Gypsum Products

DR. AHMED MAGDY SAYED

LECTURER OF DENTAL BIOMATERIALS

DR AHMED MAGDY
Definitions
Model or Cast:
 It is the positive replica of the teeth and surrounding structure

DR AHMED MAGDY
Definitions
Die:
 It is a model of a single tooth

DR AHMED MAGDY
Definitions
Gypsum:

 It is a natural mineral.

 Its name is driven from Greek word “gypso” which means chalk or
plaster

DR AHMED MAGDY
Ideal Requirements of Model and Die
Material
1. It should have high strength to withstand manipulation steps.

2. It should have high hardness to resist scratching during use.

3. It should have good working time and short setting time.

4. It should reproduce fine details of the impression.

DR AHMED MAGDY
Ideal Requirements of Model and Die
Material
5. It should have no dimensional changes during setting and storage.

6. It should have color matching with impression material.

7. Ease of use.

8. Cheap.

DR AHMED MAGDY
Gypsum products

Many materials have been used for model and die construction. But
this chapter will discuss gypsum products as they are the mostly used
materials in dentistry.

DR AHMED MAGDY
Gypsum products
 Gypsum is found naturally in mines in most
countries. For centuries, it has been used in
constructions and building statues.

 Alabaster is a form of gypsum that is white in

color.

DR AHMED MAGDY
Gypsum products
 Gypsum is used in orthopedics for splinting the fractured bone.

 It is called plaster of Paris as it was obtained by burning the

gypsum from deposits near Paris, France.

DR AHMED MAGDY
 Classification of Gypsum Products

Gypsum Products

Iso type I Iso type II Iso type III Iso type IV Iso type V
Impression Model Plaster Dental Stone Improved High Expansion
Plaster β hemihydrate α hemihydrate Stone
β hemihydrate

DR AHMED MAGDY
Gypsum Products
 All the forms have the same chemical composition. They differ in
the method of manufacturing. So, they differ in properties and
uses.

 Gypsum is found naturally in the form of calcium sulfate dihydrate

(CaSO4. 2H2O).

DR AHMED MAGDY
Gypsum Products
 All the products are manufactured by a heating the gypsum
(calcination) at 110 -130 °C to get rid of part of water that convert
calcium sulfate dihydrate to calcium sulfate hemihydrate.

DR AHMED MAGDY
Gypsum Products

Heating
CaSO4. 2H2O CaSO4. ½ H2O + H2O
110 -130 °C

DR AHMED MAGDY
Gypsum Products
 The calcium sulfate hemihydrate is supplied to dental
professionals to be mixed with water.

 It obtains the water lost during manufacturing.

DR AHMED MAGDY
Gypsum Products

CaSO4. ½ H2O + H2O CaSO4. 2H2O + Heat

DR AHMED MAGDY
Gypsum Products
 The amount of water of crystallization (essential water) (required
for the chemical reaction) for different products is the same (each
100 g of CaSO4. ½ H2O requires 18.6 g of water).

 Practically, excess water is needed to form homogenous workable

mix. This excess water differs among the different gypsum
products.

DR AHMED MAGDY
Gypsum Products
 N.B: The excess water will evaporate in about 7 days leaving
porous material.

DR AHMED MAGDY
Gypsum Products
The amount of water required for 100 g of different types of
gypsum:
 Plaster of Paris = 55 g
 Dental Stone = 30 g
 Improved Stone = 22 g

DR AHMED MAGDY
Gypsum Products
 The released heat from different products is equal to the heat
used during manufacturing and it is the same in the different
products.

DR AHMED MAGDY
Manipulation
 The suitable water/powder ratio is proportioned.

 Mixing is done using rubber bowl and rigid wide spatula.

DR AHMED MAGDY
Manipulation
 Water is dispensed first then the powder is
added.

 The powder is allowed to settle for about 30

seconds to reduce air incorporation.

DR AHMED MAGDY
Manipulation
 Mix vigorously with wiping the inside
surface of the bowl until obtaining
homogenous mix (about 1 minute).

DR AHMED MAGDY
Manipulation
 Vibrate the mix using
vibrator or by tapping the
bowl against the bench.

DR AHMED MAGDY
Manipulation
 Pour the impression with
care to entrap no air
bubbles.

DR AHMED MAGDY
Manipulation

DR AHMED MAGDY
Manipulation
 After 1 hour, separate the impression from the cast.

DR AHMED MAGDY
Manipulation
 Mechanical mixers are available.

 They mix the gypsum under vacuum.

DR AHMED MAGDY
Manipulation
Be sure that the bowl and spatula should be clean. Remnants from
previous mixing accelerate the setting reaction by acting as nuclei of
crystallization.

DR AHMED MAGDY
Setting theory
Crystallization theory:

 It is originated by Le Chatelier and supported by Van’t Hoff.

 The theory refers setting of gypsum due to difference in solubility

rate between CaSO4. ½ H2O and CaSO4. 2 H2O.

DR AHMED MAGDY
Setting theory
Crystallization theory:

 Part of CaSO4. ½ H2O dissolve in water  Ca++ and SO4--

 Ca++ and SO4-- reacts to form CaSO4. 2 H2O.

 The solubility of CaSO4. ½ H2O > CaSO4. 2 H2O

DR AHMED MAGDY
Setting theory
Crystallization theory:

 The amount of CaSO4. ½ H2O decreased

 The amount of CaSO4. 2 H2O increased.

 CaSO4. 2 H2O forms supersaturated solution  precipitated

DR AHMED MAGDY
Setting theory
Crystallization theory:

 CaSO4. 2 H2O precipitation starts as

nuclei of crystallization  grows to
form crystals (spherulites).

DR AHMED MAGDY
 Properties
1. Setting time:
 It the time needed for completion of the setting reaction. It is
divided into:
Time From Until Minutes
Mixing time Obtain homogenous workable mix 1 minute
Working time Having even consistency 3 minutes
Add powder
Initial setting Material not flow. It can be carved 12 minutes
to water
Ready to use Can separate the impression 30 minutes
Final setting Complete the reaction 7 days

DR AHMED MAGDY
Properties
1. Setting time:
 Measuring setting time:
a) Loss of surface gloss:
 The mix starts to loss its gloss. It indicates initial setting. The
impression should not be removed at this stage.

DR AHMED MAGDY
Properties
1. Setting time:
 Measuring setting time:
b) Temperature rise:
 There is an increase in the temperature as the reaction is
exothermic

DR AHMED MAGDY
Properties
1. Setting time:
 Measuring setting time:
c) Penetration test:
 It is the accurate method to measure the setting time.
 As the material set, it will resist needle penetration.
 Example: Vicate test and Gillmore test.

DR AHMED MAGDY
Properties

DR AHMED MAGDY
Properties
1. Setting time:
 Factors affecting setting time:
a) Fineness of the powder:
 Finer powder  accelerate the reaction

DR AHMED MAGDY
Properties
1. Setting time:
 Factors affecting setting time:
b) Impurities :
 Such as calcium sulfate dihydrate
 They results from incomplete calcination or from uncleaned
mixing instruments)  accelerate the reaction.

DR AHMED MAGDY
Properties
1. Setting time:
 Factors affecting setting time:
c) Accelerators:
 Such as potassium sulfate.

DR AHMED MAGDY
Properties
1. Setting time:
 Factors affecting setting time:
d) Retarders:
 such as borax (from hydrocolloids), blood and saliva (from
unclean impressions).

DR AHMED MAGDY
Properties
1. Setting time:
 Factors affecting setting time:
e) Water/powder ratio:
  W/P  retard reaction

DR AHMED MAGDY
Properties
1. Setting time:
 Factors affecting setting time:
f.  Mixing time and rate (within limits):
 Accelerate the reaction

DR AHMED MAGDY
Properties
1. Setting time:
 Factors affecting setting time:
g. Water temperature:
 20 :50 °C  accelerate the reaction.
 Above 50 °C  retard the reaction.
 100°C  no reaction.

DR AHMED MAGDY
Properties
2. Dimensional changes:
a) Setting expansion:
 Theoretically, the dihydrate crystals volume is less than
hemihydrate crystals volume by 7%.
 Actually, gypsum setting is accompanied by expansion.

DR AHMED MAGDY
Properties
2. Dimensional changes:
a) Setting expansion:
 This expansion is due to outward thrusting action of the
growing crystals.
 i.e.: the crystals pushing each other apart during they growth.

DR AHMED MAGDY
Properties
2. Dimensional changes:
a) Setting expansion:

DR AHMED MAGDY
Properties
2. Dimensional changes:
a) Setting expansion:
 The set gypsum is composed of interlocking crystals and pores
containing excess water used to obtain homogenous workable
mix.
 The amount of expansion and porosity differs according to
gypsum product. (The more excess water, the more pores, the
more expansion).

DR AHMED MAGDY
Properties
2. Dimensional changes:
The setting expansion of different types of gypsum:
 Plaster of Paris = 0.3 %
 Dental Stone = 0.08 %
 Improved Stone = 0.06 %

DR AHMED MAGDY
Properties
2. Dimensional changes:
b) Hygroscopic expansion:
 It is the expansion occurs if the gypsum is allowed to set under
water during initial setting.
 It may reach double the setting expansion.

DR AHMED MAGDY
Properties
2. Dimensional changes:
b) Hygroscopic expansion:
 This occurs due to excess water
provides more spaces for growing
crystals to push each other outwardly.
 It is used in gypsum bonded
investment.

DR AHMED MAGDY
Properties
3. Strength:
 Gypsum products are brittle materials.
 There are two types of strength according to presence of excess
water:
a. Wet strength.
b. Dry strength.

DR AHMED MAGDY
Properties
3. Strength:
a. Wet strength (1-hour strength) (green strength):
 It is the strength with excess water.

DR AHMED MAGDY
Properties
3. Strength:
b. Dry strength (7-days strength):
 It is the strength after evaporation of excess water.
 It is double wet strength

DR AHMED MAGDY
Properties
3. Strength:
Factors affecting strength:
1.  Water/powder ratio   strength.
2.  Mixing time and rate   strength.
3. Chemicals (regulate particles shape  decrease interlocking
between particles   strength).

DR AHMED MAGDY
Properties
3. Strength:
Factors affecting strength:
4. Types of gypsum product: (improved stone is stronger than
dental stone and plaster is the weaker).
5. Time (wet strength is less than dry strength)

DR AHMED MAGDY
Properties
3. Strength:
The 1-hour compressive strength of different types of gypsum:
 Plaster of Paris = 9 MPa
 Dental Stone = 20 MPa
 Improved Stone = 35 MPa

DR AHMED MAGDY
Properties
4. Surface hardness:
 Gypsum products have low surface hardness and liable to
scratching.

DR AHMED MAGDY
Properties
5. Reproduction of fine details:
 Gypsum products is not ideal to reproduce fine details due to
presence of porosity at the microscopic level.
 According to ISO requirements, they are sufficient to reproduce
fine details.
 Use of vibrator during pouring the impression reduce the
presence of air bubbles.

DR AHMED MAGDY
Properties
5. Reproduction of fine details:

DR AHMED MAGDY
Properties
6. Disinfection:
 Disinfection of the impression is of prime concern.
 Immersion is 1/10 solution of sodium hypochlorite for 3 minutes
is sufficient.

DR AHMED MAGDY
Properties
High strength, high expansion stone (Type V):
 It is manufactured by heating calcium sulfate dihydrate under
pressure in presence of more than 1% sodium succinate.
 It requires less water than improved stone.
 It shows higher expansion than improved stone.
 It is used to construct die with more expansion to compensate for
solidification shrinkage of new base metal alloys.

DR AHMED MAGDY
 Gypsum products
Plaster of Paris Dental Stone (hydrocal) Improved Stone
(Densite)

Heating in open air at Heating in an autoclave Boiling in 30% CaCl2

manufacturing

120 °C (under steam pressure)

Method of

at 120 -130°C

DR AHMED MAGDY
 Gypsum products
Plaster of Paris Dental Stone (hydrocal) Improved Stone
(Densite)
Setting CaSO4. ½ H2O + H2O CaSO4. 2 H2O + Heat
reaction

DR AHMED MAGDY
 Gypsum products
Plaster of Paris Dental Stone (hydrocal) Improved Stone
(Densite)
Particles More regular and The most regular and
shape Irregular and large
smaller smallest

DR AHMED MAGDY
 Gypsum products
Plaster of Paris Dental Stone (hydrocal) Improved Stone
(Densite)
Particles More regular and The most regular and
shape Irregular and large
smaller smallest

DR AHMED MAGDY
 Gypsum products
Plaster of Paris Dental Stone (hydrocal) Improved Stone
(Densite)
Particles More regular and The most regular and
shape Irregular and large
smaller smallest

DR AHMED MAGDY
 Gypsum products
Plaster of Paris Dental Stone (hydrocal) Improved Stone
(Densite)
Water of 18.6 g for 100 g of 18.6 g for 100 g of 18.6 g for 100 g of
crystalliza powder powder powder
tion

DR AHMED MAGDY
 Gypsum products
Plaster of Paris Dental Stone (hydrocal) Improved Stone
(Densite)
W/P ratio for 50 – 60 g for 100 g of 30 g for 100 g of powder 22 g for 100 g of
homogenous powder powder
workable mix

DR AHMED MAGDY
 Gypsum products
Plaster of Paris Dental Stone (hydrocal) Improved Stone
(Densite)

Heat
The same
evolved

DR AHMED MAGDY
 Gypsum products
Plaster of Paris Dental Stone (hydrocal) Improved Stone
(Densite)
Heat felt
Least due to more Highest due to less
Moderate
excess water excess water

DR AHMED MAGDY
 Gypsum products
Plaster of Paris Dental Stone (hydrocal) Improved Stone
(Densite)

Porosity 45% 15% 10%

DR AHMED MAGDY
 Gypsum products
Plaster of Paris Dental Stone (hydrocal) Improved Stone
(Densite)
Setting
expansion 0.2 -0.3 0.08 0.05 – 0.07

DR AHMED MAGDY
 Gypsum products
Plaster of Paris Dental Stone (hydrocal) Improved Stone
(Densite)
Hygroscopic
expansion Highest Moderate Lowest

DR AHMED MAGDY
 Gypsum products
Plaster of Paris Dental Stone (hydrocal) Improved Stone
(Densite)
Compressive
Strength (1 h) 9 MPa 20 MPa 35 MPa

DR AHMED MAGDY
 Gypsum products
Plaster of Paris Dental Stone (hydrocal) Improved Stone
(Densite)
Hardness
15 RHN 60 RHN 80 RHN

DR AHMED MAGDY
 Gypsum products
Plaster of Paris Dental Stone (hydrocal) Improved Stone
(Densite)

Uses • Making primary • Making secondary • Making secondary

edentulous cast. edentulous cast. cast for fixed
• Mounting cast on • Making primary and restorations
articulator. secondary dentulous
• Filling the flask during cast for RPD.
denture construction. • Making primary casts
for fixed restorations.

DR AHMED MAGDY
Thank You

DR AHMED MAGDY