BOSIET Hand Out

HAND OUT FOR BOSIET/T BOSIET/BOSIET DD/T BOSIET DD
Unit-Safety Induction
1- Typical offshore oil and gas activities
Typical offshore oil and gas activities.
• Oil exploration,
• Production,
• Gathering,
• Transportation and
• Initial storage.
Formation, finding and exploitation of oil and gas; how hydrocarbons are formed, found and produced.
Formation
STAGE 1
o All of the oil and gas we use today began as microscopic plants and animals living in the ocean millions of years ago. As these microscopic
plants and animals like plankton and algae lived, they absorbed energy from the sun, which was stored as carbon molecules in their
bodies. When they died, they sank to the bottom of the sea forming thick layers of organic material. This in turn became covered in layers
of mud formed by the laying down of sediment in seas, rivers or lakes that trapped the organic material.
o The layers of mud prevented air from reaching the organic material. Without air, the organic material could not rot in the same way as
organic material rots away in a compost heap.
o As the layers of mud grew in thickness, they pushed down on the organic material with increasing pressure. The temperature of the
organic material was also increased as it was heated by other processes going on inside the Earth.
o Very slowly, increasing temperature, pressure and anaerobic bacteria - micro-organisms that can live without oxygen - started acting on
the organic material.
o As this happened the material was slowly cooked and altered, like food in a pressure cooker. In this way the energy first given to the
plants by the sun is transferred and the organic matter is changed into crude oil and gas.
STAGE 2
o hydrocarbons are less dense than the water in the source rocks that surround them, they gradually migrate upwards through the rock in
much the same way that the less dense air bubbles of an underwater diver will rise through water.
o The migrating oil and gas may travel up through the spaces between the sand grains that make up the rock (called pores) or they may find
their way up through cracks, fissures, and faults in the overlying rocks.
o Some rocks are permeable and allow oil and gas to freely pass through them for example sand stone.
o Other rocks are impermeable and block the upward passage of oil and gas such as shale, which acts as a seal or cap rock and does not
allow oil and gas to migrate upwards.
o Where oil and gas rises up into a dome (or anticline) capped by impermeable rocks it cannot escape. This is one type of an Oil Trap.
o The permeable layers in an oil trap are known as the Reservoir Rock.
o Reservoir rocks have many interconnected holes called pores, which is also referred as porosity of rock.
o These absorb the oil and gas like a sponge.
o As the oil migrates, it fills up the pores.
o
STAGE 3
o After oil and natural gas were formed, they tend to migrate out of its Source Rock and accumulate in overlying rocks.
o Some rocks like sandstone or limestone are permeable to oil and gas, which means that they can pass freely through them. Other rocks
like clay or salt are impermeable, which means they block the upward passage of hydrocarbons.
o One of the most common ways that oil and gas becomes trapped in pockets in the rock is where it rises into a structural dome capped by
impermeable rocks. The cap rocks prevent the oil and gas escaping upwards.
o The buoyancy of the less dense hydrocarbons in the pore waters prevent them from sinking back down. This is an example of an Oil Trap.
o These trapped deposits are where we find oil and natural gas today
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Exploitation
1. The wellhead top is usually outfitted with a collection of valves called a Christmas tree or Production trees. These valves regulate pressures,
control flows, and allow access to the wellbore in case further completion work is needed.
2. From the outlet valve of the production platform, the flow can be connected to a distribution network of pipelines and tanks to supply the
product to refineries, natural gas compressor stations, or oil export terminals. Every wellhead does not require a complete platform to be
built.
3. Large fields are developed by having wellheads, which are connected by a pipeline to a central manifold tied to a nearby platform.
By means of a hydraulic pumping system, the wells can be controlled and operated from a central platform
Enhanced recovery:
As long as the pressure in the reservoir remains high enough, the production tree is all that is required to produce the well. If the pressure
depletes and it is considered economically viable, an artificial lift method is employed. Enhanced recovery methods such as water flooding,
steam flooding, or CO2 flooding may be used to increase reservoir pressure and provide a "sweep" effect to push hydrocarbons out of the
reservoir.
Types of offshore installations,
Different types of mobile drilling installations are used and include jack-up, semi-submersible and Drill ship.
Drilling - jack-up, semi-sub, drill ship

Types depend on depth of operation and prevailing weather conditions. Discuss different working depths. Working depths increases with DP
system.
Semi-submersible drilling rig – a mobile & floating drilling structure which is commonly used in deep sea drilling operation.
It can operate in wide range of water depths, moored in position either by anchor chains or Dynamic Positioning System.
Drilling ship – A drillship is a self-propelling marine vessel with a drilling apparatus used in the offshore drilling of oil wells. The drillship is
equipped with a drilling derrick, moon pool, and specialized mooring and positioning equipment that helps to stabilize and hold position even
in rough weather conditions.
Production (oil & gas/ gas) - fixed

Fixed platforms are built on concrete or steel legs, or both, anchored directly onto the seabed. It is a long term immobilize structure
supporting a deck with space for crew quarters, drilling rigs, production facilities such as oil & gas separation and process, flare & blow-down
system, cranes and other equipment.
FPSO (Storage Production & Offloading Facility)

Compare tanker with FPSO and discuss it may be a modified tanker with production facilities. However nowadays there are newly custom
made FPSO’s. The processing equipment aboard the FPSO is similar to what would be found atop a production platform.
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Pipe Laying Vessel – Lay oil/gas pipeline from the oil/gas production platform to the storage terminal onshore before it can be processed or
refined into fuel or liquefied gas products. Pipeline construction begins onshore where the length of pipes is coated and waterproofed
Accommodation
Flotels are attached by a long gangway to the production platform. This converted semi-submersible provides extra accommodation, leisure
and catering facilities for the people working on the platform.
Standby vessel – Used to enforce the 500 m restricted zone around the installation. Some of the installations lay in busy shipping lanes, thus
the risk of collision.
Supply vessel is commonly used to support offshore facilities by transfer material, beverage, waste and equipment from one location to
others.
Anchor handling vessel They mainly built to handle anchors for oil rigs, tow them to location, and deploy anchors to place oil rigs in the
required sea and oceanic areas. It retrieves anchors prior to the next deployment
Crew boat – Vessels used to transport personnel to and from offshore installations.
Towing – Used to tow installation like jackets during construction, jack-up or semi-submersible transport crude oil to an onshore facility
Diving support vessel is used to support underwater operations including ROV operation and diving operation. Divers / ROV carry out
important roles such as inspection, maintenance & cleaning of equipment underwater.
The offshore environment, to include remote nature, harsh conditions, proximity of process/working/living environments)
a. Sea as a workplace is hostile and work areas are exposed to harsh weather conditions – hot sun, strong winds, rain and snow.
b. The offshore environment – remote nature, harsh conditions and proximity of working/living environments makes the industry focus
on safety and emergency response.
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2.The main offshore hazards Offshore Hazards

Definitions of hazard, risk and control measures
Hazard is a biological, chemical, physical or radiological agent that has the potential to cause harm
Risk is the likelihood of identified hazards causing harm in exposed population s in a specified time frame, including the magnitude of that
harm and/or the consequences
Risk control Taking actions to eliminate or reduce the likelihood that exposure to a hazard will result in injury or disease.
Barrier
Measure which reduces the probability of releasing a hazard’s potential for harm orwhich reduces its consequences. (Barriers are Controls or
Defenses.)
The hierarchy of barriers is:
a) prevention,
b) detection,
c) control,
d) mitigation,
e) emergency response.
Offshore hazards and comparative risk levels including:
-Pressure hazards, to include: oil/gas reservoir, process/drilling pipework, water/gas injection, gas and compression.
In an offshore oil and gas industry, workers are exposed to various pressure hazards that are inherent to the area of the work. These
include:
i. Oil and gas reservoir,
ii. Drilling pipe-work
iii. Water and gas injection
iv. Gas compression
v. Jacking & skidding
vi. Compressor noise, etc.
-Motion hazards, to include: drilling tubulars, exposed machinery parts, moving heavy equipment and manual handling.
Motion hazards are created by:
i. Drill strings engaged in boring activity,
ii. Exposed machinery parts such as on drill floors, shell shakers etc.
iii. Moving heavy equipment across the deck by crane
iv. Manual handling of equipment and stores
-Chemical hazards, to include: drilling chemicals, reservoir fluids/gases (including H2S), process chemicals and solvents
Chemical Hazards
Offshore installations use a variety of chemical that includes:
a. Drilling chemicals
b. Process chemical
c. Solvents
i. These chemicals are poisonous, corrosive and can cause fire and explosion.
ii. You are also exposed to narcotic effects of reservoir fluids/gases including hydrocarbons gas and deadly gasses such as hydrogen
sulphide.
iii. These gasses can also be present in confined spaces, entry into which without adequate precautions and exposure to these chemicals
can sometimes result in fatality.
iv. H2S gas is produced during drilling and production process. The gas is lethal and therefore it must be detected as soon as possible.
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-Electrical hazards, to include: maintenance of electrical equipment, faulty electrical equipment.

Electrical Hazards
i. Electricity is a non-obvious hazard for non-electricians.
ii. One cannot see, smell or feel it. Exposure to electrical hazards usually occurs due to negligence.
iii. A precaution to work safely with electricity is isolation to make sure wires are not live.
iv. As a rule never work on “live” wires on installations.
v. Working with electricity is a specialist job and is covered under the permit to work system.
vi. Electricians are trained in these specific job related hazards when carrying out maintenance of electrical equipment and isolating
faulty electrical equipment.
-Gravity hazards, to include: working under suspended loads, working at heights and slips and trips.
Gravity hazards
This includes
i. working under suspended loads,
ii. working at heights,
iii. working over the sides,
iv. Slips, trip & falls, etc.
-Noise hazards, to include: working in process areas, drilling areas, helicopter areas and noise exposure levels.
Noise hazards,
This includes:
i. working in process areas,
ii. drilling areas,
iii. helicopter areas and
iv. Noise exposure levels.
-Hazardous atmospheres, to include an explanation of how areas are designated hazardous zones.
Hazardous atmospheres
a. Hazardous areas are all areas in which explosive gas or air mixture may normally be expected to be present in quantities which can
require special precautions for the construction and use of electrical equipment and machinery.
b. Hazardous areas are divided into zones depending upon the grade (frequency and duration) of release:
i. Zone 0: in which an explosive gas atmosphere is continuously present or present for long periods. (Typical for continuous grade
source present for more than 1000 hours a year or that occurs frequently for short periods).
ii. Zone 1: in which an explosive gas atmosphere is likely to occur in normal operation. (Typical for primary grade source present
between 10 and 1000 hours a year).
iii. Zone 2: in which an explosive gas atmosphere is not likely to occur in normal operation, and if it does occur, is likely to do so
infrequently and will exist for a short period only. (Typical for secondary grade source present for less than 10 hours per year and for
short periods only).
-Confined space hazards, to include the following characteristics: limited openings for entry or exits, confined spaces when working inside
containers or vessels and unfavorable natural ventilation
Confined space hazards,
This includes:
i. limited openings for entry or exits,
ii. confined spaces when working inside containers or vessels and
iii. unfavorable natural ventilation .
This may result in
— Serious risk of fire or explosion;
— Loss of consciousness from asphyxiation arising from gas, fumes, vapour or lack of oxygen;
— drowning arising from increased water level;
— Loss of consciousness arising from an increase in body temperature;
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— Asphyxiation/suffocation arising from free flowing solid (engulfment) or the inability to reach a breathable atmosphere due to
entrapment.
3-The potential environmental impact of offshore installation operations
3.1-The environmental impact and statistics
Explain the environmental impact and statistics.

Pollution of the marine environment is the main impact by the industry operation. The potential sources include:
Exploration: during exploration, noise associated with the high-energy seismic source disturb animal life, especially whales and dolphins.
Marine mammals depend on sound waves to navigate the ocean, locate food, find partners and communicate. Underwater oil drilling is very
loud and has been linked to dolphin and whale stranding and beaching. Seismic exploration has also caused whales to alter their migratory
paths, forcing them to leave known hunting grounds.
• During drilling and construction stage: The physical infrastructure that accompanies oil drilling is immense and disruptive to ecosystems.
• Affixing the offshore platform, which is an abnormal object to ocean creatures, to the ocean floor, disrupts the ocean's ecosystem and can
displace marine life and attract non-native marine species.
• Explain the environmental impact and statistics.
• Pollution of the marine environment is the main impact by the industry operation. The potential sources include:
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• Exploration: during exploration, noise associated with the high-energy seismic source disturb animal life, especially whales and
dolphins. Marine mammals depend on sound waves to navigate the ocean, locate food, find partners and communicate. Underwater
oil drilling is very loud and has been linked to dolphin and whale stranding and beaching. Seismic exploration has also caused whales
to alter their migratory paths, forcing them to leave known hunting grounds.
• During drilling and construction stage: The physical infrastructure that accompanies oil drilling is immense and disruptive to
ecosystems.
• Affixing the offshore platform, which is an abnormal object to ocean creatures, to the ocean floor, disrupts the ocean's ecosystem and
can displace marine life and attract non-native marine species.
• Making trench on sea bed for laying the pipelines are a hazard for aquatic flora and fauna it tears up aquatic habitat.
• Installations and equipment are often abandoned and left behind once wells run dry because the cost to remove them is prohibitive.
These left over piles release the toxic solution after a period of time. Decommissioned offshore drilling platforms or offshore drilling
platforms that are no longer in use are legally allowed to be abandoned where they stand. The oil and gas companies are not required
to remove their platforms and work to restore the marine ecosystem that they have disrupted. These rusting platforms release toxins
into the marine ecosystem as they deteriorate and act as hazards for boaters, divers and fishermen.
Operational discharge of oil & waste: Oil spills occur at every phase of the oil drilling cycle; including spills from platforms, during production,
during drilling operation, from wellhead cap, but spills during transport are the primary source of environmental pollution.
• Oil spills directly poison the water and land as well as the local food chain. Leaks from the platform can also end up in the water.
• From the ship – Pollution from vessel can either be from water from tank cleaning done after cargo is discharged to avoid
contamination of new cargo or discharge of bilge water.
Atmospheric emission
Continuous flaring to burn off excess gas to maintain system pressure at normal level. Flaring produces large amount of heat,
un-burnt hydrocarbon, CO2, water vapour, hydrogen and Carbon Monoxide.
• Fuel exhaust: air pollution created from the operation of Power-generating units (diesel-powered generators and pumps, gas
turbines, internal combustion engines) from ship, helicopters and platform produce exhaust gas consists of mainly un-burnt
hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, heat and smoke.
• Evaporation or venting of hydrocarbons from pressure relief system, flanges and storage tank.
Accidental situation
I. Drilling – blowout (fire & explosion cause massive hydrocarbon release into the sea) and accidental discharge of drilling mud into sea.
II. Transportation & storage - spilled oil into the sea from damaged tanker causing water pollution.
Pipelines - oil leaks due to damaged pipeline.
Oil Spillage coat the feathers of birds making it impossible for them to fly. Clean-up workers might suffer long-term respiratory effects as well.
Sea birds, marine mammals, fish and sea turtles are killed due to the pollution.
Beach-tourist industry suffers when the beaches turn from pristine sand to the possibility to have turned into the trashcans. In case of an
offshore platform explosion, the oil spilled threatens the fragile ecosystems of beaches and coastal mangrove forests.
The statics shows the number of spills since 1970.
The main findings are that the old platforms have more spills than new one. Good news is that the numbers of spills is decreasing and industry
is improving. Very important for LEARNERs to contribute to better safety culture
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4-The principles of managing safety on offshore installations
The multiple barriers model and systems in place to prevent hazards from contacting targets including:
(a) Safe Systems of Work (SSOW)
(b) Personal Responsibility for Safety (PRfS)
(c) Safety observation programmes.
There are multiple barrier model and systems in place to prevent hazards contacting targets, including:
SAFETY SYSTEMS OF WORK

a. The company is responsible for supplying the equipment, instructions for its use or maintenance and training as required by the
regulations. It controls this by reference to the rules or maybe expert advice, and monitors through its technical and safety
departments.
b. At the sharp end are the drilling, marine, engineering, catering and safety superintendents who will work closely with offshore staff to
ensure that standards are always maintained. Some companies run safety promotion or accident prevention scheme offering reward
for certain periods of continuous accident free work.
c. If operated correctly these schemes can successfully motivate personnel to improve safety standards but care must be taken to
ensure that accidents or injuries do not go unreported when approaching a rewards point on the time scale.
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d. The installation is organized so that safety is of paramount importance. The Offshore Installation Manager has overall responsibility
for the safety of the unit and will monitor it through the various department heads, for routine upkeep and maintenance of safety
equipment, and through an elected or designated (depending on the size of the organization and installation) safety officer.
e. The safety officer is the chairman at a weekly safety committee meeting at which elected representatives from each department will
have the opportunity to bring up any points of safety raised with them by their constituents during the week or at department
meetings.
f. Drills, musters and on board training should be discussed and organized and the minutes of the meeting (or meeting report) should
be completed and posted on the notice board.
g. A copy should also be sent ashore to the safety superintendent to assist his monitoring role. All points raised should be dealt with
without delay.
h. Any accidents or dangerous occurrences must be reported to the appropriate government department on a standard form.
i. The initial investigation on board will be conducted by the safety officer, OIM or his deputy and witness statement will be taken.
j. Serious accidents will be further investigated by the company, industry investigating bodies, or the government, as part of their
monitoring system.
k. The importance of such a reporting system is to ensure that the circumstances which caused the accident cannot be repeated so that
the accident itself cannot re-occur.
l. In the extreme operator/ operations can be suspended until remedial action is taken.
Safe systems work includes:

a. Risk assessments
b. Procedures
c. Training
d. Competency assurance
e. Communications
f. Permit to work
PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR SAFETY

a. The individual is not only responsible for his own safety but, his safe conduct, the safety of all personnel on the installation.
b. The equipment is supplied and it falls to the individual to use and maintain it correctly. The procedures are laid down (in the
Company Operations/ Safety Manual, permit to Work system, etc) and it is the responsibility of the individual to follow them
correctly.
c. If you do a disaster, you should know that criminal negligence does not stop with the company or with the O.I.M. but applies to all
personnel.
d. Self-monitoring is easy. You are the best person to know if you are using and maintaining equipment correctly and that procedures
are being followed correctly. Ask if you are not sure.
SAFETY OBSERVATION PROGRAMMES

These include:
a. Behavioural safety programmes include

This is one of the most important components of the process. Observations provide direct, measurable information on employees’
safe work practices.
i. Employees are observed performing their routine task. The observer documents both safe and unsafe behaviors.
ii. The employee is then provided positive feedback on the safe behaviors and non-threatening feedback on the unsafe behaviors. They
are also provided with suggestions on correcting the unsafe behaviors.
b. Elements of PRfS: (PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR SAFETY) includes

i. Selecting the appropriate personal protection clothing and equipment (PPE) suitable for the type of work being undertaken
ii. Taking a break shortly after starting the task to evaluate and discuss any changes in the conditions
iii. Understanding that personal actions might degrade the safety in an area
iv. Knowing that subsequent incidents won’t be the same
v. Realizing that mitigating risk may also create new risks
vi. Spatial awareness; being conscious of the immediate environment (especially working in tight spaces) so that hazards are not
inadvertently caused
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5. Hazard effects and consequences; their associated risks, and how they are
Controlled
THE HIERARCHY OF CONTROL
1. Elimination
‘Elimination’ means to completely remove the hazard, or the risk of hazard exposure. Removal of the hazard is the ideal control solution.
For example:
➣ removal of a noisy machine.
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2. Substitution
‘Substitution’ involves replacing a hazardous piece of machinery or a work process with a non-hazardous one.
For example:
➣ The operator using a tool to load a press with parts instead of placing them in by hand
➣ Automating a process to prevent the operator from entering a danger area
3. Engineering
If a hazard cannot be eliminated or replaced with a less hazardous option, the next preferred measure is to use an engineering control.
‘Engineering’ controls may include:
➣ guarding machinery
➣ using enclosures (eg, enclosing a noisy piece of machinery)
➣ automating a process
4. Administration
Where ‘Engineering’ cannot fully control a health and safety risk, administration controls should be used. ‘Administration’ controls introduce
work practices that reduce risk and limit
employee exposure.
They include:
➣ training employees in correct and safe operation
➣ developing Safe Operating Procedures (SOPs)
➣ reducing the number of employees exposed to the hazard
➣ reducing the period of employee exposure
➣ developing and implementing lock-out procedures
➣ displaying appropriate warning signs
5. Personal Protective Equipment

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) should only be used when other higher order control measures are not possible, and only as a short-term
solution. Efforts to remove health and safety risks using ‘Elimination’, ‘Engineering’ and ‘Administration’ controls should be fully explored
before PPE is implemented.
Examples of PPE include:
➣ safety glasses
➣ gloves
➣ hearing protection
Determining risks and implementing control measures to include:
(A) Reservoir/pipe work isolation

Hazards:
i. Fire cause
ii. Gas Release
Controls:
i. Reservoir and pipe are totally isolated from accommodation areas
ii. Mechanical isolations may involve the closing and locking off automatic or manual valves
iii. Would require the person in charge of the piping systems in question to follow the correct procedures, label and mark the
valves themselves or the related mimic boards and to inform the appropriate personnel.
iv. Any pumps in operation would require deactivating and action would be taken to relieve any pressure in the lines involved
before work could commence.
v. Electrical isolations should only be carried out by the technician responsible and in accordance with the required procedures.
vi. Switch boards will normally be locked and any breakers which are opened for isolation purposes will be padlocked and labeled.
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(B) Blowout preventers (BOP)

Hazards:
Receiving injuries caused by loss of well control.
Controls:
i. Appropriate training for tasks performed. Example topics include the following:
ii. Causes of kicks, including detection
iii. Pressure concepts and calculations
iv. Well control procedures
v. Gas characteristics and behavior
vi. Fluids
vii. Constant bottom hole pressure well control methods
viii. Well control equipment
ix. Regulatory information
x. Use of appropriate well control equipment as per API RP 53
xi. Specification
xii. Installation
xiii. Maintenance
(C) Training on handling tubular

Hazards:
i. Being struck by rolling or falling tubular.
ii. Being struck by or caught between tubular and other objects during movement
iii. (for example, being struck by tubular being tailed into the rig floor).
iv. Slips, trips, and falls.
v. Getting struck by falling tubular due to lifting equipment failure.
Controls:
i. Use powered industrial truck (forklift) properly.
ii. Work the tubular from the ends from ground level.
iii. Chock or pin tubulars on the racks properly.
iv. Level your pipe racks properly.
v. Stand clear of suspended, hoisted, or moving loads.
vi. Be aware of tubulars or equipment being lifted through the V-door.
vii. Be familiar with proper use, inspection, and maintenance practices.
viii. Before each tour inspect the:
ix. Wire rope and slings, Catlin ropes and knots (do not allow a rope to lie in standing water),
and Chains and hooks.
x. Stand clear of suspended, hoisted or moving loads and be aware of your surroundings.
(D) Guarding of machinery

Hazards:
i. Contact or entanglement with machinery
ii. Being trapped between machine and material or fixed structure
iii. Contact with material in motion
iv. Being struck by ejected parts of machinery
v. Being struck by material ejected from machine
Controls:
i. Avoid congestion or worker movement near machinery, which may cause problems
ii. Make sure layout does not encourage hazardous movements in relation to operation, cleaning or maintenance (e.g., blocking
access)
iii. Keep areas in the vicinity of machinery clear from rubbish,materials, clutter etc
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iv. Simple and well understood flow lines will help reduce the likelihood of persons coming near dangerous machinery or being ‘in
the wrong place at the wrong time’
v. Clear labeling of controls
vi. Clear and simple warning notices
(E) MSDS/ chemical and dust protection

Precautions to be taken while handling Chemicals
i. Smoking, eating and drinking is prohibited while handling chemicals.
ii. Ensure all chemicals are segregated by type and properly labeled.
iii. Use only containers and materials known to be suitable to the chemical.
iv. Do not mix chemicals unless following written instructions.
v. Properly neutralize and dispose of unused chemicals and their containers.
vi. Clean up and immediately give special attention to your personal hygiene after handling chemicals.
vii. If a chemical contacts your body, immediately go to the nearest emergency shower or source of clean water and flush the
exposed area with large quantities of water.
viii. Immediately remove all contaminated clothing.
ix. Obtain first aid and follow-up medical attention.
(F) Electrical isolation

Hazards:
i. Receiving flash burns or shocks when servicing motors, generators, and breaker panels.
ii. Being caught in moving equipment
Controls:
i. Do not wash down generators, electric motors and breaker panels with water hose.
ii. Use proper lockout/tag out procedures.
iii. Wear appropriate personal protective equipment.
iv. Avoid wearing jewelry.
v. Do not stand directly in front of breakers when operating.
vi. Use dielectric mat in front of control panel or breaker panel.
vii. Cover with appropriate shields or guards all exposed revolving parts such as belts, flexible drives, generators, shafts and
other moving parts to prevent contact and injury.
(G) Fall protection

Slips and falls are another hazard that can be prevented by personal care. The following are rules you should follow:
i. Personnel shall keep the working area clean and orderly. Tools shall not be left lying on the floor or decking where they
present tripping hazards.
ii. Walkways and grating shall be kept in good condition. Damaged or deteriorated grating shall be repaired or replaced as soon
as possible and shall be roped off or closed until repairs are completed.
iii. Oil spills and slippery areas shall be immediately cleaned.
iv. Extra precautions shall be taken when walking on wet surfaces.
v. As a routine practice, personnel shall not walk or climb on piping, valves, fittings or any other equipment not designed as
walking surfaces.
vi. Work stands shall be designed and used for working on specific equipment.
vii. Stairways, ramps or stiles shall be installed where personnel must walk or step over pipe in the course of normal duties.
The consequences of failure to control the risks.

The consequences of failure to control the risk results in incidents, accidents, injury and fatality.
E.g.
a. Process HC (Hydro Carbon) Releases –Fires / Explosions
b. Riser / Pipeline Releases
c. Surface Blowout
d. Structural damage
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6. Key offshore installation safety regulations and the basic concept of these regulations
How offshore safety is regulated; to include:
Applicable Legislation:
• Government controls safety offshore, with legislation such as the Health and Safety at Work Act and the Merchant Shipping Act.
• The main principle of the Health and Safety at Work Act (HASAWA) is that those who create risk from work activity are responsible for the
protection of workers and the public from any consequences. Therefore, it places general duties on employers to ensure the health and
safety of their employees, and others, which may be affected by their undertaking.
• The requirement of these Acts of Parliament are then applied to the industry through the government departments concerned, such as the
Offshore Installation Safety Directorate through Statutory Instruments such as Petroleum Rules, META regulations, DGCA training directives,
etc.
• Acts provide legal framework and make provision to regulate safety and health across offshore industry. These statutory instruments are
regulations which control all standards ranging from standard for equipment used, mandatory training and height of railings to the speed of
lifeboats.
The government monitors the application of the regulations through its industry inspectors and surveyors, who make spot checks and flying
visits, investigate complaints and accidents. Surveys and certification complete the governmental monitoring system.
In India
• Oil field (Regulation and development)act 1948: This Act provides for regulation of oilfields and for development of mineral oil resources in
the upstream sector. Under this Act, Government of India is empowered to grant mining rights for the exploration and production of mineral
oil and
natural gas in India and levy royalty on the production of crude oil and natural gas.
• Petroleum and natural gas (safety in offshore opeartions) rules 2008: This acts emphasis that the Operator shall undertake the petroleum
activities in a safe manner, as regards health, safety and environment.
Offshore Installation Safety Directorate:Offshore installation Safety Directorate(OISD) is a technical directorate under mininstry of petroleum
and Natural Gas. Indian Central government has designated OISD as competent authority to excise powers and function as stipulated in
Petroleum and natural gas (safety in offshore opeartions) rules 2008.
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(b) Legislative requirements

i. Designing, constructing, installing and maintaining the installation in accordance with recognized standards;
ii. Ensure safe storage, transport and handling of toxic and radioactive substances
iii. Accumulator for surface and sub-surface well control equipment shall have minimum usable fluid capacity as per industry standards
in order to perform closing and opening sequences as applicable to secure the well.
iv. The blow out preventer with associated valves and other pressure control equipment on the facility
v. The floating facilities are in accordance with the requirements contained in the applicable standards concerning stability, water
tightness and watertight and weather tight closing means on mobile offshore units.
(c) Legal responsibilities

• Rather than listing the detailed regulations, codes and standards or a prescribed checklist of things that have to be followed, they basically
address the requirement, "Do whatever it takes on your facility not to have accidents". It is up to the managers, technical experts and the
operations/maintenance personnel to determine how this should be done.
• A basic principle is that the ongoing management of safety is the responsibility of the operator and not the regulator.
The Operator is required to document these goals in its SMS that is required to be approved by the regulator.
• Regulations are made to provide detailed requirements of certain section(s) of the Act. For example:
• PFEER –PFEER focuses on identifying and preventing fire and explosion hazards, protecting persons from the effects of any that do occur,
and securing effective response to emergencies. Provide provisions of fire-fighting equipment, fire prevention devices, adequately trained
emergency response team and emergency response plan on board.
• RIDDOR – Mandate installation operators to report any serious injury, disease and dangerous occurrence to Health & Safety Executives
The Environmental Protection Act 1986 - It provides provisions to set up proper bodies and committees and ascertain the necessities to
protect environment of India.
• The Operator is responsible for establishing and maintaining the Safety Management Systems that best suit the needs for:
o Preconstruction
o Construction (drilling, well construction, pipe laying)
o Installation
o Operation
o Maintenance
o De-commissioning
These are required to be well documented to ensure that competent persons can perform every task while maintaining safety.
(d) Role of industry organizations

In UK
• MCA enforces maritime health and safety law.
• HSE enforces health and safety law applying to offshore installations and associated activities.
It is the responsibility of Health and Safety Executive and Maritime Coastguard Agency to ensure protection through regular monitoring and
audit by a competent health and safety person.
In India
Offshore installation Safety Directorate(OISD) is a technical directorate under mininstry of petroleum and Natural Gas
(e) Documenting the safety management systems.

SMS(Safety Management System) have developed large amounts of safety related documentation including but not limited to these formats
i. Policies
ii. Procedures
iii. design standards and drawings
iv. Operating standards and drawing
v. Work practices
vi. Forms for identifying risk
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vii. Forms for reporting defects and near misses
viii. Forms for injuries and accidents
ix. Standing instructions.
Hierarchy of legislation.
Directives.
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A. EU directives: The Directive establishes a hierarchy, a strategy for prioritizing management of “waste” as follows:
a) Prevention (b) Re-use (c) Recycling (d) Processing or recovery (e) Disposal
B. Acts/ regulations/ACOP’s etc

This Approved Code of Practice gives practical advice on the requirements of the Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974 (HSWA) and the
Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 1999 (COSHH)
(a) identify and assess sources of risk
(b) prepare a scheme for preventing or controlling the risk;
(c) implement, manage and monitor precautions
(d) keep records of the precautions; and
(e) appoint a person to be managerially responsible.
C. HASAWA supported by regulations

The Health and Safety at Work Act (HASAWA) places general duties for health and safety on all people at work - employers, employees and
self-employed, manufacturers, suppliers, designers and importers of materials used at work, and people in control of premises. Individuals
may be prosecuted for breaches of the Act.
D. Goal setting rather than prescriptive: The legislation sets the broad safety goals to be attained and the operator of the facility
develops the most appropriate methods of achieving those goals. A basic tenet is the premise that the ongoing management of safety is the
responsibility of the operator and not the regulator.
Management of Health and Safety of Work (MHSW) Regulations, 1999

i. Safety in the offshore environment is controlled and monitored at various but distinct levels. Government controls safety offshore, as
in any working environment, with legislation such as the Health and Safety at Work Act, the Mineral Workings (Offshore Installations)
Act and the Merchant Shipping Act.
ii. The requirement of these Acts of Parliament are then applied to the industry through the government departments concerned, such
as the Offshore Installation Safety Directorate through Statutory Instruments such as Petroleum Rules, META regulations, DGCA
training directives, etc.
iii. These statutory instruments are regulations which control all standards ranging from standard for equipment used, mandatory
training and height of railings to the speed of lifeboats.
iv. The government monitors the application of the regulations through its industry inspectors and surveyors, who make spot checks and
flying visits, investigate complaints and accidents.
v. Surveys and certification complete the governmental monitoring system.
vi. Oil Industry Safety Directorate (OISD): Oil Industry Safety Directorate (OISD) is a technical directorate under the Ministry of Petroleum
and Natural Gas that formulates and coordinates the implementation of a series of self regulatory measures aimed at enhancing the
safety in the oil & gas industry in India.
Duties of employer and employees and concept of ALARP.

Employees have a responsibility to maintain safe work practices to the extent that they are capable and is dependent on
adequate induction, training and supervision by the employer.
• Take reasonable care of the health and safety of themselves and of others who may be affected by what they do.
• Cooperate with the employer on health and safety matters.
• Do not misuse or modify any equipment that is provided for safety purposes. E.g. PPE.
• Follow instructions from the employer on health and safety matters and attend relevant health and safety training
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• Report hazards and defects observed in the workplace.
Employer Duties
• Provide a safe place of work with safe entry / exit and without risk to health. Design and layout of the place is in
such a way that maintenance and routine job can be carried out in a safe manner .E.g. Place is free from any
possibility of slip, trip and falls. Proper housekeeping, securing the tools after work should be done to minimize the
possibility of slip, trip and falls. Employer provides the appropriate facility or equipment.
• Manual handling should be minimized where ever possible by providing appropriate lifting and hoisting equipment.
Training is provided especially in the handling of tubular.
• All rotary parts of machines are guarded; the caution signs are displayed to caution workers.
• Machine or equipment or system involved in hazardous substances can be remotely shutdown from a safe place
CCR) in emergency.
• Provide the required training and instruction. Arrange for the safe use, handling, storage and transport of hazardous
substances. In event of any accident the first aid kit should be available.
• Provide all necessary information, instruction, training and supervision to enable individual to perform and
complete his job safely.
The concept of 'As Low as Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)':

i. It is sometimes used for setting a value for acceptable risk.
ii. The basic idea behind this concept is that risk should be reduced to a reasonable level that is as low as possible without requiring
'excessive' investment.
iii. The HSE executives/managers make risk-based decisions regarding issues such as whether to shut down an equipment item for
maintenance or to keep it running for another week.
iv. Other risk-based decisions made by managers are whether or not an operator needs additional training, whether to install an
additional safety shower in a hazardous area, and whether a full Hazard and Operability Analysis (HAZOP) is needed to review a
proposed change.
v. Engineering standards and other professional documents can provide guidance.
vi. Indeed, for well-understood risks in standard situations the application of industry codes and standards is generally sufficient to
reduce risks to ALARP
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vii. But, at the end of the day, the manager has a risk-based decision to make. That decision implies that some estimate of
'acceptable risk' has been made.
How goals are set for prevention/protection and emergency response, emergency response planning and performance
standards.
The aim of the regulations is to reduce damage by assessing all potential risks and to create action plans for emergencies.
• PFEER allows the duty holder the flexibility to set Goals for the preventive and protective measures necessary for managing fire and
explosion hazards, and emergency response. These goals are set based on the history, lessons learnt and industry standards.
• These goals are set in the Safety Management System and HSE policy. As well as communicated to the workplace through safety
bulletins, displaying at prominent locations.
• All offshore installations are designed to prevent any possible fire or explosion. ESD/ BOP are installed to ensure the flammable
substances are dealt safely. Layout of installation is planned such as fire doesn’t spread due to wind. In the event of fire, the hot flames
rise upward so no flammable substance are stowed at upper level.
• In fire hazardous area the bulkhead and decks are made up of stainless steel reinforced with noncombustible material.
Accommodation is isolated from production area and slight hyperbaric atmosphere is maintained to ensure that smoke, fumes or toxic
gases cannot ingress.
• Heat and Gas detectors are installed at fire hazardous locations. These detectors can not only alert CCR of the possible fire situation
but also start the fire suppression system like deluge system, CO2 flooding system, hyper mist without the actual involvement of the
fire team.
• There is a special ERT with defined chain of command, roles & responsibilities to trained and competent person. Regular checks & drills
are conducted and documented to check the effectiveness of the system.
• Every installation has sufficient lifeboat or liferaft to accommodate 200% of POB. Escape routes are marked and illuminated. Smoke
hood or EBA or H2S cascade system is available to reach the lifeboat station safely.
Role of the Health & Safety Authorities – scope, activities and powers of the Health & Safety Inspector.
Roles and Responsibilities of Work Safe Inspectors
i. Monitor and enforce compliance with OHS legislation
ii. Provide information and advice to workplace parties
iii. Assist in resolving OHS issues and disputes
iv. Investigate incidents and complaints
v. Initiate prosecutions, as required
Safety Inspectors General Powers of Entry

i. Inspect, examine and make enquiries
ii. Inspect and examine any thing
iii. Bring any equipment or materials
iv. Seize anything (including documents)
v. Seize anything for further testing or examination
vi. Take photographs and measurements, make sketches and recordings
vii. Exercise any other power
viii. Any other thing that is reasonably necessary
Use of relevant ISO standards, to include ISO 14001.
• ISO 9001-2008 Quality Management System

• ISO 14000 EMS (Environmental Management System)
• ISO 18000 OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration)
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ISO 14001 is an international standard that specifies a process for controlling and improving a company's environmental performance.ISO
14001 consists of:
• General requirements
• Environmental policy
• Planning
• Implementation and operation
• Checking and corrective action
• Management review
Industry’s expectations of personal safety behaviour, to include: The industries expected standards for safety and
typical
behavioral safety tools.

Behavior-Based Safety is a process that helps employees identify and choose a safe behavior over an unsafe one.
Safety in the workplace is a combination of three measurable components: the person, their environment, and their behavior.
Only when these three elements are combined can workplace accidents be eliminated.
The person component consist of the employees:
• Physical capabilities
• Experience, and
• Training
The work environment represents:
• Engineering Controls,
• Equipment,
• Job task, and
• The work culture
Behavior-based safety is based on four key components:
• A behavioral observation and feedback process;
• A formal review of observation data;
• Improvement goals, and
• Reinforcement for improvement and goal attainment.
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7-Key information and policies to ensure the health, safety and wellbeing of those living and
working offshore.
Fitness requirements and medical standards.

FITNESS REQUIREMENT
a. The site may be remote from shore-based medical services.
b. Adverse weather conditions may prohibit or delay medical access to or evacuation from the offshore location.
c. The physical structure of an offshore installation, with numerous stairways and ladders, requires a reasonable degree of physical
stamina and agility.
d. Emergency situations, including abandonment, may involve the individual being exposed to extremes of physical exertion, to
thermal/smoke exposure, as well as cold water immersion and severe sea states.
The procedure for taking prescribed medicines offshore.
a. Prescribed controlled medicine / drugs must be approved by and declared at the heliport baggage search (including paracetamol or
aspirin).
b. The medications will be bagged, sealed, and returned to the passenger to take offshore.
c. On arrival at the installation, take the unbroken sealed package to the offshore medic.
d. Any use of prescribed controlled medicine/drugs which cause, or contributes to unacceptable job performance or unusual job
behaviour should require the employee to be excused from duty until such time as he/she is repatriated
Alcohol and substance abuse policies.
Introduction
a. Substance abuse is a global concern that demands attention from all parts of society including industry.
b. Substance abuse may lead to serious property damage, loss of life, injury, accident, work performance deterioration or other job
performance problems
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c. Safety is a critical issue within the Company and procedures must be in place to control substance abuse in the workplace or any
location where contract employees are engaged in the company business.
d. Substance abuse is defined as the harmful or improper use of any substance which chemically modifies and potentially impairs an
individual’s mental or physiological functions.
Substance Abuse Policy
a. The Offshore Companies supports their safety programs by striving to ensure that its employees and Contractor’s employees do not
operate equipment or perform their duties whilst impaired by the use of any substance including, but not limited to, alcohol, drugs
and medication.
b. The company reserves the right:
i. to require employees to pass physical examinations, including tests for controlled substances, prior to being assigned to work at the
company facilities and to pass subsequent follow-up examinations.
ii. to search the personal effects of employees for controlled substances oncompany facilities, with just cause.
iii. to test employees for the presence of controlled substances in their bodies.
iv. to make changes and amendments to its Substance Abuse Policy, as it deems appropriate .
Random Testing
a. The Company conducts a program of random tests to deter substance abuse. Employees who work in safety or environmentally
sensitive areas are subject to the program.
b. Breathalyzer and/or urine tests may be carried out at each location, at least but not limited to the
following;
i. 2 times/ month/ location
ii. 2 persons/ time
iii. Total 4 persons/ month/ location
Testing with Cause
a. Tests are carried out when the company has reasonable cause to believe that substance abuse
has taken place.
b. Tests are routinely carried out on individuals involved in accidents or unsafe acts.
c. Examples of situations which may lead to substance testing with cause are as follows:
i. Accidents;
ii. Unsafe acts;
iii. Excessive absenteeism, including poor time keeping;
iv. Unexplained significant deterioration in individual job performance;
v. Reports by others of individual or group substance abuse where there is reason to believe the reports to be true;
vi. Admissions regarding substance abuse;
vii. Individuals who have failed substance tests previously;
viii. Individuals who test at or above 0.05% breathe alcohol concentration.
Controlled Substances
Alcohol
a. The possession, consumption, purchase or sale of alcohol on offshore facilities is prohibited.
b. Employees must not be impaired by alcohol on any the company facility or whenperforming business on behalf of the company
outside its facilities.
Illegal Drugs
a. Illegal drugs are drugs, narcotics, inhalants and other controlled substances which are not legallyobtainable, or which are legally
obtainable but not obtained or used in a lawful manner.
b. Thepossession, use, manufacture, purchase, sale, transfer of an illegal drug or having an illegal drug in one’s system at a level equal to
or above a level set by the company Health and Medical Services is prohibited:
i. on all the company premises.
ii. in the course of conducting the company business off the company premises.
iii. if the employee affects his fitness for duty or may harm the reputation of thecompany.
Suspension from Work

The company reserves the right to disallow any employee who violates the substanceabuse program from working on the company
facilities.
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Offshore routine requirements and welfare, to include:

(a) Administration arrangements and requirements on arrival on an offshore installation.
i. On arrival on the platform report to the administration
ii. Allocation of a cabin and Muster Station.
iii. Familiarize yourself with the layout of the installation as soon as possible.
iv. It is important to know where to go and how to get there in case of emergency.
v. The Station Bill will give you instructions on the alarms and how to respond to them.
Items permitted/not permitted offshore.

Do not take these items to offshore.
i. Drugs, Alcohol or empty alcohol containers
ii. Firearms or fire works
iii. Weapons or explosives
iv. Pressurized containers Such as WD‐40, Spray Paints etc
v. Mobile phone
vi. Camera of any kind
vii. Knives
viii. Matches, lighters
ix. Magnetic Materials
x. Radio Active Materials or Mercury
xi. High Powered Radio Equipment
Installation induction
Personnel arriving on the installation for the first time will be given a safety tour.
i. Key places to know on the installation are
➢ Safe Refuge,
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➢ Life Boat Station/Muster Station,
➢ Life raft station,
➢ Helicopter deck,
➢ Sick bay
ii. Safety orientation VIDEO
iii. “T-Card” System
iv. Smoking/ NO Smoking areas
v. Personal Protective Equipment
vi. Accommodations/ Galley/ Dining hall/ Sanitary Places
vii. Station Bill & Emergency Procedures
viii. Offshore Transportation
ix. Safety and Emergency Equipment
x. Alarm Systems
xi. Communications
xii. Work Permit & JHA (Job Hazard Analysis) Procedures
xiii. General Safety Rules
xiv. First Aid and Medical Facilities
xv. Hygiene
xvi. Recreation
xvii. Alcohol and Substance Abuse Policy
Safety constituencies
a. The installation manager shall establish and thereafter, in consultation with established safetycommittee, maintain a system of
constituencies, which shall be established by reference to one or more of the following factors–
i. The areas of the offshore installation,
ii. The activities undertaken on or from the installation,
iii. The employers of members of the workforce, and
iv. Other objective criteria which appear to the installation manager to be appropriate to the circumstances of the installation.
b. The system of constituencies shall be such that–
i.There shall be at least two constituencies;
ii.Every member of the workforce can be assigned to a constituency; and
iii.The number of persons who may at any time be assigned to a constituency shall not exceed forty and shall be no fewer than three.
c. In determining the number of persons to be assigned to a constituency the installation manager shall have regard, in particular, to the
nature of the work undertaken by the members of the constituency and the hazards related thereto.
d. The installation manager shall signify the establishment or modification of a constituency by ensuring the posting in appropriate languages
at suitable places on the installation so that they can easily be read by all the members of the workforce ofparticulars of the establishment
or modification of the constituency;
e. Membership of constituency
i. The installation manager shall as soon as practicable ensure that every member of the workforce is assigned to a constituency.
ii. The installation manager shall subsequently ensure that each new member is assigned to a constituency and informed in writing of the
constituency to which he has been assigned and of the name of the safety representative of that constituency and the safety
representative shall be informed in writing of the name of any new member of the workforce assigned to his constituency.
iii. Paragraphs (i) and (ii) above shall not apply to any member of the workforce who at no time while on the offshore installation is expected
to remain thereon for any period longer than forty-eight hours.
Role of safety representatives and safety committees

Each safety representative shall have the following role:
i. To investigate potential hazards and dangerous occurrences and to examine the causes of accidents where the interests of the members of
his constituency might be involved or those of any other member of the workforce when that person’s safety representative is not available
or there is no safety representative for that person’s constituency;
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ii. To investigate complaints by any member of his constituency relating to the occupational health and safety of any member of the
workforce and to investigate complaints by any other member of the workforce when that person’s safety representative is not available or
there is no safety representative for that person’s constituency
iii. To make representations to the installation manager and, where appropriate, to every employer on matters arising out of paragraph (i) or
(ii) above;
iv. To make representations to the installation manager and, where appropriate, to any employer on general matters affecting the
occupational health and safety of members of the workforce;
v. To attend meetings of the safety committee
vi. To represent his constituency members in consultations on the offshore installation with Inspectors appointed under section 19 of the 1974
Act; and
vii. To consult members of his constituency either individually or, so far as is reasonably practicable collectively on any matters
A safety committee shall have the following roles in relation to the offshore installation, which it serves:
i. without prejudice to the performance of any obligation imposed on the duty holder or any other person by or under any enactment, to
keep under review the measures taken to ensure the occupational health and safety of the workforce;
ii. To keep under review, and to make recommendations to the duty holder with regard to, the system of the constituencies so as to ensure
adequate representation of the workforce on health and safety matters;
iii. To keep under review the arrangements for the training of safety representatives and to make representations to the duty holder as
appropriate;
iv. without prejudice to the requirements of regulation, to keep under review the frequency of safety committee meetings, the circumstances
under which they may be called and to make representations to the duty holder as appropriate;
v. To consider representations from any member of the safety committee on any matter affecting the occupational health and safety of the
workforce and make recommendations to the duty holder as appropriate;
vi. To consider the causes of accidents, dangerous occurrences and causes of occupational ill health and make recommendations to the duty
holder as appropriate;
vii. To consider any document relating to the occupational health and safety of the workforce which is required by any statutory provision to
be kept on the offshore installation, except any document consisting of or relating to any health record of an identifiable individual;
viii. To prepare and maintain a record of its business a copy of which shall be kept on the installation for one year from the date of the meeting
and as soon as practicable after each meeting send the record of that meeting to the duty holder who shall keep it at a place onshore in
the United Kingdom until the sixth anniversary of the expiry of the year to which the record relates;
Responsibilities of employers
i. Installation under their management or control
ii. Hazard identification and control of risk
iii. Information, instruction and training
iv. Consultation with health and safety representatives
v. Review of risk control measures
vi. Safe methods for handling, storage, use and transport of articles and substances
vii. Specific risk control duties in relation to:
• guarding
• operator controls and emergency stop
• warning devices
• installation, erection and commissioning of plant
• records of inspection and maintenance
• powered mobile plant
• electrical hazards
• scaffolds
• Lifts
Employee line of reporting

• Workers shall report or voice out their safety or work-related concerns via formal channel such as Safety Rep, Line Supervisor, Safety
Officer and Safety Observation System.
• Explain roles and functions of offshore personnel as following by referring to a typical organisation chart (a typical drilling rig).
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• OIM is overall in-charge of the installation including management of major emergency on-board
• He is supported by senior Tool pusher (Drilling), Barge Engineer (Marine) and maintenance superintendent (Maintenance), safety officer,
administrator and camp boss (catering & accommodation) and medic (medical emergency)
Everybody has their own role and responsibility to get job done in an effective and safe manner
Drilling department will generally consist of :

• Senior Tool-pusher (Probably Offshore Installation Manager O.I.M.)
• Night Tool-pusher
• Drillers\
• Assistant Drillers
• Derrick-men
• Roughnecks
• Welders
• Storekeepers
Marine / deck department will consist of:
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• Barge master (sometimes O.I.M.)
• Barge Engineers/Control Room Operators
• Crane Operators
• Roustabouts
• Deck Foreman/Bosun Able Seamen
The Engineering department:
• Chief Engineer
• Mechanics
• Motormen
• Instrument Technician Electricians
• Sub-sea Engineers
Radio Operators, medics and hotel services staff such as Chief Stewards/Camp Boss, Stewards and Cooks are, since the industry crash in 1986,
less likely to be directly employed and are now supplied as a service through agencies.
Cabin/laundry/bond
Cabin:
• Generally isolated from working area. The bulkheads used are reinforced with nonconductive materials and will not produce fumes on
burning or at high temperature.
• On most installations or rigs you will have to share a cabin with a colleague, a bit like the cabin on a large ferry.
• Get familiarized with the location of cabin, escape route and lifesaving equipment like lifejacket, smoke hood, grab bag available in
cabin
Laundry:
You’ll be expected to bring work clothes and personal casual clothes with you. All offshore installations have
laundry facilities, where both work and personal clothes can be washed. Where the laundry is and how it operates
will be explained to you in the installation induction.
Bonded Store:
Where and when one can buys groceries from bond store. Like chocolates, cigarette and toiletries.)
Getting on with others.
• In India crew comes from different religion, culture, custom. To get along with others we should:-
• Good interpersonal relationship among workers shall promote better team spirit and make life onboard less
stressful.
• Offshore workers consist of personnel of different culture backgrounds, faiths and social core-values. Therefore, it
is imperative to respect each other’s difference to create a harmonized working / living environment.
• No practical jokes/ no horseplay to maintain harmonious relationship
• Marine environment is saline humid excellent habitat for microorganism like bacteria, fungus which cause
contiguous diseases like ring worm. Maintain Personal hygienic to keep yourself mentally and physically fit.
Working routines to include:

(a) Procedures
• Safety Committee with the help of employees and Supervisors, prepare and review Job Safety Analysis (JSA)
• They outline and document the job procedure for every task/job.
• All the employee to strictly follow the procedure
(B)Work authorization-
• Work Authorization is required to start any work or task involving hazard to health or environment thus making sure all requirement/
precautions to do the task are met in the safest possible way.
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• All critical works is carried out with authorization from installation management via PTW. This ensures that authorized and properly
trained personnel have considered all the hazards. All reasonable precautions have been taken to reduce risk to personnel involved in
performing the task. All personal who are signatory to the permit have fully understand their responsibility.
(c) Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Suitable personal protective equipment to be provided shall include:
i. a safety helmet for every person;
ii. breathing apparatus and respiratory devices suitable for use in a toxic, oxygen deficient or similar ambience; and
iii. a sufficient quantity of eye protectors, ear protectors, welding masks and related personal accessories, gloves, coveralls, overalls,
safety shoes or boots.
(d) Maintaining a safe workplace

Personnel shall maintain a safe workplace via
• Good housekeeping to free workplace from obstacles and other fire hazards. Do not leave tools at the worksite at it could lead to
‘Dropped Object’.
• Adhere to Standard Working Procedures or Safe Operating Procedures. Understand info obtained during the Toolbox meeting.
• Use only approved tools – No Improvisation and no abuse. Ensure using the right tools for the job.
Report defects or unsafe conditions immediately
(e) Waste disposal
• Nothing overboard. In addition to compile with MARPOL it’s our social responsibility to keep our oceans pollution free.
• Waste Management controls are put in place and waste is segregated into hazardous, non-hazardous and recyclable and packaged before
being sent back to shore for disposal via the supply vessel. All waste that can’t be incinerated offshore is returned onshore for safe
disposal. An Environmental Policy of “Zero Discharge” is adopted by most companies.
• In case of any oil spill inform immediately. The standby vessel is equipped to respond/mop any oil spill.
(f) The right to stop unsafe work.

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The “Stop Work Authority Card” has been developed to be used to stop any work that does not comply with these tenets, and there will
be no repercussions.
Involvement in safety, to include:
(a) Observation systems

• Compliance to Safety Observation System –All personnel are responsible for identifying and eliminating hazard within their
workplace and report immediately to supervisor’s / safety officer via - STOP Card. Take immediate action to intervene if need to.
• Safety Observation System can help control Risk of Injury to People/Harm to environment/Damage to property/Loss of production
(b) PTW (Permit To Work)

Work which is or may be likely to have a critical impact on the safety of the persons doing the work, other personnel at the facility, the general
public, the environment or the facility itself. This system is used to control hazardous activities on the installation and when two or more
groups of people (different trades), need to co-ordinate their activities to ensure that their work is completed safely
Explain the Hot permit work as example.
It needs to be displayed at all times. It gives the information like scope of the work, location of work, date issued, start time, expected finish
time. Precautions to be taken, PPE used, Safety precautions, details of any isolation or gas testing, signature of issuing authority, and
performing authority. Remember it is legal document you will be directly responsible if anything goes wrong.
(c) Toolbox talks

a. The Tool Box Talks address the most basic safety points, concerning topics, activities and locations.
b. They are designed to be fleshed out into short talks of 10 to 15 minutes’ duration without requiring specialist knowledge on the part of
the speaker.
c. The talks should be concise and punchy, in order to get the message across.
d. Every employer has a legal obligation to inform, instruct and train operatives about the risks they face in their work.
e. Safety Awareness Talks can play a part in this and will promote the discussion of safety procedures. They should be repeated at intervals.
A record must be kept of who has received this training.
f. On the back of each Talk Sheet there is an attendance form, which should be completed and returned to the person in charge of safety in
your company.
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(d) Safety meetings
i. A safety committee is organized on the offshore installation consisting of the OIM as chairman and an equal amount of safety
representatives and supervisors.
ii. In case there are less than 3 fields of work on the offshore installation the safety teams for the fields of work and the OIM make up the
safety committee.
iii. In case there are more than 3 fields of work on the installation the safety committee is made, apart from the offshore installation
manager, by making the safety representatives and the appointed supervisors respectively appoint 6 members amongst themselves.
iv. The members of the safety committee are chosen with consideration to the way the onshore/offshore shifts’ are composed so as to
ensure that both safety representatives and supervisors from the shift can participate in the safety committee’s meetings.
v. The OIM must ensure that everybody onboard is informed about who are the members of the safety teams and the safety committee.
(e) Drills & exercises

i. The drill & exercises are carried out frequently
ii. This also ensures the proper functioning of the equipment’s.
iii. This training involved onboard offshore installations may include:
• BA exercises
• Communication exercises
• Fire scenario on board
• Search and Rescue on board
• Crowd management
• H2S training
• H2S awareness
• Medical First Aid
• Man over board
• Abandon installation drill
• Oil Spillage
• Helicopter related emergency drill
(f) Additional emergency response duties

i. The Personals are observed during the drills and exercises and are given the special duties during the emergency.
ii. The Supervisor to ensure that all the employee’s under him are well competent and are appropriately certified.
(g) Getting involved.
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i. All employees are educated on the dangers of their work environment as well as how to safely deal with those dangers.
ii. Mandatory monthly safety meetings that deal with broad topics and specific hazards are held.
iii. An employee safety council made up of volunteers is established where the employees work to build new safety rules based on the
hazards they observe each day and are being trained by safety committee to help other employees in emergencies.
iv. An open-door safety policy is created that encourages employees to report both hazards and violations to management without fear
of reprisal. If workers are scared of getting in trouble, they may elect to keep some incidents to themselves.
v. Employees can volunteer information on something they have done to improve safety in the last week during safety meetings.
Communicating safety, including lines of communication

The operator shall ensure that -
i. At all times during installation and operation, as well as in situations of hazard and accident, the necessary internal and external
communication and alerts are ensured; and
ii. A person is designated on board to be responsible for the communication systems’ operation on manned facilities.
iii. Equipment for communication shall be chosen on the basis of operational needs, type of activity and defined situations of hazard and
accident.
iv. Communication equipment and associated power supply shall be designed and protected to remain functional in the event of
situations of hazard and accident.
What to do when not satisfied with response to safety communication, to include contacting immediate supervisor, OIM,
Safety Representative, health & safety regulator.
What to do when not satisfied?
i. While working in the dangerous environment offshore, if an employee is not happy or satisfied as far as safety in concerned and feels that
adequate safety measures are not being implemented, the employee should report the matter to his immediate supervisor or shift in
charge who in turn will take up the matter with the safety officer and if not satisfied, the matter should be discussed during the safety
meeting.
ii. However, if an employee still feels that no action is being taken in his complaint and feels that the safety on board is being compromised
or unsafe practices are being followed, an employee is free to report the unsafe practices to his company safetyman.
iii. In UK you can even report the matter to Safety Representative (UK) or the HSE (Health and Safety Executive) (UK).
Injuries and illness:

(a) Reporting incidents, accidents, near misses and illnesses
a. All incidents should be properly reported, investigated and recorded.
b. Accident/Incident/ Hazard & Near miss reporting and investigation are vital in the process of prevention.
c. Wherever possible, hazards should be identified before they result in injury and investigations of near-miss accidents can help to
achieve this.
d. Investigation of incidents will identify potential hazards and solution which can protect the workforce .
e. Incidents often involves personal trauma and significant loss to the Installation. Staff members are our most valuable
asset and must be protected accordingly. Through incident reporting and investigation, it contributes to a safer working
environment.
f. Procedure includes:
i. When a safety incident/accident occurs, the first priorities are to ensure that the work area is safe in order to prevent injuries to
additional personnel and to provide prompt medical assistance to the injured.
ii. The affected employee shall immediately report the incident to his/her supervisor.
iii. Employees should seek initial treatment for work related illness or injury at health units where available.
iv. All job-related safety incidents/accidents, illnesses, near-misses, and property damage/loss must be reported. Any delay in reporting
an accident may slow the compensation process.
v. Reporting of near-miss incidents can prevent future occurrences.
vi. All incidents must be reported within 24 hours of occurrence. If the incident is of a serious nature, the reports must be
made within 8 hours. A serious incident involves
• 3 or more hospitalizations,
• Fatality, or
• Property damage
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(b) The role of the offshore medic

i. A Medic (also referred to as Rig Medics, Platform Nurse and Offshore Health Advisor) works under the direction and supervision of the
Offshore Installation Manager and provides routine health services and first aid to staff working on offshore facilities.
ii. Responsibilities may include:
a. Providing initial care for sick and injured patients and basic life support to trauma patients;
b. Prescribing medications in accordance with the medic’s field of practice;
c. Providing medical support on training exercises or operations;
d. Transporting injured or ill workers to a medical facility by helicopter, fixed-wing aircraft or other support craft;
e. Giving professional advice on health related matters; and
f. Carrying out other duties such as collecting specimens and keeping files.
g. Collection and dissemination of information on such features of the workplace that may affect health;
h. Ensuring that adequate standards of hygiene are maintained;
i. Taking appropriate preventive action within his area of responsibility;
j. Incorporation of health emergency preparedness into the general emergency preparedness of the installation, including transport
of the sick and injured; and
k. Taking steps to prevent spread of communicable diseases on the installation.
(c) First aid arrangements offshore

i. Sufficiently trained and competent first aid and medical personnel are available, along with the necessary equipment, facilities and
medications necessary to give assistance. Sick bays should, if possible, have separate areas for patients to rest and recuperate.
ii. Sick bays must be kept clean
iii. In addition to equipment kept in the sick bay, offshore first-aiders should be provided with appropriate first-aid and medical
equipment; this should be of a type with which they are familiar.
iv. Such equipment also needs to be provided at convenient locations on the installation or vessel where working conditions require it. It
would also be helpful to provide both offshore medics and offshore first-aiders with HSE’s leaflet Basic advice on first aid at work.
v. When it is necessary to evacuate a casualty ashore to receive such help, the person in control must ensure that adequate
arrangements are in place for the care of the casualty during evacuation.
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vi. It is recommended that all offshore workers who are not qualified offshore medics or offshore first-aiders should receive training in
the basic principles of first aid, including resuscitation, the control of bleeding and management of unconsciousness. This would be
especially valuable in the event of a major emergency or for small crews visiting normally unattended offshore installations. The
offshore medic can carry out any offshore training necessary
(d) Investigation of incidents and accidents
i. Basics
a. Conduct interviews as soon as possible after the incident
b. Focus on interviewing persons most directly involved with the incident
c. Be respectful of the interviewee’s physical and emotional state; if the person has suffered an injury or is in shock, ensure that medical
help is available
ii. Initiating an Interview
a. Introduce yourself and ask the person if they can help you determine what happened.
b. Put the interviewee at ease by
• Explaining that getting the facts may help prevent a recurrence
• Explaining that information is confidential and on a need-to-know basis only
• Remaining cordial and professional even if the interviewee is not cooperative
c. If possible, move the interview to a location with enough privacy to
• Remove distractions
• Maintain confidentiality
• Keep interviewee from being influenced or pressured by others
iii. Developing the Narrative
a. Collect facts.
b. Construct a timeline.
c. Clarify critical elements.
d. Ask control questions.
e. Confirm accuracy.
(e) Preventing a recurrence
i. The investigation outcome should be recorded on the Safety Incident Form. To assist the investigation a note should be made of
environmental conditions at the time of the accident:
• wet or slippery floors
• poor condition of carpet or floor covering
• weather and path conditions (if outside)
• type of shoes worn
• obstructions
• visibility, e.g. lighting levels
• manual handling tasks
• any personal protective equipment issued for the task and, most importantly, the location of the accident should be as precise as
possible.
ii. It is essential that the report is as factual and accurate as possible as this may be used as evidence in the event of a claim. Any
equipment involved in the accident should be retained for inspection.
iii. When an accident has occurred within a department, any risk assessments covering the task involved should be reviewed to ensure
the circumstances of the accident have been taken into account, and any amendments or adjustments should be made to the
assessment accordingly.
iv. The main intention is to ensure the prevention of reoccurrence.
(f) Support available to relatives in the event of illness/injury/major incident/evacuation.

i. All the employee’s are insured for monetary benefits as per the government norms and organization policies on investigation of
incident.
ii. Occupational related diseases are also included.
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UNIT- HELICOPTER SAFETY AND ESCAPE
1. Helicopter Travel
Preflight Briefing
1. Importance of reaching the airport on time. The verification process includes the checking of baggage for hazardous substances/
articles; documents In case of delay please inform so that the flight can be rescheduled.
2. Correct dress. Slippers and loose clothing can cause a slip/trip/fall/ accident.
3. Correct area of registration.
4. Correct documentation.
5. Registration with the dispatcher so that heliport staff can make necessary arrangements.
The procedures and requirements for pre-boarding, safe boarding, in-flight and safe disembarkation
Helicopter Traveling Procedure
a. The maximum weight of baggage allowed is 10 kgs.
b. Soft bag is recommended during helicopter travel.
c. Co-operate with the security staff in security verification.
d. Carry out the necessary checks on equipment’s like life jacket, EBS (Cold Region)/ Transit suit.
e. The Aviation Transit Suit should be of correct size.
f. Life jacket should not be checked by blowing the air into the bladder of the life jacket as it is periodically tested by the approved
authorities. Secondly the fiber of the bladder gets deteriorated.
g. Adjust the straps of the life jacket/ EBS for tightness to avoid discomfort.
h. Preflight video should be watched carefully as wide range of helicopters is used in the offshore industry around the world.
i. Every helicopter may differ with the seating arrangements, type of safety belts (quick release mechanism) location of the emergency
equipment’s like heliraft, first aid kit, firefighting extinguisher, floaters, PLB etc.
j. Approach only under supervision of flight controller or Pilot or copilot.
k. The baggage will be transported to the helicopter and it should be identified BY YOU before loading
l. Take a look at the helicopter cabin and get familiarized with all positions
m. Fasten and unfasten the seatbelt at least once so that you are confident that you can release the seat belt in emergency.
Safety Information about the helicopter includes:

a. Information session by video at briefing room
b. Information session by cards available in helicopter, go through them during travelling
c. Information session by the pilot, before boarding the helicopter
d. Flights controller or medic
Subjects covered during these informative sessions includes

a. Dangerous points in and around the helicopter
b. Lifejackets (Type, How to inflate, When to inflate)
c. Aviation Life rafts(Location , Nos of life rafts)
d. Emergency equipment (First aid kit. Firefighting Extinguishers, PLB etc)
e. Emergency actions ( BRACE, EBS, EXIT, SEAT BELT, LIFE JACKET)
f. Restrictions – smoke, alcohol, drugs, weapons etc.
Boarding Procedures
a. Be in the view of Pilot (he can inform/warn of any danger)
b. Crouch slightly as you approach
c. Be aware of high winds
d. Do not use hats, hard-hats or caps, or carry loose objects
e. Do not chase items blown across
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f. Fasten your seat belt – Get familiarized with the emergency exits and the location of the emergency equipment
g. Develop ditching plan for the seat you are occupying.
During Flight
a. Follow Pilot’s instructions; he is in complete charge.
b. Remain seated with your seat belt fastened. (weight distribution)
c. Identify Exit points and how to operate (In case of emergency this will be useful information)
d. Locate Safety & Survival Equipment’s.(e g first aid kit, firefighting extinguisher, PLB, aviation life raft)
e. Identify communication with pilot. (Lead passenger to don the head phone during the travel, PA system)
f. Read safety leaflet. (gives information about the location and use of the emergency equipment and escapes)
g. Wear hearing protection (Noisy environment)
h. Inform of any event not very common (abnormal noise/ vibration / smell)
i. Do not interfere with equipment.
j. Strictly NO SMOKING (fuel is highly volatile may become the cause of fire)
On landing/ disembarkation
a. Follow Instructions of Pilot/Co-pilot or Landing Helicopter Official
b. Release your seatbelt only when instructed.
c. Be prepared strong wind on the heliport
d. Leave the helicopter using a safety route.
e. Follow instructions from the pilot or heliport crew.
f. Stay low as you clear helicopter area
g. Do not chase items blown across
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Special precaution from Tail rotor and Main Rotor:

1. The speed of the rotation of the tail rotor is almost invisible when it rotates
2. All the passengers are requested to board the helicopter from safe boarding area
3. They should always be in the sight of the pilot
4. They need to crouch while boarding
5. The rotors are always to be assumed rotating even if they are not rotating
Familiarization with the aviation transit suit they are expected to use before boarding
There are different types of aviation transit suit, so familiarize with the suit you are expected to use.
2. Helicopter Emergencies:
Informing the crew of suspected or observed helicopter emergencies,
a. Whenever you discover a fire, smoke, fuel leaks (smelling) or abnormal noise /vibration. Inform the crew
b. They are the trained people to take decision
c. The delay may lead the situation to get deteriorated.
d. The abnormal situation includes:
 Flying Operation: Machine / Engine Failure
 System Failure Hydraulic, Electric, Lubrication
 Mechanical Failure Strange vibrations
Engines, Cabinet, Luggage compartment
e. Potential Hazards of helicopters are as follows:
i. Main Rotor.
ii. Tail Rotor.
iii. Static Electricity.
iv. Noise.
v. Flying Particles.
vi. Hot Exhaust Gases.
vii. Strong Winds.
In flight procedure will include

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a. Hood up – ensure the survival suit is zipped up. Especially in cold region hypothermia is the biggest enemy
b. Tighten Seat belt & tuck in loose end. The tight seat belt ensures less injury and is easy to open the belt. The seat belt loose
ends should be tucked properly, otherwise they may entangle.
c. Life jacket ensure operating strap free. To ensure it can be inflated when required. Secondly it should not entangle with any
other thing to avoid accidental pre mature inflation of lifejacket.
d. Escape routes-locate. Hold the exit or way to exit so that you remain oriented
e. Brace- reduce chance of injury
f. To minimize disorientation.
g. Follow crew instruction.
Aircraft floatation characteristics

a. Top heavy due to Engine:
b. Poor weight distribution. The weight of all the passengers is taken before boarding the helicopter. On the basis of that the
passengers are directed to sit in helicopter (considering the uniform weight distribution). In event of emergency
landing/ditching all passengers should evacuate the helicopter one by one and on the instructions of crew. If they panic and
crowd the exit there are chances that the helicopter may capsize.
c. Damage to float. One of the reason why the passengers are asked to evacuate through the windows is that the sliding door
may damage the floats
d. Strong winds.
e. Very high Sea swells.
f. Uncontrolled Ditching/ Landing: These chances arise only during landing and ditching. The Pilot announces about the
landing and takes off on the PA control. So that all the passengers can prepare themselves.
Aircraft escape routes for ditching and emergency landing.

a. Primary Exit- Close. The exit which is close to you
b. Secondary Exit- Away. The exit which is away and is to be used only when the primary exit is not safe/ blocked.
c. Lights fitted surrounding the emergency exit Visible when submerged, activated during emergency landing
d. Main doors (Jettison) /Emergency exits /Escape windows (Pop up/ Push out)
e. There are the different type of emergency exits/ escape windows/ seat arrangements, get yourself familiarized with the all
emergency escape at the time of preflight briefing
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Independent action.
a. In case of emergency all the passengers should go to BRACE position.
b. Wait for 5 seconds for the crew member to help
c. If nobody helps, Help your self
d. Deploy EBS (in event of ditching)
e. Push out the exit , hold the exit frame and locate the releasing lever of seat belt
f. If not sitting near window seat , hold the way to the exit
g. Once the helicopter movements are ceased, release the seatbelt
h. Pull yourself out of the helicopter and inflate the life jacket once you are clear of the helicopter.
i. If you are not sitting near the window seat, allow the co passenger to escape first.
j. If we can control our mind for 30 sec, and do not panic, we can make the difference.
Survival techniques following ditching and emergency landing

a. Once you are on surface do not get scattered, be in a group, avoid long distance swimming
b. Conserve HEAT, Conserve ENERGY
The principles of emergency breathing systems (EBS)

a. The principal of the EBS is that it has a counter lung in which you re-breath
b. 80% of the O2 we inhale is exhaled unused.
c. The breath can be utilized till the % of O2 drops less than 13%
The duration of EBS

a. Duration depends on the individual lung capacity e.g. the athlete will have better lung capacity as compared to that of others
b. The Physical activities involved under water; it is recommend to hold some thing and transfer when moving from one place to
other
c. Fresh recharge if fitted will increase the endurance under water
d. This recharge will not be responsible for lung expansion injuries
Flotation dynamics associated with EBS

a. It does not give extra buoyancy
b. Breathing becomes difficult with depth as the water pressure acts on counter lung
c. So, it is recommended to take short breaths
d. Short breaths will not hamper the supply of oxygen to brain, so the individual need not have to take it out of mouth in panic but
continue breathing.
Use of the Personal Locator Beacon (PLB)

a. There are different types of PLB’s available in market, so familiarize yourself with the type of PLB you are expected to use.
b. Read the instructions prior to the operation of PLB. Use a single PLB at a time to avoid the cluttering of frequency
c. Distress signal from PLB is picked up by Search and Rescue Satellite. From there it goes to Local User Terminal, Mission Control
Centre and finally to Rescue Co-ordination Centre who sends the help.
Donning of an aviation transit suit, emergency breathing system (EBS) equipment and an aviation lifejacket.
1. Donning of Transit suit

(i) Check for correct size.
(ii) Visual Inspection for damage.
(iii) Check the instruction on left knee.
(iv) Remove the foot wear.
(v) Place your foot in the booties.
(vi) Push your hands through the wrist seal.
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(vii) Push your head in the neck seal.
(viii) Zip up the suit and lock the stud.
(ix) Do the Velcro.
(x) Don the hood.
(xi) Don the aviation life jacket.
(xii) Don the EBS.
2. Donning of Aviation Life Jacket

(a) Carry out visual inspection /checks on life jacket as follows
(i) Cartridge
(ii) Location of pulling tag.
(iii) Location of whistle
(iv) Location of sea activated light
(v) Location of spray hood
(vi) Check waist belt, crouch belt for wear and tear
(b) Unbuckle the waist belt of the life jacket.
(c) Don the life jacket such that the lobes of the life jackets rest over your chest.
(d) Fasten the waist belt.
(e) Adjust for tightness.
(f) Fasten the crouch belt.
(g) Adjust for tightness.
(h) Secure the loose ends.
3. Donning of the Emergency Breathing System.

(a) Unbuckle the lower strap of the EBS.
(b) Loop it around the waist belt of the life jacket.
(c) Put the neck strap around the neck, adjust for tightness.
(d) The EBS should fit between the lobes of the lifejacket.
1. Move away from the helicopter, stream sea anchor after reaching to a safe distance (try to be remain in the vicinity of the area)
2. Deploy canopy and go for survival.
Action to be taken in event of Emergency

Under Water
1. When the pilot decides to go for emergency ditching, he will order all the passengers to go to brace position.
2. Deploy EBS, keep breathing the cabin air
3. Take a relaxed deep breath and Squeeze the popup knob before immersion
4. wait for 5 seconds (to allow the rotors to stop)
5. Shift your outer hand on the window frame and hold it firmly
6. With the inner hand release the seat belt, separate it and hold window frame with both the hands
7. Pull yourself out of the window, using legs to move away from helicopter
Aviation Life raft

LOCATION: Defer from helicopter to helicopter
No. of Aviation raft: Depends on the capacity of the helicopter.
Boarding-1. from helicopter and from water. 2.Soft cover, 3. painter- secure to strong point, 4.co2 cylinder, 5. puncturing device,6.
inflation tubes, 7.pull painter to operate, canopy- manual operation (never automatic).
In the raft
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1. No luggage
2. No shoes
3. No smoking
4. Systematically in a disciplined manner considering weight distribution.
5. Lifejacket should be inflated.
6. Remove EBS while jumping.
Initial Action:
1. Cut painter, move to safe location, congregate.
2. Stream sea anchor.
3. Bail out water, check for leaks.
4. Use canopy to protect from sun light/rain.
5. Location of ELT, post lookout.
6. Water –Anti sea sickness tablets conserve body fluid
7. Deploy canopy to get protected from sunlight and rain
Secondary Action:
1. Cut short mooring line, pull for canopy release, pull to raise canopy, raise and secure, make canopy water tight.
2. Protection attend to first aid, Bail out water, stay dry, stay calm, keep high morale, lower canopy for helicopter rescue.
3. Location- maintain lookout, use signal equipment when required.
4. Water emergency pack water rationing, collect rain water.
5. Food- emergency pack.
PARTS OF EMERGENCY BREATHING APPARATUS

Integrity Checks COMPONENTS AIR POCKET TYPE
Compressed Air
3.5 Litres
oIntegrity Stitches are intact . Mouth Piece

Nose Clip
oAutomatic inflator indicating Two way distribution
green valve
oPull tab is connected with the

Automatic inflator Flexible Hose
connection to
Salt Water Activated Pop-up Knob
Automatic Inflator
Counter Lung
Flexible Hose
Push Button Counter Lung

Emergency Manual Inflator
1. Rip open the front cover breaking all the four integrity stitches.
2. Insure the push button on the two-way distribution valve is “in”.
3. Hold the mouth piece firmly between your lips and teeth in such a way that the inner circumference of the mouth piece should take
seal with the outer circumference of the teeth and the studs between the jaws.
4. Seal with the lips so that the air from counter lung cannot escape outside and the water cannot enter inside.
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5. Don the nose clip.
6. Breathe the cabin air.
7. When water comes to the chest level, take a deep breath; squeeze the pop up knob.
8. Exhale into the counter lung and re-breath.
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UNIT -Sea Survival and First Aid
1 Evacuation Method and procedure

Typical types of offshore *installation emergencies
1. Spillage of fuel, oil, gas, chemicals and hazardous materials: will cause water pollution which has very adverse effects on aquatic flora
and fauna.
2. Oil or gas well blowouts: Major cause of fires on board installation
3. Explosions: Production process involves the hose/pipelines filled with the crude oil under pressure, if not maintained properly may
cause leakage and in turn explosion
4. Fires: The environment is full of hydro carbons; a small spark will be sufficient enough to initiate fire.
5. Collision: Supporting vessels are always near by the installation, if not under control may hit the installation
6. Unplanned plant upset and shutdown events
7. Natural disaster and their implications on operations for e.g... Flooding, earthquake, lightning
8. War and sabotage
9. Man overboard
a. If you see a person falling over board, or already in the sea, you must:
b. • Shout “man over board” repeatedly
c. • Throw a life buoy to the person
d. • Notify Central Control Room
e. • Keep an eye on the person
f. Generally, a fast recue craft is lowered to rescue the man over board.
Station Bill
1. Station bills are displayed in all key areas such as control room and in public areas such as mess room, alleyways, etc. This contains
alarm type for a particular type of emergency, response to emergency, duties of key personnel and location of muster station.
2. Station bill is posted close to other valuable sources of information such as Life Saving Appliance (LSA) plans, firefighting equipment
(FFE) plans, general arrangement plans showing safe routes and designated hazardous areas and lifejacket donning instructions, as
well as giving the details of the alarm and status signals. The station bill will indicate the muster points & indicate all emergency fire-
fighting, rescues, medical and boat preparation teams and also all non-essential personnel.
3. All non-essential personnel should generally muster on TEMPSC deck and on helicopter deck in case of H2S. You can seek refuge in
accommodation or as indicated in station bill.
4. It would, of course, be wrong for anyone to assume that they are not a member of an emergency party until they have referred to the
muster lists and it may be that, even on your first tour, you find yourself called to participate as a member of a key emergency team
under the direction of trained and experienced colleagues.
5. For this reason legislation provides for on board training in the form of musters and drills. These are generally held at weekly
intervals and at a regular and pre-announced time and help to familiarize personnel with the available equipment relating to a
specific emergency, and to give them confidence in the procedures they are required to follow, individually and as a team.
Means of escape
1. Gangway if installation is in docks / repair yard, you can walk off
2. Bridge landing point walk off
3. Helicopter deck, lift off by the helicopters
4. TEMPSC (Totally Enclosed Motor Propelled Survival Craft): It is facilitated with self-lowering wire. Once all personnel have boarded
the TEMPSC it can be lowered, unhooked and escape to a safe location
5. Boat landing platform swing off using the knotted ropes
6. Two standby vessels are always stand by
7. Tertiary escape steps off/jump off (Max safe jumping height is 4.5 m)
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Actions to be taken prior to, selective evacuation or escape from an offshore installation
1. In an emergency one should know where to go? How to go? Escape routes, Muster station
2. Therefore the familiarization with the layout of the installation is of utmost importance
3. The escape route network shall lead to safe areas and facilities as follows:
i. Living quarters.
ii. Temporary refuge.
iii. Lifeboats and life rafts-stations.
iv. Helicopter deck.
v. Flotel or other installations linked by bridge/walk way.
4. After getting familiarized with the layout of the installation we will be confident to go to the required location without wastage of
time.
Actions to be taken during selective evacuation or escape from an offshore installation

If in the accommodation area?
a. Put on warm clothing
b. take your survival suit /grab bag or don PFD (Personal Flotation Device) and
c. proceed to your assigned lifeboat station
If working area?
a. Stop work, secure tools &equipment’s
b. PTW (Permit To Work) return to control room
c. Proceed directly to your assigned lifeboat station where you will be given a survival
Suit and life jacket
If unable to reach your assigned lifeboat station?
a. Report to the nearest accessible lifeboat station
b. follow instructions from the lifeboat station leader
Actions to be taken after selective evacuation or escape from an offshore installation

a. Muster as per the Muster Station
b. Perform the duties (if any)
c. Follow the senior most person
d. Conserve your body Heat and Energy
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Installation emergency knowledge required of all personnel onboard, to include:
(a) Typical layout of installations (escape routes, temporary refuge, muster locations, abandonment locations, access routes
including helideck, bridge landing points and tertiary escape points)
1. Offshore installations differ in many ways depending on the work they need to perform. In an emergency it is important to know
where to go for safety and hot to get there. Familiarization with the layout of installation is therefore of utmost importance. You
must familiarize yourself with the escape routes from your cabin and your workplace. You should be aware of :
Familiarization with the layout of the installation is of

utmost important
i. Muster Points Life Boat 3 Helideck Fixed Ladder
ii. Safe refuge Life Boat 2

Life Boat 1
iii. Abandonment points

iv. Access routes 2
Life Raft 1
4 Life Raft
v. Helicopter deck 6
Primary Secondary Life Raft 3
Fire Team
vi. Bridge landing points Fire Team
muster
Port side
muster
STBD side
5
vii. Tertiary escape points PORT

Main Deck Third Level
STBD.
Fixed Ladder Fixed Ladder
2. Reception, Musters and Drills

a. Although all offshore operators will have their own requirements, in general, if you are new to the industry or new to a specific
installation you will receive a little more attention than the regulars when you first time land on the helicopter deck and report at the
reception onboard.
b. You will be given your room number, muster location and you will then receive an introduction into the main and essential
procedures regarding safety and alarm systems. You will then be requested to drop your kit in your room and attend an in depth
introduction in one of the common/meeting rooms conducted by a safety officer. During this session you will learn all you need to
know about the life saving appliances, firefighting equipment, alarms and muster points, permit systems and special procedures
required to carry out your job and to make your stay onboard a safe one. This may include a conducted safety tour that will include
showing you all of the key locations on the installation including your muster point and lifeboat.
3. Muster Point
Muster points are detailed to you upon arrival on an offshore installation. These are locations where you need to assemble in the
event of an emergency.
Installation alarms and communications (locations, use and appropriate response)
Alarms and communications

a. There are various alarms fitted on board to attract attention. The vital ones are alarms bells for general emergency, gas and fire.
b. Other methods of emergency communication includes Siren/ Hooter, public announcement system, portable VHF set, shouting “fire,
fire, fire”, “Man overboard” etc.
c. Audible alarms are supplemented with visual alarms in high noise areas.
d. A General Alarm has intermittent sound signals and yellow flashing light.
A broadcast over the PA system will immediately be supplemented by information regarding the incident. Please follow the
directions given.
Seven Short Blasts followed by one long blast
e. FIRE ALARM CONTINOUS RINGING OF BELL
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Break glass
Pull down the
handle
alarms
supplemented by
light visual alarms
f. Gas Alarm
Yellow /Amber for H2S
Blue for Hydrocarbon
(c) The possibility of devolved command within the installation's organizational structure and appropriate procedures and
actions should this occur
a. In an uncontrolled emergency like collision of the supply vessel with the installation, it can cause a considerable amount of panic
e.g. In 2005, BHN (Bombay High North) the supply vessel hit the installation’s riser and within no time the installation was on fire. Many
people who jumped into the sea without donning the life jacket died, but the one who stayed calm , donned lifejacket, boarded the
TEMPSC were able to survive.
b. It is a period of tension and therefore requires considerable control over one’s self to successfully and diligently carry out the duties
c. Ensure you are donning the life jacket before abandoning the installation
d. It is within the own interest of a survivor to allow persons with designated tasks to be left alone to get on with the job in hand.
e. Keep alert and unless you have a constructive comment regarding the situation, keep quiet.
f. Assist other people inside the craft, especially injured personnel, if you can
(e) The need for and use of personal protective equipment (PPE) e.g. gloves, torch, smoke hoods, survival/abandonment
suits and donning a life jacket etc.
Smoke Hood Gloves Survival Suit (Different types get yourself Life
familiarised with one you are expected to Jacket
use)
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

a. All personnel should be able to don the life jacket properly within one minute
b. If time permits the Survival/abandonment, suits can also be carried with you (save body heat and energy). It is of different type, get
yourself familiarised with the one you are expected to use.
c. In case the compartment is filled with the smoke, the smoke hood kit with torch is available in accommodation area, working area
(Get yourself familiarised with the location and use of smoke hood)
d. In case smoke hood is not available, crawl and move.
e. There are different types of life jackets (Permanent Buoyant / inflatable), get yourself familiarised with the one you are expected to
use.
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The SAR organization, means of rescue from the sea and survival craft and actions to take during rescue
SAR Organization
a. Coast guard is overall commander of SAR on Indian coast.
b. All major ports have rescue centres operated by coast guard and Navy.
c. Rescue centres are equipped with helicopters, ships and boats.
d. If need arises they take help of private helicopter and coastal and ocean going ships for search and rescue.
e. Similarly, in other countries there is a system of search and rescue that is well organized.
Means of rescue
a. Standby vessels
b. FRC
c. Net
d. Basket & ladder
Actions to be taken during rescue
a. Pyrotechnics, Heliograph, signaling torch, AldIs lamps, whistle.
b. Stream sea anchor, head into the wind.
c. Lower canopy follow instructions from coxswain / boat crew.
d. Rescue from sea : do not swim / helicopter will approach you .
Rescue by helicopter – winchman duties, the hi-line, double lift and single lift
Rescue by Helicopter
Evacuating an installation and general helistop practice
a. It is best to follow normal safety procedures and make use of the helideck for this purpose.
b. However this may not always be possible if it has been damaged or is obscured by smoke, flame or even fog.
c. Another area would then be chosen and would probably not allow the aircraft to land. In this case a helistrop would be used.
d. Normally a winch man would be lowered to control the operation. He wears a body harness connected by a safety hook to the
shackle at the head of the strop and can release or connect himself to the arrangement quite easily.
e. If it is not safe to use the winch man it may be necessary for personnel on the installation to use the system correctly without
direction.
f. Knowledge of the high line system and the correct donning procedure for the helistrop is therefore imperative.
Hi-Line
a. The high line is a small line connected at the head of the strop which is used to retrieve and control the strop.
b. There is also a handhold on the high line close to the strop, which is used by the person in the strop to control any spin, which might
develop.
c. Once the user is safely in the strop, the line can be used to lower him out to a position directly underneath the helicopter, which
avoids any uncomfortable pendulous swing.
d. Never make the high line or winch wire fast to any part of the installation. This endangers the helicopter and the pilot will probably
sever the winch wire which effectively ends any rescue operation.
e. It may be kept under control by coiling it down in a bucket.
f. When pulling in the strop beware of the electrical charge which builds up in the wire and the helicopter. If you grab the strop or
wire it will discharge through you.
g. Allow the strop or the length of thin wire connected to the strop or hanging from the winch man’s harness, to touch the deck or
enter the water to discharge the static.
h. If there is no high line you may have to catch the strop and the best way to control it is by pushing your first through its loop.
i. Once you have control of it, or have pulled it in with the high line, don it using crossed hand method. This method allows you to
remain facing the same direction, maintain your balance and easily clear the strop over any inherently buoyant lifejacket you may be
wearing.
j. Hold the strop webbing close to the head shackle with your palms away from you, thumbs pointing down and arms crossed at the
wrists.
k. With the hand closest to your face, flick the strop over your head and around your shoulders (as you would put on a cape) and bring
your arms up through the front.
l. Pull the back padding and side webbing as high as possible on your back and under your arms, make sure that the side webbing is
over the top of your lifejacket’s front floatation chambers and pull the toggle down as hard as possible.
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m. It should be about level with your nose so that the triangle formed in front is as small as possible.
n. With your arms firmly held down by your side, and resisting any temptation to raise them, you are ready to be winched up in a
comfortable and vertical position.
Winch man
a. If a winch man is in control follow his instructions.
b. He may simply ask you to put your hands on your head and bring your elbows together presenting him with the smallest posture for
putting on the strop.
c. When you reach the helicopter, relax and allow the winch operator to pull you in from behind.
d. Move back into the helicopter when instructed and, if you are requested to do so, change your inherently buoyant jacket for an
aviation jacket.
Rescue from water
a. Helicopters will always operate heading into the wind so expect it to approach from downwind.
b. The down draught will cause considerable spray which will require you to protect your airways.
c. Without the assistance of a winch man the best method of entering the strop may be feet first and this will allow you to continue
protecting your airways as long as possible.
d. As you move through the strop it will ride up your body into the correct position, hopefully without too much assistance and toggle
tightening will be all that is required.
The importance of appropriate personal clothing
1. In water we lose the body heat and energy 26 times faster than when we are in air
2. Even in the tropical climate, some warm clothing should be put on .
3. Wear the safety shoes, safety helmet, safety gloves and if possible some water proof clothing.
4. Don the life jacket correctly, carry their TPA or immersion suit as applicable
Methods of rescue i.e. standby vessel, FRC, MRRD, net, basket and ladder
Method of rescue are

METHOD OF RESCUE
a. Stand by vessel • Standby vessels

•
b. Fast recue Craft FRC
• Net
c. Mechanical Rescue and • Basket & ladder
Recovery Device
d. Scramble net
e. Basket
f. Ladder
The various types of survival craft (TEMPSC) - freefall/single/twin

The types of TEMPSC are as follows:
a. Davit Launched:
i. Single fall
Twin fall which can be: Parallel mounted, or Perpendicular mounted
b. Freefall Launched:
i. Skid
ii. Drop
The function and capabilities of TEMPSC (e.g. air supply, fire protection, buoyancy)
1. TEMPSC
a. The hull must be rigid and be able to withstand a drop of at least 3 meters and lateral impact at 3.5 meters per second. The material
used must be fire retardant with a seawater deluge system over the outside to protect the occupants when passing through an area
of fire.
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b. It must have sufficient inherent buoyancy to remain afloat when flooded and with a full complement. It must have sufficient stability
to be self-righting when fully closed down, fully loaded with personnel (secure in their seats) and the bilge free from excessive water.
c. Each craft must have 10 minutes supply of compressed air sufficient for the full complement to breathe, to keep the engine running
normally and allowing for positive pressure against leaks.
d. The engine should be capable of propelling the boat at 6 knots for at least 24 hours (units classed as ships) or 12 hours (fixed
installations).
e. Two separate methods of starting the engine must be available and it must be possible to row or paddle the boat. Access hatches
must be operable from inside and outside and hand rails must be provided to assist in embarkation and disembarkation.
2. Standard Equipment
In accordance with SOLAS Convention 1974 &Amendments, following equipment should be supplied and stowed in the small gear lockers
or secured by lanyards:
i. Sufficient oars/paddles
ii. One buoyant bailer and two 9 litre buckets
iii. Survival manual
iv. Two boat hooks
v. Two hatchets
vi. One jack-knife (including tin opener)
vii. Anti-seasickness tablets (6 doses per person)
viii. Two buoyant rescue quoits with 30 meter buoyant lines
ix. One fitted, manually operated bilge pump
x. One sea anchor
xi. Six red hand flares (15,000 candelas)
xii. Four red rocket parachute flares (30,000 candelas & 300 m)
xiii. Two buoyant high visibility orange smoke floats
xiv. One waterproof signal torch with spare cells and bulb
xv. One whistle or equivalent sound signalling apparatus
xvi. One daylight signalling mirror (heliograph)
xvii. One radar reflector
xviii. Two painters
xix. One life saving signal card
xx. Fire extinguishing equipment for oil fires
xxi. One searchlight with a 180-meter range
xxii. Thermal protective aids for 10% of full complement
xxiii. Three tin openers
xxiv. One plastic measuring/drinking cup
xxv. One rust proof water dipper
xxvi. 3 litres of water per person or 1 litre plus a desalination apparatus capable of producing the equivalent within two days.
xxvii. One fishing line with six hooks
xxviii. 10,000 kilo joules of food per person
xxix. One engine tool set
xxx. An efficient compass
xxxi. One lifeboat radio (2182 kHz or CH 16 VHF)
xxxii. Two plugs
xxxiii. Boarding ladder
xxxiv. One first aid kit
First aid kit contains Codeine, collapse reviver and energy tablets. Roller and adhesive bandages, standard dressings, absorbent gauze, pair of
scissors, cotton wool, triangular bandages, paraffin jelly, safety pins, silica gel and one set of instructions.
Types
The three main type of gravity launched TEMPSC found in the offshore environment are twin fall, single fall and free fall.
Function and capability
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TEMPSC are self-lowering (launch from inside the boat), self-propelled, self-righting, water tight, fire resistant and coloured on exterior by
Highly visible colour. They are fitted with Air supply to protect from toxic gas and have ample Buoyancy in seaway for fixed lifesaving.
Self-lowering
TEMPSC are fitted with remote control wire, one end hangs near coxswain’s seat and the other end connected to winch drum brake. The wire
when pulled releases the brakes and boat lowers down to water by own weight.
Mustering
The procedure for mustering includes:
• Don PFD (Permanent buoyancy lifejackets)
• Muster at your designated Muster Station (Safe Refuge/TEMPSC)
• Check T-Card has your name
• Muster Checker will take the roll call
• Report of attendance made to control room
• Further action will be directed by control room
Boarding
Boat check results may not be positive. In such a case the coxswain will direct you to another boat/raft. Boarding procedure includes:
i. Permission to board usually given by control room
ii. In special circumstances coxswain may also take decision
iii. Coxswain supervises the boarding
iv. Step in, in an orderly and disciplined manner
v. Use maximum hatches to embark
vi. Make sure all entrances are kept clear for boarding
vii. Sit down and divide the weight evenly (no list)
viii. Seating starts from stern (submerge rudder/propeller)
Strapping
The first thing you do after sitting in the boat is to secure the seatbelt 2-point / 4 point harness. Once in the boat, fasten seat belt, stay calm,
keep silent and the last person closes the hatch.
Burning sea
Extra actions to be taken to lower the boat down in a burning sea surface:
i. Close all hatches and ventilation shafts
ii. Switch on sprinkler system
iii. Switch on the air supply system
The Safety Precautions During Lowering and Release of TEMPSC:
i. On davit launched TEMPSC the increased fall length could lead to an increased pendulum effect with consequent mis-alignment when
taking the water or damage through contact with the installation’s members.
ii. However, on an installation a TEMPSC may strike a tubular member or other protrusion that places greater stress on the craft than
hitting a flat plate.
iii. On free-fall of TEMPSC injury to the occupants or structural damage to the craft could occur from the increased drop height but more
likely is the potentially adverse effect caused by wind on the TEMPSC during its free-fall.
iv. As the launch height is greater the length of time that the craft is exposed to wind while falling, perhaps causing a turning moment,
will also be greater.
The Safety Precautions emergency equipment and supplies of TEMPSC:
i. The Emergency Equipment’s and Supplies are limited.
ii. The air cylinder only has air for 10 minutes.
iii. The fuel available is only for 24 hrs at the speed of 6 knots .
The methods of tertiary escape:

(a) Knotted rope
(b) Scramble net
(c) Davit-launched life raft
(d) Ladders
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(e) Person descending escape devices
2-EMERGENCY FIRST AID

First aid arrangements
1. All offshore installation has fully fledged hospital with the Doctor/ Medic
2. The medical first aid box are kept at different location and are maintained
3. The life raft/Life boat/ TEMPSC also has the medical first aid box/kit
1. Bleeding
Immediate action includes:
a. Direct pressure
✓ Elevation
✓ Pressure Bandage
b. Indirect Pressure through pressure Points
Explanation:
1. Direct pressure is the most effective way of controlling external bleeding and is done by applying pressure directly to the wound.
2. Use your hand temporarily (even placing it in the wound if severe) and/or a pad secured firmly over the wound.
3. If bleeding continues increase the pad and pressure until it is controlled. Use whatever is available and suitable for each of the
purposes.
4. Do not waste time trying to find sterile dressing if the bleeding is severe.
5. Elevate the wound to reduce the pressure of blood loss by gravity expect when there is any risk of worsening the casualties condition
due to spinal injury, where objects are impaled or there are possible fractures involved. Maintain the pressure and do not remove
the pads.
6. The risk of uncontrolled bleeding far outweighs the risk of infection so if the flow continues uncontrolled you should attempt to inset
your fingers and closed the vessel by gripping it or pressing it against a bone.
7. This should show immediate results.
8. Where direct pressure and elevation fail then indirect pressure applied to strategic pressure points should be the next approach.
9. Bleeding from the arm uses the brachial pressure point.
10. With the arm outstretched, palm up, it is found between the elbow and the armpit where the bicep muscle dips towards the bone.
11. With the hand cradling the upper arm apply pressure with fingers along this dip. Any bleeding lower down the arm should cease.
12. Bleeding from the leg uses the femoral artery situated below the groin at the pelvis.
13. More pressure is required than at the brachial position especially for overweight or muscular people. Pressure should be applied
downwards with the fingers or fist.
14. Remember to wear gloves when controlling bleeding.
INTERNAL BLEEDING
1. Crushing injuries, ruptured organs and blood vessels, ulcers, bruised tissues and fractured bones can all cause internal loss of blood
and may also be accompanied by slight external bleeding.
2. Such injuries can result from a hefty blow or falls caused by any situation and it is important to assess the history of the case in order
to indicate whether internal bleeding is a possibility.
3. Internal bleeding can be assumed when one or more of the following are detected:
a. Wounds that have penetrated the skull
b. Blood in the ears or nose
c. Vomiting or coughing up blood
d. Penetrating chest or abdominal wounds
e. Large areas of bruised abdomen
f. Abdominal tenderness, rigidity or spasms. Blood in urine
g. Rectal or vaginal bleeding
h. Fractures, especially long bones of arm or thigh.
4. If none of the above is present, then assess:
a. The history of the case
b. Pain and tenderness. Swelling and tension present. Signs and symptoms of shock
c. The treatment of internal bleeding should:
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✓ Maintain open airway
✓ Re-assure patient
✓ Control external bleeding
5. Internal bleeding of fractures may be controlled by using temporary splints.
a. Treat for shock
b. Give oxygen
c. Loosen tight clothing
d. Be prepared for vomiting (give nothing by mouth)
e. Monitor and hospitalize as soon as possible
Burns
Immediate action includes:
a. Cool
b. Cover
c. Carry
A burn is an injury to tissue caused by extremes of heat. It can be classified as being minor or superficial (where only the outer layers of the
skin are affected), intermediate (where the area is swollen and blisters form) and severe or deep (where the nerve ends have been burnt and
no pain is felt on charred skin). There are a number of causes:
a. Dry burns (as from flames and contact with hot surfaces)
b. Wet burns or scalds (as from steam or hot water)
c. Cold burns (as from liquid nitrogen or cold surfaces)
d. Electrical burns (as from high voltage currents)
e. Chemical burns (as from acids and alkalis)
f. Radiation burns (as from the sun)
All burns, no matter which type, result in the same problems of destroyed tissue, pain, body fluid loss and infection. Treatment is related to
minimizing these and should be as follows:
a. Immerse, saturate or deluge the injury with cold water to remove all heat.
b. Cover the injury to retain body fluid and prevent infection, plastic sheeting, plastic bags and cling film are acceptable for this.
c. Treat the casualty for shock and pain and
d. Hospitalise as soon as possible.
Never remove burnt clothing, open blisters or apply ointment or lotions to burns.
2. Chemical contact
Brush chemical off the body, wash off chemical contaminated clothing and treat for burn as you would treat for heat burn
3. Exposure to Elements
COLD/FROST BITE
a. In very cold weather toes, nose, chin & the fingers are the most affected by the frost bite.
b. The affected part will feel cold, painful, numb & stiff. Unless immediate action is taken, gangrene & death may be the result.
c. Treatment includes :
i. Remove constructing clothing, rings, boots etc.
ii. Put an affected hand under the clothing in the armpit
iii. Wrap up affected feet with a blanket or woollen scarf
iv. Do not massage
v. Thaw the affected part gradually and restore the circulation
COLD WATER IMMERSION AND COLD SHOCK
Entering very cold water will give a cold shock. This can cause hypothermia.
Precaution
Avoid entering cold water. If unavoidable or essential:
a. Prepare mentally for cold water shock
b. Cover the entire body to avoid contact with water
c. Wear as much clothing as possible
d. Many thin layers are better than one thick layer
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e. Wear immersion suits & life jacket
f. Relax
HYPOTHERMIA
a. The loss of heat energy by conduction in water is about 26 times faster than an air.
b. If the body temperature falls below 35O C, it will result in Hypothermia.
c. It may lead to death. Survival time in cold water will depend on.
i. Water temperature
ii. Air Temperature
iii. Sea State
iv. Build of a person
v. State of fitness
vi. Time in water & clothes worn
EXPOSURE TO HEAT
a. Heat stroke (Hyperpyrexia): It is a condition when the body temperature rises above 40 O C.
b. Prolong long exposure to very high temperature, with hot, dry and humid wind and lack of air movement.
c. Signs: Restlessness, high temperature, headache, dizziness, frequent urination, confused, rapid breathing or in a coma
d. Symptoms: Hot dry skin, rapid pulse rate, confusion & unconscious
e. Treatment:
i. Remove all clothing
ii. Keep body cool by wrapping in wet cloth or sponge the body, concentrating on palm, heel, groin, armpit & head
iii. Give water if thirsty
iv. When the body temperatures fall, give the victim rest & sleep
v. Place him in a recovery position & cover with dry cloth.
SUN STROKE
a. In the absence of wind, when there is hot sun and high temperature, it may lead to Sun Stroke.
b. The patient gets headache, dizziness & feel hot.
c. To protect against Sun Stroke, keep skin covered with suitable clothing
On Sight of Casualty
a. Assess the situation
b. Keep yourself out of danger
c. Summon assistance (The medic is only a few minutes away)
d. Check airways is clear
e. Breathing is normal
f. Circulation is normal
g. Bleeding
h. Broken bones
i. Burns
j. Shock
(a) Assessing the situation – do not put yourself (or others) in danger.
• Check for the danger
• Take necessary precaution if required to approach the causality
(b) Making the area safe.
• Remove the casualty from the cause (smoke, toxic gas)
• Remove cause from the casualty (object crushing the chest or compressing the neck)
(c) Assess all casualties and attend to any unconscious casualties
• Give priority to the unconscious causalities
• Check the Pulse
• Check the Breathing
• Check for any external injury
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(d) Send for help as soon as possible.
• Raise the alarm
• Specify the location
• Summon the people for help
Raising the Alarm

• Raise the alarm by shouting “Casualty….. casualty……casualty” (announce on PA system, if available nearby)
• Specify the location
Danger
• Check for the danger
• Remove the casualty from the cause (smoke, toxic gas)
• Remove cause from the casualty (object crushing the chest or compressing the neck)
Response
• Shake: shake the casualty giving tabs on his shoulder
• Shout: call casualty by his name if known
• Pinch: pinch on the ear (painful stimulation)
• Check the pulse on neck
• Place your fingers near the nostrils and feel he is breathing or not
If there is no pulse, no breathing

Checking airways
Place both the thumb on the lower jaw, four fingers supporting the face, tilt the head back
• Check the casualty’s mouth for any foreign object like tobacco, chew gum, denture etc.
• Bring your head near the casualty’s nose and mouth and look towards the chest
• Listen/feel if the casualty is breathing, look towards the chest if the chest is rising
If there is no pulse, no breathing

Restore circulation
• Compression technique uses the heel of the hand with the fingers locked & clear of the chest
• Keep your shoulder vertically over the victim’s chest
• Depth of compression: 4-5 cm
• Rate of 100 compressions/minute
2 breaths and 30 compression sequence is maintained till medic arrives.
Restore Breathing
• Pinch casualty’s nose
• Take a deep breath
• Seal your mouth over victim’s mouth
• Breathe into victim slowly taking 2 sec.
• Remove your mount & watch chest fall
• Check pulse
• Continue the process till victim starts breathing or medical help arrives
Recovery Position
• Remove the victim spectacles.
• Kneel beside the victim and make sure that both his legs are straight
• Open the airway by tilting the head and lifting the chin
• Tuck the hand nearest you, arm straight and palm uppermost, well under his buttock
• Bring the far arm across the chest and hold the back of the hand against the victims nearest cheek.
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• With your other hand, grasp the far leg just above the knee and pull it up, keeping the foot on the ground.
• Keeping the hand pressed against the cheek, pull on the leg to roll the victim towards you onto his side.
• Adjust the upper leg so that both the hip and knee are bent at right angles
• Adjust the lower arm so that the victim is not lying on it and the palm is still uppermost.
• Tilt the head back to make sure the airway remains open.
• Adjust the hand under the cheek, if necessary, to keep the head tilted.
• Check breathing.
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UNIT-Firefighting and Self-Rescue
1-Firefighting Offshore
Classes of fire:
Class “A”:
i. These fires are the most common and involve solid material normally of an organic nature (i.e. Compound of carbon), in which
combustion generally occurs with the formation of glowing embers.
ii. Location:
• Control room contains wooden desks, charts, almanacs and other such combustibles.
• Accommodation contains clothing and wooden furniture e.g. bed, table, chairs, cabinet etc…
• Wood in many forms may be found in the carpenter shop.
• Various types of cordage are stowed in the boatswain’s locker.
• Undersides of metal machineries, frames are usually constructed of wood or wood-based materials.
• Large numbers of filled laundry bags are sometimes left in passageways, awaiting movement toand from the laundry room.
iii. Extinguishment:
• Water jet or spray is the most suitable extinguishing agent for class “A” fires.
Class “B”:
i. This class of fire involves burning liquids or liquefiable solids and are sub-divided into those which are: (a) miscible (will mix) with
water and (b) immiscible (will not mix) with water. Flammable liquids or liquefiable solids includes Petrol, oils, fats, kerosene,
turpentine, wax, varnish, paint, alcohols, acetone, organic solvents, etc.
ii. Location:
• Large quantities of flammable liquids, in the form of heavy fuel oil, diesel oil, lubricating oil and hydraulic oil are also stowed
onboard an installation (FPSO)/ offshore installation, for use in propelling and generating electricity, and associated machinery.
• Production Platform, Process Platform involves flammable liquids. Wellhead area , manifold area, Hydro carbon Processing area,
Drill floor, Drilling and mud servicing area
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• Most paints, varnishes, lacquers and enamels, except those with a water base, present a high fire risk in storage or in use.
Accordingly, installation/ offshore installations are required to carry such products in designated paint or flammable liquid lockers.
• Other locations where combustible liquids may be found include the galley (hot cooking oils) and the various mechanics shops and
spaces where lubricating oils are used.
• Fuel and diesel oil may also be found as residues and films on and under oil burners and equipment in the engine room .
iii. Extinguishment of Flammable Liquids:
• Foam is most suitable for the extinguishing the Flammable Liquids
• Machinery Spaces are required to be fitted with a fixed gas extinguishing system, fixed water spray system or high expansion foam
system.
• In addition to an inert gas system intended to maintain the cargo tanks in an inerted condition, FPSO carrying flammable liquid
cargoes are required to be fitted with a foam system for coverage on the deck.
Class “C”:
i. Class “C” fires involve gases or liquefied gases and are most effectively extinguished using foam or dry powders.
ii. Location:
• Each item of process equipment, e.g. tank, pump, pipeline, vessel, etc.,
• Surface of a flammable liquid in a fixed roof tank
• Surface of an open reservoir, e.g. oil/water separator
• Seals of pumps, compressors or valves that are expected to release flammable material, particularly during start-up
• Water drainage points on installations which contain flammable liquids
• Sample points from which analytical samples are drawn
• Relief valves, vents and other openings which are expected to release hydro carbon during normal operation
iii. Extinguishment:
a) Class ‘C’ fires or gas fires / LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS FIRES Where possible, such fires are extinguished by stopping the gas flow.
if the flow of gas cannot be stopped, then the best way may be to cool and control the effect of radiant heat by water spray.
b) In order to reach and close the valve controlling the flow of gas, it may be necessary to extinguish flames from small leaks in its
vicinity. In this case, Dry Chemical Powder extinguisher should be used.
c) Water jets should never be used directly into a liquefied petroleum gas fire. Also Foam cannot and will not extinguish such fires.
Class “D”: These are fires involving metals and extinguishing agents containing water are usually ineffective and dangerous. CO2
and standard dry powders may also be hazardous and the preferred agents are powered graphite, powered talc, soda ash,
limestone, dry sand and other specially produced dry powders.
Electrical Fires:
i. Electrical fires are not considered to constitute a class of their own. The normal procedure for dealing with a fire involving
electricity would be to isolate the supply of electricity and then use the appropriate extinguisher for whatever is burning. If the
electrical supply cannot be isolated then a non-conducting agent must be used such as CO2, Dry powder.
It is important to remember that some electrical equipment can store a charge after it has been isolated.
ii. Location
• Generators: Generators are machines that produce electrical power. These machines are usually driven by internal combustion
engines, or steam produced in an oil-fired boiler. The electrical wiring in the generator may be insulated with a combustible
material. Any fire involving the generator or its prime mover will involve a high risk of electrical shock to personnel.
• Panel boards:A panel board has fuses and automatic devices for the control and protection of lighting and power circuits. The
switches, fuses, circuit breakers and terminals within a panel board all have electrical contacts. These contacts may develop
considerable heat, causing dangerously high temperatures and unnecessary operation of overcurrent devices, unless they are
maintained in good condition. Overcurrent devices are provided for the protection of conductors and electrical equipment and
open the circuit if the current in that circuit produces an excessively high temperature.
• Switches: Switches are required for the control of lights and appliances and for disconnecting motors and their controllers. They
are also used to isolate high voltage circuit breakers for maintenance operations. Switches may be of either the air-break or the
oil-break type. In the oil-break type, the device that interrupts the circuit is immersed in oil. The chief hazard is the arcing
produced when the switch is opened. In this regard, oil-break switches are the more hazardous of the two types. The hazard
increases when a switch is operated much beyond its rated capacity, when its oil is in poor condition or when the oil level is low.
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Then the arc may vaporize the remaining oil, rupture the case and cause a fire. However, if properly used and maintained, these
switches present no hazard.
• Electric Motors: Many fires are caused by electric motors. Sparks or arc, from short circuiting motor windings or improperly
operating brushes, may ignite the motor insulation or nearby combustible material. Other causes of fires in motors include
overheating of bearings due to poor lubrication and grimy insulation on conductors preventing the normal dissipation of heat.
• Electrical Faults that Cause Fires
• Short Circuits: If the insulation separating two electrical conductors breaks down, a short circuit occurs. Instead of following its
normal path, the current flows from one conductor to the other. Because the electrical resistance is low, a heavy current flows and
causes intense local heating. The conductors become overloaded electrically, and they may become dangerously overheated
unless the circuit is broken. If the fuse or circuit breaker fails to operate, or is unduly delayed, fire can result and spread to nearby
combustible material.
• Overloading of Conductors: When too large an electrical load is placed on a circuit, an excessive amount of current flows and
the wiring overheats. The temperature may become high enough to ignite the insulation. The fuses and circuit breakers that are
installed in electric circuits will prevent this condition. However, if these safety devices are not maintained properly, their failure
may result in a fire.
• Arcing: An arc is pure electricity jumping across a gap in a circuit. The gap may be caused intentionally (as by opening a switch) or
accidentally (as when a contact at a terminal becomes loose). In either case, there is intense heating at the arc. The electrical
strength of the arc and amount of heat produced depend on the current and voltage carried by the circuit. The temperature may
easily be high enough to ignite any combustible material near the arc, including insulation. The arc may also fuse the metal of the
conductor. Then, hot sparks and hot metal may be thrown about and set fire to other combustibles.
iii. Extinguishment of Class “C” Fires
• When any type of electrical equipment is involved with fire, its circuit should be de-energized.
• However, recognizing that the circuit may not be de-energized, the fire must be extinguished using a non-conducting agent, such
as CO2 or dry chemical.
• In considering the application of a fire extinguishing agent, an electrical circuit or panel should always be considered energized.
Common causes of fire on board
Fire offshore is mainly caused due to process activities carried out including :
• Hot work e.g. Welding, Cutting, Burning
• Faulty Electrical Equipment
• Overheating of Machinery/equipment
• Machinery space fires – Engine Exhausts, Bilge
• Uncontrolled gas on surface – poor wind condition
• Blowout
• Poor House Keeping
• Domestic /Cooking Fires
1. SOURCE OF IGNITION
• Mixtures of combustible vapours and air within the flammable limits may become ignited from a variety of causes including:
a. Electrical: Sparks or arcs of sufficient temperature may occur, ego when current carrying contacts are separated, when an electric
current jumps across the gap of two conductors, or through static electricity discharge.
b. Naked Lights: These include smoking (which should be regulated to control the carriage of lighting materials and with respect to
permitted smoking areas), fires and open flame, hot work during repairs, exposed incandescent material.
c. Internal Combustion Engines: Spark ignition systems and hot spots on exhaust pipes.
d. Frictional Ignition:
e. Impact of one material on another may produce ignition by friction, when carrying out grit blasting or using power operated tools.
f. Portable pneumatic or hydraulic power tools, though generally considered safe from the viewpoint of power supply, usually cause
sparks due to their application.
g. They should be subjected to Work Permit control and Hot Work procedures should be applied in defined hazardous areas.
h. Due attention should be paid to the mechanical condition of the tools, their accessories, hoses and fittings.
i. High Temperature Surfaces: Furnace outlet lines, high pressure steam lines, or other hot surfaces.
j. Welding and Cutting:
i. Of all incidents recorded involving fires, gas cutting and welding appear to be the principle source of concern.
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ii. Flame cutting operations, especially in high-elevated positions, can result in distribution of molten metals over large areas.
iii. This can cause ignition of waste material or ignition of tarpaulins, used as screens against the elements. It is essential that
predetermined arrangements are made to ensure that both fixed and portable extinguishing systems are available and tested before
work commences.
iv. Special care should be taken when welding or gas cutting. Such work must not be carried out on oily or greasy plates.
v. When welding or cutting, check if there is something that can catch fire on the other side of the bulkhead or on deck below e.g.
Insulation, garbage, etc.
vi. There is a risk of fire breaking out long after welding is over (say up to two hours.) keep fire watch.
vii. Fire hose and extinguisher must be kept in readiness where cutting/welding work is going on.
viii. No welding cutting should be done until the tank or compartment is gas free and certified by the inspector fit for ‘hot work’.
k. Galley fire.
ix. Oil must not be allowed to fall on hot plates.
x. Pan in which oil is being heated should never be left unattended.
xi. Never put water or burning oil.
xii. When leaving galley in the afternoon or at night all hot plates should be put off.
xiii. Ventilator on top of hot plates should always be kept clean and cleaned by a chemical when very dirty (once a month). Otherwise oil
or fat accumulated on the ventilator can catch fire.
xiv. Everyone on the installation (including cooks and GS) must know how & from where the exhausts and ventilators are shut off, as in
case of galley fire. First thing to do, is to shutoff all the fans.
xv. Fire extinguisher, fire hoses, blankets etc. are inside as well as outside the galley.
xvi. Everyone particularly cooks and saloon personnel should know to use all firefighting equipment well.
xvii. When in galley, if your clothes catch fire, use the blanket and roll on the ground.
xviii. Cabin
xix. Most cabin fires are due to negligence of their occupants.
xx. Do not smoke while lying in bed.
xxi. Extinguish the cigarette or match before throwing it away.
xxii. Do not throw cigarette out of the porthole.
xxiii. Do not keep any cloth or paper on top of the table lamp.
xxiv. All electrical appliances must be properly plugged. Make sure there are no broken or old wires or too many plugs in one socket.
l. Deck
xxv. Do not smoke on deck.
xxvi. Do not leave oily or paint stained rags or cotton waste lying on deck.
xxvii. You should ask the HSE officer/ Supervisor all the information and characteristics of the cargo which is being produced/ processed,
and if it does catch fire, how to extinguish it.
xxviii. When welding/cutting on deck make sure sparks do not find their way inside the hatch through ventilators or air pipes.
xxix. Wires of all electrical appliances, cargo lights etc. being used on deck should be in good condition. They should not be sparking.
xxx. Some installations have fixed lights inside their hatches. Make sure that there cabling is in good condition.
2. Nature of Offshore Fire Risks:

a. Fire or explosion presents the greatest potential hazard for offshore installations.
b. These occur mainly as a result of the presence of hydrocarbon liquids and vapours.
c. On a well-designed and well regulated installation the release of these should not normally occur.
d. Should it occur, all personnel must be able to recognize the conditions in which an ignition source, in conjunction with flammable
vapours, will result in an explosion or fire.
e. The vapours of different substances will require mixing in different proportions with air in order to pose a threat and if there is not
enough of the vapour present to cause an explosion the mixture is termed as “Lean” or “Weak”.
f. The point at which the concentration is sufficient to cause explosion is called the lower explosive limit and is given as a percentage of
the substance in air.
g. The upper explosive limit, when there is too much of the substance in the air to cause explosion, marks the point at which the mixture
becomes too “Rich”
h. Between the upper and lower explosive limits lies the explosive range and the larger this range the more dangerous the vapour.
1. Triangle of Combustion
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a. Combustion is a chemical reaction in which heat and light are evolved.

b. It can be represented by the ‘Triangle of Combustion’ where one side is given as heat, one side as fuel and the third side as oxygen.
c. In order to extinguish fire we must remove or alter at least one side of the triangle as follows:
There are three requirements for starting and maintaining a fire:

• Fuel - wood, paper, oil, textiles, flammable gases etc.
• An oxidant - usually oxygen from the air, but may be a chemical in contact
with thefuel
• Heat - the temperature must be greater than the ignition temperature of the
fuel
There are three approaches to putting out a fire:
• Starvation - cutting off the fuel supply
• Smothering - separating the fuel from the oxidant
• Cooling - lower the temperature, usually with water
2. Fire Spread
A. Conduction (Contact):
i. Heat transferred from one molecule to another (direct contact)
ii. Conductors transfer heat well.
iii. Insulators do not transfer heat well.
B. Convection (Movement):
o Movement of heat through a fluid medium such as air or a liquid
o Creates convection currents
E.g. Convection in accommodation
o Hot gases rise, then travel horizontally.
o Gases then bank down a wall or move outside the room.
o Horizontally
o Vertically
C. Radiation
o Transfer of heat in the form of an invisible wave
o Heat radiated to a nearby structure can ignite it.
o Radiated heat passing through a window can ignite an object.
A. Conduction:
• Conduction is the transfer of heat through a solid body. For example, on a hot stove, heat is conducted through the pot to its
contents.
• Wood is ordinarily a poor conductor of heat, but most metals are good conductors. Since most installation/ offshore installation/
offshore installations are constructed of metal, heat transfer by conduction is a very real potential hazard.
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• Fire can and will move from one hold to another, one deck to another and one compartment to another via heat conduction through
the steel structure, unless structural fire protection arrangements are provided to prevent such propagation.
B. Convection:
• Convection is the transfer of heat through the motion of heated matter (e.g., through the motion of smoke, hot air, heated gases
produced by the fire and flying embers).
• When it is confined as within an offshore installation, convective heat moves in predictable patterns.
• The fire produces lighter-than-air gases that rise toward high parts of the offshore installation.
• Heated air, which is lighter than cool air, also rises, as does the smoke produced by combustion.
• As these heated combustion products rise, cool air takes their place.
• The cool air is heated in turn and then rises to the highest point it can reach.
• As the hot air and gases rise from the fire, they begin to cool, and as they do, they drop down to be reheated and rise again.
• This is the convection cycle.
• It is important to recognize that heat originating from a fire on a lower deck will travel horizontally along passageways and then
upward via ladder and hatch openings, and it can ignite flammable materials in its path.
C. Radiation:
o Heat radiation is the transfer of heat from a source across an intervening space.
o No material substance is involved.
o The heat travels outward from the fire in the same manner as light, that is, in straight lines.
o When it contacts a body, it is absorbed, reflected or re-transmitted.
o Absorbed heat increases the temperature of the absorbing body. For example, radiant heat that is absorbed by an overhead will
increase the temperature of that overhead, perhaps enough to ignite its paint.
o Radiant heat travels in all directions, unless it is blocked, and can extend a fire by heating combustible substances in its path, causing
them to produce vapor and then igniting the vapor.
3. Ignition can occur at various stages:

• Flash Point: The lowest temperature at which a substance gives off sufficient flammable vapour to ignite, if a flame is applied, but
will not continue to burn.
• Flash Over: An explosive mixture of unburned flammable vapours caused by smouldering fire, usually occurring in closed rooms,
where the atmosphere has insufficient air for burning combustion.
• Ignition temperature or fire point: The lowest temperature at which the heat from the combustion of a burning vapour is capable
of producing sufficient vapour to enable combustion to continue.
• Spontaneous ignition temperature: The lowest temperature at which the substance will ignite spontaneously, ie. The substance
will burn without the introduction of a flame or other ignition source.
Extinguishing Media
1. Water:
• It serves as a cooling, quenching, smothering, emulsifying, diluting and displacing agent.
• Water is a cooling agent, and on board installation, the sea provides an in exhaustible supply. If the surface temperature of a fire
can be lowered below the fuel’s ignition temperature, the fire will be extinguished.
• Water is most efficient when it absorbs enough heat to raise its temperature to 212°F (100°C) or boiling point. At this temperature,
the seawater will absorb still more heat until it changes to steam. The steam carries away the heat, which cools the surface
temperature.
• Water in the form of fog is very effective for fire-fighting purposes. Additionally, water fog can provide protection to fire
fighters from heat. However, the fog must be applied directly to the area to be cooled if its benefits are to be realized.
• Water in the form of a straight stream (also called solid stream) is used to reach into smoke-filled spaces or areas at a distance from
the fire fighter.
• When a straight stream is needed as an extinguishing agent, it should be directed into the seat of the fire. For maximum
cooling, the water must come in direct contact with the burning material. A straight stream is best used to break up and
penetrate material.
• It is widely used in the petroleum industry for cooling equipment and structures exposed to fire.
• It can extinguish hydrocarbon fires by cooling the surface of the fuel below the temperature at which it will give off sufficient vapour
to support combustion.
• This is best achieved by applying water in the form of a spray.
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2. Foam:
• Firefighting foam is an aggregate of air-filled bubbles that float on the surface of a flammable liquid.
• Foam forms a blanket on the liquid surface thereby extinguishing the fire by smothering and cooling the fuel.
• It prevents re-ignition by not allowing formation of combustible mixtures of vapour and air.
• AFFF is composed of synthetically produced materials similar to liquid detergents. These film-forming agents are capable
of forming water solution films on the surface of flammable liquids. AFFF concentrate is nontoxic and biodegradable in
diluted form.
• When proportioned with water, AFFF provides three fire-extinguishing advantages
o An aqueous film is formed on the surface of the fuel that prevents the escape of the fuel vapours.
o The layer effectively excludes oxygen from the fuel surface.
o The water content of the foam provides a cooling effect.
• The primary use of AFFF is to extinguish burning flammable or combustible liquid spill fires (class B).
• AFFF has excellent penetrating characteristics and is superior to water in extinguishing class A fires.
3. Dry Powder:
a. Dry powder chemical is a most effective fire-fighting medium when used on fires involving flammable liquid.
b. The primary extinguishing mechanism for dry-chemical agents on fire is a “chain-breaking” action, preventing free radicals formed in
the combustion process to sustain the reaction.
c. When DCP is applied to fire, the dry chemical extinguishes the flame by breaking the combustion chain. DCP does not have cooling
capability.
d. When DCP is applied, an opaque cloud is formed in the combustion areas. This cloud limits the amount of heat that can be radiated
back to the heart of the fire.
e. Less fuel vapour is produced because of reduced radiant heat. DCP attacks the chain reaction required to sustain a fire.
f. DCP reduces the ability of the molecular fragments to recombine, thereby breaking the chain reaction.
g. Dry-chemical agents do not have the cooling effect of a wet-chemical agent and, therefore, are no longer considered effective for use
on Galley fires.
h. Dry-chemical agents knocks down the flaming stages of a Class A fire, they have no effect on the ember or deep-seated stages of a
Class A fire.
i. However, they can be used on Electric fires (fires involving live electrical equipment) as they have been proven to prevent the passage
of electrical current back to the operator.
j. Both Potassium bi carbonate and Sodium bi carbonate are alkaline in nature and are less corrosive than the acidic dry chemical such
as mono ammonium phosphate.
k. However, under no circumstances should any of these agents be allowed to mix in the same container or extinguisher. The mixing of
different dry-chemical agents can cause performance variables and possibly create destructive internal hardware problems.
l. Only qualified, competent service technicians should be responsible for the service, maintenance, and testing of extinguishers with
these chemicals.
m. Dry powder is particularly effective on small spill fires, flange and seal fires and for extinguishing fires involving jetting or falling fuel.
n. Should there be a risk of re-ignition from embers or hot surfaces, such ignition sources should be quenched, cooled with water, or
secured with foam.
4. Carbon Di-oxide :
a. This gas is directed to the space, swept over burning surface or injected in compartment where fire exists.
b. The gas acts as a smothering agent cutting off the supply of oxygen.
c. CO2 (carbon dioxide) extinguishers are for class B and C fires.
d. They don't work very well on class A fires because the material usually reignites.
e. CO2 extinguishers have an advantage over dry chemical in that they leave behind no harmful residue. That makes carbon dioxide a
good choice for an electrical fire involving a computer or other delicate instrument.
f. CO2 is a bad choice for a flammable metal fires such as Grignard reagents, alkyllithiums and sodium metal because CO2 reacts with
these materials. CO2 extinguishers are not approved for class D fires
g. Carbon dioxide extinguishers do not have pressure gauges because carbon dioxide is a condensable gas. Thus, pressure does not tell
you how much agent remains in the cylinder. Instead, the extinguisher should have a tare (empty) weight stamped on it. To
determine the amount of carbon dioxide remaining in the extinguisher, subtract the tare weight from the current weight.
The purpose of fixed fire and gas detection and firefighting systems
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Purpose:
a. Early detection of presence of combustible and toxic gas
b. Evacuation of personnel
c. Speedy corrective action
d. Early detection of fire
e. Fire-fighting & extinguishing
Types of Fire Detectors

a. Flame Detectors:
i.These are most suitable for open air locations and for detecting fires involving flammable liquids or gases.
ii.The flame detector is sensitive to ultraviolet light or infra-red light and can react to a flame condition at the speed of light.
iii.It has a short time delay built into it to avoid false operation.
iv. Ultra violet emission provides the major part of flame detection facilities offshore, due to their better design characteristics against
spurious alarms.
v. As these detectors have an internal voltage of 415 v (AC), they must be flameproof.
Actions and precautions
i. Positioning detectors on the platform needs great care.
ii. They must not look at permitted flame, for eg. The flare, and there must be no shadow areas across which the detector cannot
observe.
iii. Care must also be exercised to ensure that the quartz optical lens remains clearly un-obscured from salt water or sea/air spray in
order to maintain reliability at all times.
b. Smoke Detectors:
i. These are used in totally enclosed areas and are mainly constructed on the ionization principle to meet the requirements for safe
electrical circuits.
Actions and precautions
i. Care must be taken in the room to ensure foreign matter will not cause a false alarm.
ii. Air currents have been known to divert the smoke and delay activation of the detector.
c. Heat Detectors:
i. These rely on temperature increase and are at the lower end of the sensitivity scale.
ii. They normally required a build-up of heat which would be unacceptable in production areas.
iii. Such heat detectors should be used in areas where sensitive detectors would give false alarms.
d. Gas Detection Systems:

i. The gas detector sense the gas in concentrations low enough to provide an alarm before a hazardous concentration has accumulated.
ii. On a rig, gas detectors are connected to a centralised control system, which is responsible for indicating the current gas level and
triggering alarms when pre-defined gas thresholds are exceeded.
iii. Gas detectors will typically be located within the hazardous area, with the control system mounted in the ‘safe area’ potentially
hundreds of metres from the detectors.
iv. Detectors are typically connected to the control system via cables, using ‘point-to-point’ topologies where each detector connects to
a discreet input on the control system via an independent cable (or separate cores within a multi-core cable from a ‘marshalling
cabinet’).
v. Point-to-point systems typically utilise analogue signals from the detector to indicate the gas level. Analogue signals however can only
communicate a limited amount of information from the detector, typically: gas value (4-20mA), fault (<3mA), gas reading over-scale
(>21.5mA).
vi. The emergence of digital and communications technologies has enabled a far greater range of information to be communicated to a
control system, as well as providing opportunities to reduce the amount of cables needed to connect detectors.
vii. Most gas detectors, should be calibrated every six months to ensure optimum operation. However, a new range of IR (infrared)
detectors allow users to extend maintenance checks to once every 12 months – and this only requires a ‘gas test’, not full re-
calibration, which is more time consuming.
FIRE Fighting System:

a. Automatic Sprinkler/Deluge Systems:
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i. These may be used to provide a protective shield or as an extinguishing system and may be set up to activate automatically using any
of the detection system or manually.
ii. They range from the accommodation type sprinkler systems through over side water curtains to automatically directed water
monitors.
iii. The sprinkler system generally has a glass bulb at the sprinkler head.
iv. This is full of liquid which will expand on heating and will break to automatically set off an alarm indicating the point of activation and
commence sprinkling water from the storage tank for at least 30 minutes at full flow.
v. The deluge system may be a branch of the fire main with water curtain producing heads at intervals and operated using the sea water
fire pumps and manual or automatic valves.
vi. It may, for instance, be used to reduce the heating effect of flare-off arms
vii. Water monitors of the type found on certain support offshore installations may be automatically able to provide high output in the
region of 500-1000 gallons per minute.
viii. The compartment must be evacuated immediately to avoid hazards of slip, trip, fall & engulfment.
b. OTHER FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEMS

Other fixed firefighting systems that exist on board an offshore installation include
i. Foam system on helicopter deck,
ii. Hydrant & hose reel system in accommodation,
iii. CO2 system in machinery space, etc.
c. Foam System:
i. The type of foam typically found offshore is aqueous film forming foam (AFFF), which has an extremely fast ‘flame
knockdown’ quality although lower heat resistance to ‘burn back’ is now in use in the oil industry.
ii. It is used as protection for all helicopter deck.
iii. Water is generally used to contain and control most fires, but once under control a foam blanket should be applied.
d. Gaseous Agents
i. CO2 is stored in a bank of pressurized bottles as a liquid and each pound in weight will expand when released to 8 cubic foot of gas.
ii. This gas is directed to the space where fire exists and acts as a smothering agent cutting off the supply of oxygen.
iii. The space must therefore be evacuated before flooding as the resulting atmosphere will not sustain life.
iv. Other advantages over CO2 include no static build up on discharge and no low temperature shock on hot equipment.
(a) Raising the alarm (give examples of methods for raising the alarm)
A variety of methods are available to raise the alarm. These includes:
a. Verbal Signal: Shout Fire…Fire…Fire…
b. Bell/Siren Signals (Continuous ringing of bell)
c. Announce on Public Address Voice Alarm (PAVA) systems
d. Visual and Tactile Signals: Visual signals can be used to supplement audible alarm signals where they may prove to be ineffective,
i.e. areas where ambient sound levels are excessive such as machineries compartment, drilling platform.
e. Walkie Talkie
(b) Typical locations of portable hand held firefighting equipment

Location of portable firefighting extinguishers on board installations
a. The maximum travel distance from any point on the platform deck area having a potential for fire to an extinguisher should not
exceed 50 feet (15.2m).
b. A Class B extinguisher should be located within ten feet (3.0m) of each stairway on each deck level, which has a potential for fire.
c. A Class B extinguisher should be provided for each internal combustion or gas turbine engine installed in an enclosed area.
d. A Class B extinguisher should be provided for each three internal combustion or gas turbine engines installed in open areas.
e. A Class C extinguisher should be provided for each two electric generators and for each two electric motors of 5 horsepower (3.7kw)
or greater.
f. A Class B extinguisher should be provided for each gas or oil fired boiler or heater.
g. A Class A extinguisher should be installed in each main corridor of quarters buildings.
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h. A Class A extinguisher should be installed in each sleeping accommodation space occupied by more than four persons.
i. A Class C extinguisher should be installed in radio rooms or other enclosed areas containing a significant concentration of electrical
equipment or controls.
j. Each galley should have installed extinguishers rated for Class A, B, and C fires.
k. An extinguisher of the appropriate class for stored combustibles should be provided for each storeroom.
l. A Class B extinguisher should be provided on or in the vicinity of each crane.
(c) Evacuation to designated area.

a. The initial conditioned response required from all personnel on hearing the emergency alarm must be :
i. Collect life jacket
ii. Dress in long sleeved boiler suit, safety shoes, and hard hat
iii. Proceed immediately to designated muster station
iv. Watch keepers to remain on watch until relieved by emergency team members
Before proceeding to the designated muster station, some individuals may be required to carry out any other action as detailed in
Station Bill.
b. Muster Station:
i. The muster station for the various teams will depend on the layout of a particular installation and type of emergency. However,
careful consideration must be given by each installation’s management team to ascertain the most suitable location.
ii. With due consideration to communication, proximity to the equipment, and space, secondary locations should be specified should
the primary location becomes inaccessible due hazardous conditions, severe weather, or when the installation is in dry dock.
iii. Muster stations must have checklists for team members and their role / duties with clear indication for any member having to
perform any action before reaching muster station.
iv. Muster station should also be provided with Emergency equipment checklist to confirm the availability of allocated equipment.
v. Emergency station locker record book must be established and maintained for each locker indicating inspection and maintenance
programme, and the date of last inspection with remarks on deficiencies if any.
vi. T-card system is followed onboard installation for mustering/ accounting the personals.
Operation of Hand Held Firefighting Extinguishers

a. Proper Extinguisher Selection depends on following factors:
i. Classification of the burning fuel
ii. Rating of the extinguisher
iii. Hazards to be protected
iv. Size and intensity of the fire
v. Atmospheric conditions
vi. Life hazards or operational concerns
b. Using Portable Extinguishers

i. Check it before using it:
• External condition – no apparent damage
• Hose/nozzle – in place
• Weight – feels as though it contains the agent
• Pressure gauge (if available) – within the operable range
ii. After choosing the proper extinguisher (size and type) approach the fire from the windward side (wind at your back).
iii. Pull, Aim, Squeeze, Sweep (PASS) method of application
• Pick up the extinguisher by the handle and carry it to the point of fire (application).
iv. Ensure Your Personal Safety
• Approach fire with an exit behind you.
• Have a planned escape route in case of extinguisher failure.
• Never let fire get between you and a safe exit.
• After suppression, back away; never turn your back on the fire.
• Watch fire for re-ignition.
• Wear appropriate PPE and SCBA (if needed).
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v. Use the PASS method:
• Pull the pin, breaking the seal.
• Aim the nozzle at whatever is burning.
• Squeeze the handles together to release the agent.
• Sweep the nozzle back and forth to cover the burning material.
vi. Maintain safe/ appropriate distance; being too close with an extinguisher can scatter lightweight fuels. Be careful!
vii. Move closer for final extinguishment after the fire is knocked down
Operation of Small Bore Fire Reel

i. Extend the hose to the desired length - the hose will lock automatically as soon as you stop pulling.
ii. To disable the lock simply extend the hose further and the lock will be released automatically. Note: when the lock is released the
hose reel will be in ‘retract’ mode and will retract the entire length of hose without locking again.
iii. To lock the hose again, simply halt retraction and then extend the hose to the new desired length – again the lock will be activated
automatically when you stop pulling.
iv. Aiming at the fire and keeping the safe distance open the valve on the nozzle using the on/off handle.
v. After use turn off the tap and release the water pressure prior to retracting the hose.
Note:
• Under no circumstances should you let go of the hose. Always hold it firmly and walk back to the reel until it is fully retracted.
• If the hose is accidentally dropped and retracts itself, it is strongly recommended that you extend the hose to its full length and then
permit it to retract smoothly as you walk it back to the reel. This will allow the self-layering mechanism to layer the hose correctly on
to the reel.
• When the hose is extended to such a length that the warning indicator can be seen (approx 1 meter from the end of the hose), do not
pull the hose with any excessive force as this can damage the internal connection to the reel.
• Do not try to force the direction of which the hose is retracting. Instead, allow the self-layering mechanism to feed the hose slowly on
to the reel automatically.
• To avoid damage to the reel, always hold on to the hose while it is rewinding.
• Periodically check the hose condition for wear or damage and check the swivel fitting for leakage. Replace any worn, damaged or
leaking parts.
• Do not leave the hose reel exposed to very high or very low temperatures for prolonged periods of time. High temperatures can
damage the hose causing it to split, and low temperatures can cause the hose to lose flexibility making it difficult to retract.
• Do not use any chemicals or substances with this hose such as acetone, white spirits, lactic acid etc. Use of these chemicals will
invalidate the warranty.
• Do not submerge the reel into water to clean it. Keep the hose clean by wiping with a damp cloth when fully extended.
• Mount the reel in a sheltered and shaded location in order to prolong the life expectancy and to ensure a maximum period of trouble-
free service.
Operation of Fire Blanket

a. Put on the fire-resistant gloves, if available.
b. Unfold the fire blanket so that it is completely opened.
c. Hold the fire blanket with your hands wrapped in the top edge of the blanket. This will protect your hands from the heat and
flames.
d. Completely cover the flames with the fire blanket by throwing the blanket on top until the fire goes out.
e. Put flames out on a person's clothes by wrapping the fire blanket around the victim.
f. Let the fire blanket cool completely for 30 minutes to 1 hour after the fire is out. Fold it back up for storage.
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STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 STEP 4
Fire fighting Extinguishers Hose reel Fire Blanket
2 Self-Rescue
a. A smoke hood is a device to assist people in escaping safely from within a burning structure.
b. It is worn over the head and if correctly donned, the device protects the users’ heads from heat and thermal radiation, the eyes from
harmful irritant gases produced by fire (for example Hydrogen Chloride (HCl) gas) and, through the use of a filtration system, can
provide filtered air relatively free of harmful narcotic (for example Carbon Monoxide (CO)) and irritant gases produced by fire.
c. The filter will only provide protection for a limited period, typically several minutes. Also, smoke hoods typically are a ‘use once
device’ - once packaging is opened, they cannot be resealed for later use.
Some tips on selecting emergency escape smoke hoods:
a. Filters smoke & bacteriological contaminants: Offers protection from the main lethal fire gases, Carbon Monoxide, Hydrogen
Cyanide, Hydrogen Chloride, etc.
b. Be tested to an appropriate national standard such as the European Standard EN 403.
c. Provides an extra 20 minutes of breathable air: Offer at least 20 minutes of protection from high concentrations of these lethal
fire gases
d. Lightweight and compact design:
e. One size fits all- adults and children
f. Photo luminescent reflective glow in the dark elements make user visible to rescuers
g. No mouth piece- allows user to communicate freely and un-obstructed
h. Elastic neckband provides snug fit to keep out lethal gases and particulate matter.
i. Allow good visibility when donned as you will need to be able to see as much as possible.
j. Be made of a heat resistant material to offer protection from elevated temperature and completely cover the user’s head.
k. Be easy to put on and have clear instructions for proper use. Owners should aim to be able to don the smoke hood correctly in
around 10 seconds (as measured from the time of opening packaging to putting it on correctly). Avoid devices that need to be
assembled, for example that require the user to screw the filter into the mask.
l. Have a long shelf life provided it is stored according to Manufacturer’s instructions.
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a. Donning of Smoke hood
Use:
i. Provides protection against carbon monoxide, smoke particles and toxic gases such as:
•Hydrogen Sulfide
•Hydrogen Cyanide
•Sulfur Dioxide
•Ammonia
•Others
ii. Permits user to speak, hear and breathe normally during escape
Self-Rescue Techniques:
With respiratory protection:
a. Familiarise yourself with the evacuation route; if possible walk it and count how many doors you are away from staircase/exit. This is
important because in smoky conditions you may not be able to see. Make sure you know where the nearest alarm point is.
b. If you find emergency stairs that are locked or being used as a storage facility, report it immediately to the Safety representative/
officer.
c. Locate the Escape Kit (Smoke hood, torch, etc). Read the instructions to familiarise yourself with the procedure of donning and
relevant precautions. The equipment’s are not to be tampered merely for curiosity. It should never be kept under lock.
d. The majority of fire fatalities are not caused by burns but by the inhalation of hot toxic fire gases such as carbon monoxide. These
gases generally rise, so if you are caught in a fire and are forced to pass through smoke, it is generally better to drop to the floor and
crawl.
e. In a fire situation, before opening a door feel the door, check if it is hot to the touch, try touching the door knob/handle. If either are
warm do not open the door. Only open the door if it does not feel warm. However, be prepared to shut the door quickly if the
passageway is filled with smoke.
f. In case you are trapped in a smoke filled area while working, lower down yourself or crawl along with the bulk head
g. Drag the foot on the deck and sweep the free hand from the head level to lower abdomen level.
h. Try to locate the exit markings and follow them
i. All the openings are always open towards the exit on board offshore installation.
j. Keeping in mind after entering next level close the opening and follow the same for further levels up to safe area
k. Follow the way towards the temporary refuge
Without respiratory protection:
a. In event of smoke detection
b. Take the reference of the bulkhead by placing the back of the palm of one hand on the bulkhead.
c. Lie down and Crawl
Group Escape Technique
a. The leader of the group will drag his foot on the deck and sweep his free hand from head level to lower abdomen level.
b. The team members will place one hand on bulkhead and other hand over the shoulder of the person ahead of them.
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c. The leader will guide the team about any obstruction such as door, ladder, hatches, machinery, equipment etc., in addition to this he
will be confirming the well being of the team members.
Keeping the back of the palm of one hand on the
bulkhead, sweeping the free hand from the head level
to the lower abdomen level and dragging one of the
foot on the deck
One of the delegates will be nominated as the group

leader.
The leader will place the back of palm of one hand on
the bulkhead and will sweep the free hand from head
level to lower abdomen level. He will also drag his foot
on the deck
68
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HAND OUT FOR BOSIET/T BOSIET/BOSIET DD/T BOSIET DD

Typical offshore oil and gas activities.

Types of offshore installations,

Drilling - jack-up, semi-sub, drill ship

Production (oil & gas/ gas) - fixed

FPSO (Storage Production & Offloading Facility)

2.The main offshore hazards Offshore Hazards

Offshore hazards and comparative risk levels including:

-Electrical hazards, to include: maintenance of electrical equipment, faulty electrical equipment.

3-The potential environmental impact of offshore installation operations

3.1-The environmental impact and statistics

Explain the environmental impact and statistics.

• Explain the environmental impact and statistics.

Pipelines - oil leaks due to damaged pipeline.

The statics shows the number of spills since 1970.

4-The principles of managing safety on offshore installations

SAFETY SYSTEMS OF WORK

Safe systems work includes:

PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR SAFETY

SAFETY OBSERVATION PROGRAMMES

a. Behavioural safety programmes include

b. Elements of PRfS: (PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR SAFETY) includes

THE HIERARCHY OF CONTROL

5. Personal Protective Equipment

Determining risks and implementing control measures to include:

(A) Reservoir/pipe work isolation

(B) Blowout preventers (BOP)

(C) Training on handling tubular

(D) Guarding of machinery

(E) MSDS/ chemical and dust protection

(F) Electrical isolation

(G) Fall protection

The consequences of failure to control the risks.

How offshore safety is regulated; to include:

(b) Legislative requirements

(c) Legal responsibilities

(d) Role of industry organizations

(e) Documenting the safety management systems.

B. Acts/ regulations/ACOP’s etc

C. HASAWA supported by regulations

Management of Health and Safety of Work (MHSW) Regulations, 1999

Duties of employer and employees and concept of ALARP.

The concept of 'As Low as Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)':

Safety Inspectors General Powers of Entry

Use of relevant ISO standards, to include ISO 14001.

• ISO 9001-2008 Quality Management System

behavioral safety tools.

Fitness requirements and medical standards.

Suspension from Work

Offshore routine requirements and welfare, to include:

Items permitted/not permitted offshore.

Role of safety representatives and safety committees

Employee line of reporting

Drilling department will generally consist of :

Getting on with others.

Working routines to include:

(c) Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

(d) Maintaining a safe workplace

(f) The right to stop unsafe work.