants, for example), and fluorocarbon 12 is used primarily as a
circulating fluid in refrigerators and air conditioners.
Ozone (O3) is a form of elementary oxygen produced in the upper atmosphere (the
stratosphere layer 6-30 miles above the surface). Ultraviolet radiation from the sun
converts ordinary oxygen (O2) into ozone by the reactions
O2 + hv → 2O and
O + O 2 → O3 ,
where hv is the symbol for radiation and O stands for a single oxygen atom.
Once created, the ozone in the stratosphere is a good absorber of ultraviolet
radiation. Without ozone, much of this radiation would reach the earth, raising surface
temperatures and increasing the frequency of nonmelanistic skin cancer among people
regularly exposed to the sun. But ozone is only moderately stable. Not only does it easily
decompose back to ordinary oxygen, but more importantly, it reacts with components of
the atmosphere, such as nitric oxide (NO) and chlorine (Cl) atoms. These reactions are the
source of the current problem.
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Fluorocarbons 11 and 12 are low-molecular-weight compounds and, once released


into the atmosphere, can diffuse to the stratosphere. There they are acted upon by
ultraviolet radiation, according to the reaction (using fluorocarbon 11 as an example)
CFCl 3 + hv → CFCl2 + Cl
The chlorine atom thus produced can react with ozone
(Cl + O 3 → ClO + O2),
+
and the chlorine oxide may react with an oxygen atom
(ClO + O → Cl + O 2)
to regenerate the original chlorine atom. This sequence is an example of a chain reaction
in which the original event, destruction of the ozone molecule, can be repeated hundreds
or thousands of times for every chlorine atom that is formed by the action of ultraviolet
radiation.
Since one fluorocarbon molecule in the stratosphere has the potential to destroy
many ozone molecules and since nearly 1 million tons of fluorocarbons 11 and 12 are
produced annually, the amount of ozone that could possibly be destroyed by fluorocarbons
is enormous.

10.7 Hydrogen Compounds of Oxygen


When hydrogen combines with one other element only, the compound formed is called a
hydride. Hydrogen combines with oxygen to form two different hydrides, namely, water,
H2O and hydrogen peroxide, H2O2.
Preparation of a solution of hydrogen peroxide H2O2
Hydrogen peroxide may be prepared by the action of certain metallic peroxides with
acids. The materials usually used are barium peroxide and dilute sulphuric acid. The
barium sulphate produced in the reaction is insoluble and can be filtered off. The filtrate is
an aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide.
barium sulphuric barium hydrogen
+ +
peroxide acid (dil) sulphate peroxide
BaO2 + H2SO4 BaSO4 + H2O2

Properties of hydrogen peroxide


1. The pure compound is a syrupy liquid. It is usually used as a dilute solution in
water. Hydrogen peroxide solution is sold retail as "10 volume" or "20 volume" solution,
i.e., at STP (standard temperature and pressure) 10 cm3 or 20 cm3 of oxygen gas is
liberated by heating 1 cm3 of that hydrogen peroxide solution.
2. Evolution of oxygen occurs when hydrogen peroxide solution is heated.
hydrogen peroxide water + oxygen
2H2O2 2H2O + O2
3. Hydrogen peroxide oxidizes lead (II) sulphide to lead (II) sulphate.
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lead (II) sulphide hydrogen lead (II) sulphate + water


+
(black) peroxide (white)
PbS + 4H2O2 PbSO4 + 4H2O
4. When hydrogen peroxide reacts with acidified potassium iodide solution, iodine is
produced.
potassium sulphuric hydrogen potassium iodine
+ + + + water
iodide acid peroxide sulphate (brown)
2KI + H2SO4 + H2O2 K2SO4 + I2 + 2H2O
5. Hydrogen peroxide reacts with some compounds to give oxygen.
lead (IV) hydrogen lead(II)
+ + water + oxygen
oxide peroxide oxide
(brown) (yellow)
PbO2 + H2O2 PbO + H2O + O2
silver + hydrogen silver + water + oxygen
oxide
Ag2O peroxide
H2O2 2Ag + H2O + O2
potassium sulphuric hydrogen manganese(II) potassium
+ + +
permanganate acid peroxide sulphate sulphate
(violet) (white)
2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 5H2O2 2MnSO4 + K2SO4
+ water + oxygen
8H2O + 2O2
ozone + hydrogen peroxide water + oxygen
O3 + H2O2 H2 O + 2O2
6. The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is catalysed by many substances. (e.g.,
manganese (IV) oxide, finely powdered gold, platinum)
hydrogen peroxide water + oxygen
2H2O2 2H2O + O2
Uses of hydrogen peroxide
Hydrogen peroxide is used in restoring pictures. Hydrogen sulphide in the air slowly
reacts with the white lead pigment (lead (II) carbonate) of the paint to produce lead (II)
sulphide, which is brown and makes the picture dingy. Washing with hydrogen peroxide
restores the white colour. Hydrogen peroxide is used commercially for the bleaching of
paper pulp, cotton and other natural fibers.

SUMMARY
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Uncombined oxygen exists in air, forming 21% by volume of the air. Oxygen in
the combined state exists in water, sand or silica, silicates, and rocks.
Oxygen can be prepared in laboratory from hydrogen peroxide or potassium
chlorate by heating. The best process for obtaining oxygen industrially is from liquid air.
Oxygen is a colorless gas without taste or smell and only slightly soluble It has some
relative vapor density as air .It supports burning .So many metals burn in oxygen, forming
oxides.
Oxygen is used as an aid to breathing and also in the manufacture of linoleum,
varnishes, steel, etc. The oxygen acetylene flame is used for cutting and welding steel.
Oxygen and ozone are allotropes of the same element .Ozone is used as in
ventilation systems to purify air .It is also used to sterilize water.
CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) are widely used as coolants in refrigerators and car air
conditioners, as solvents for cleaning computer and circuit boards and in foam packing
and insulation. The ozone layer filters out most of the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight.
Since one fluorocarbon molecule in the stratosphere and since negotiation protocol,
scientist found that the ozone in the atmosphere is being depleted more rapidly than had
been thought. Instead of CFCs, hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) have been developed
to reduce the ozone depletion.Hydrogen combines with oxygen to form two different
hydrides, hydrogen peroxide, H2O2 and water, H2O. Hydrogen peroxide is used
commercially for the bleaching of paper pulp, cotton and other natural fibers.

Questions and Problems


1. Pure oxygen is given off when potassium permanganate is gently heated.
Draw a labeled diagram of the apparatus.
2. (a) Outline a method by which oxygen is manufactured from air.
(b) Name two compounds which, when heated alone, give off oxygen as the only
gaseous product, and write equations for their decomposition.
3. Write equations for the reaction of each of the following substances with excess of
oxygen.
(a) hydrogen (b) magnesium (c) carbon (d) zinc (e) silicon
Write equations for the reactions, if any, of these products with
(i) dilute hydrochloric acid (ii) sodium hydroxide
4. On analysis of a compound obtained iron burning iron in oxygen, it is found that
the constituents of this compound are 167.7 g of iron and 48 g of oxygen. What is
the empirical formula of this compound? (Fe = 55.9, O = 16)
5. Calculate the mass of magnesium oxide which is obtained on burning 4 g of
magnesium in the air. (Mg = 24, O = 16)
6. Calculate the mass of magnesium which reacts with 1 g of oxygen.
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7. When a mixture of 4 g of magnesium and magnesium oxide was heated in air, 5 g


of magnesium oxide was obtained. Calculate the percentage by mass of
magnesium and magnesium oxide in mixture. (Mg = 24, O = 16)
8. Write equations for the reactions, if any, of the following
(a) a piece of gold in air
(b) mercury and oxygen were heated vigorously
(c) silicon dioxide mixed with water
(d) dissolving sodium oxide in water.
9. How can oxygen be converted into its allotropic form? Give equations for these
reactions in which ozone reacts with compounds to liberate oxygen.
10. What would you observe in the following reactions?, Write equations for the
reactions.
(a) When hydrogen peroxide solution is poured over manganese (IV) oxide.
(b) When hydrogen peroxide solution is added into acidified potassium perman-
ganate solution.
(c) When hydrogen peroxide solution is heated.
(d) Ozone gas is passed into potassium iodide solution.
11. Write TRUE or FALSE for each of the following statements.
(a) Manganese (IV) oxide is used to decompose hydrogen peroxide to oxygen.
(b) Oxygen will burn but it cannot support combustion.
(c) Burning sulphur continues to burn in oxygen to form sulphur dioxide.
(d) Ozone possesses sweet smell.
(e) Hydrogen peroxide oxidizes lead (II) sulphide to lead (II) sulphate.
12. Fill in the blanks with a suitable word or words.
(a) Carbon dioxide dissolves in water to form ............
(b) Many metals and non-metal burn in oxygen, forming ............
(c) When silicon is burnt in oxygen, ............ is obtained.
(d) Ozone gas has a ............ smell.
(e) Hydrogen peroxide may be prepared by the action of metallic peroxides
with.....................
13. Answer the following questions.
(a) What is CFCs?
(b) Name the three elements present in CFCs.
(c) Which of these elements is the most reactive?
(d) If the ozone (O3) reacted with the most reactive element in CFCs, what two
products would be formed?
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(e) What are the uses of CFCs?


(f) Where is ozone layer found?
(g) What does ozone layer filter out?
(h) Give one for the harmful radiation in the sunlight?
(i) How ordinary oxygen is converted into ozone?
(j) How CFCs destroy ozone layer?
(k) Estimate amount of fluorocarbon 11 and 12 produced annually.
(l) How can you protect the ozone hole problem ?
14. Select the correct word or words given in the brackets.
(a) Hydrogen peroxide solution is added drop by drop to the manganese (IV)
oxide, which catalyse, the decomposition of the peroxide to produce
(halogen, oxygen, nitrogen).
(b) If required dry, it may be dried by passage through anhydrous (calcium
oxide, calcium chloride, calcium nitrate) and collected in a syring.
(c) Many (oxides, hydroxides, metals) and non-metals burn in oxygen, forming
oxides.
(d) The combination of a substance with (nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen) is called
oxidation.
(e) Oxygen is used as an aid to (heating, breathing, eating) where a natural
supply of oxygen is insufficient.
15. Match each of the items given in list A with the appropriate item given in list
B.
List A List B
(a) A mixture of potassium chlorate (i) The process is called
and manganese (IV) oxide is catalysis
heated in a hard glass tube
(b) The substance itself is called (ii) and to sterilize water.
a catalyst.
(c) A burning magnesium ribbon (iii) carbonic acid is formed..
placed in oxygen
(d) Carbon dioxide gas dissolves (iv) magnesium oxide .
in water is formed.
(e) Ozone is used in ventilation (v) oxygen is evolved.
system to purify air.
16 Write TRUE or FALSE for each of the following statements.
(a) Magnesium (IV) oxide acts as a catalyst in preparing oxygen gas.
135

(b) Heat is needed in the laboratory preparation of oxygen from hydrogen


peroxide.
(c) Oxygen is lighter than aie.
(d) Oxygen and ozone are allotropes of the same element.
(e) Oxygen will burn but it cannot support combustion .
17. Select the correct word or words given in the brackets.
(a) Ozone is used in ventilation system to (sterilize water, purify air, purify soil).
(b) (Oxygen, Ozone, Hydrogen ) is used as an oxyacetylene flame in the cutting and
welding of steel.
(c) Oxygen is collected by the ( upward, downward, under ) displacement of water .
(d) ( Metals, Non-metals, Salts ) react with oxygen to give oxides.
(e) A red hot iron wire burns in oxygen to form ( iron (II) oxide, iron (III) oxide,
tri iron tetroxide ).
18. Fill in the blanks with a suitable word or words.
(a) ………. Is used to decompose hydrogen peroxide to oxygen.
(b) The combination of a substance with oxygen is called ……….. .
(c) Ozone is used in ventilation system to purify air and to ……… water.
(d) Many metals and non-metals burn in oxygen , forming ……… .
19. Answer the following questions.
(a) Write down the activity series.
(b) What is the main gas in the air ?
(c) Give three uses of oxygen gas.
(d) What are the three things needed for combustion or burning ?
(e) Write equations in symbols for the following reactions.
(i) Red hot iron wire burns in oxygen.
(ii) Red hot phosphorus burns in excess oxygen.
(f) Which method can be used to manufacture oxygen gas ?
Write down the name of the important steps of the process.
(g) What will happen when
(i) ozone gas is passed into potassium iodide solution.?
(ii) mercury and oxygen were heated vigorously.
(h) How would you prepare oxygen gas in the laboratory.
(i) Describe the laboratory preparation of dry oxygen from potassium chlorate.
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