AUTOMOTIVE

ELECTRICITY AND
ELECTRONICS

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A01_HALD4428_06_SE_FM.indd 2 01/11/19 7:20 PM
 AUTOMOTIVE
ELECTRICITY AND
ELECTRONICS
S I X T H E D I T I O N

James D. Halderman

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Halderman, James D., author.

Title: Automotive electricity and electronics / James D.
Halderman.
Description: Sixth edition. | Hoboken, New Jersey : Pearson, 2020. |
Includes index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2019033309 | ISBN 9780135764428 (paperback) | ISBN 9780135764626 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Automobiles—Electric equipment. | Automobiles—Electronic
equipment. | Automobiles—Electric equipment.—Maintenance and repair. |
Automobiles—Electronic equipment—Maintenance and repair.
Classification: LCC TL272 .H22256 2020 | DDC 629.25/4—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019033309

ScoutAutomatedPrintCode

ISBN-10: 0-13-576442-4
ISBN-13: 978-0-13-576442-8

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 BRIEF CONTENTS
chapter 1 Service Information, Work Orders, and Vehicle Identification 1

chapter 2 Tools and Safety 9

chapter 3 Environmental and Hazardous Materials 42

chapter 4 Electrical Fundamentals 53

chapter 5 Electrical Circuits and Ohm’s Law 64

chapter 6 Series Circuits 72

chapter 7 Parallel Circuits 79

chapter 8 Series–Parallel Circuits 86

chapter 9 Circuit Testers and Digital Meters 93

chapter 10 Oscilloscopes and Graphing Multimeters 111

chapter 11 Automotive Wiring and Wire Repair 119

chapter 12 Wiring Schematics and Circuit Testing 134

chapter 13 Capacitance and Capacitors 152

chapter 14 Magnetism and Electromagnetism 158

chapter 15 Electronic Fundamentals 171

chapter 16 Computer Fundamentals 189

chapter 17 CAN and Network Communications 197

chapter 18 Batteries 214

chapter 19 Battery Testing and Service 223

chapter 20 Cranking System 238

chapter 21 Cranking System Diagnosis and Service 251

chapter 22 Charging System 266

chapter 23 Charging System Diagnosis and Service 279

chapter 24 Lighting and Signaling Circuits 301

chapter 25 Driver Information and Navigation Systems 321

chapter 26 Security and Anti-Theft Systems 338

chapter 27 Airbag and Pretensioner Circuits 347

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 chapter 28 Body Electrical Accessories 362

chapter 29 Advanced Driver Assist Systems (ADAS) 392

chapter 30 Audio System Operation and Diagnosis 404

APPENDIX 1
SAMPLE ELECTRICAL (A6) ASE-TYPE CERTIFICATION TEST
WITH ANSWERS 419

APPENDIX 2
2017 ASE CORRELATION CHART 423

GLOSSARY 426

INDEX 438

vi BRIEF C ONTENTS

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 CONTENTS
chapter 1 ■■ Jump Starting and Battery Safety 32
■■ Fire Extinguishers 33
SERVICE INFORMATION, ■■ Fire Blankets 34
■■ First Aid and Eye Wash Stations 34
WORK ORDERS, AND VEHICLE ■■ Hybrid Electric Vehicle Safety Issues 35

IDENTIFICATION 1 Summary 40
■■ Learning Objectives 1 Review Questions 40
Chapter Quiz 40
■■ Key Terms 1
■■ Owner’s Manuals 1
■■ Service Information 2 chapter 3
■■ Technical Service Bulletins 2
■■ Recalls and Campaigns 2 ENVIRONMENTAL AND HAZARDOUS
■■ Work Order

■■ Service Records
3
3
MATERIALS 42
■■ Additional Information 5
■■ Learning Objectives 42
■■ Parts of a Vehicle 5 ■■ Key Terms 42
■■ Front-Wheel Drive Versus Rear-Wheel Drive 5 ■■ Hazardous Waste 42
■■ Vehicle Identification ■■ Federal and State Laws 42
5
■■ Vehicle Safety Certification Label ■■ Asbestos Hazards 44
7
■■ VECI Label ■■ Used Brake Fluid 45
7
■■ Used Oil 45
Summary 7 ■■ Solvents 46
Review Questions 8 ■■ Coolant Disposal 47
Chapter Quiz 8 ■■ Lead-Acid Battery Waste 48
■■ Fuel Safety and Storage 48
■■ Airbag Handling 49
chapter 2 ■■ Used Tire Disposal 49
TOOLS AND SAFETY 9 ■■ Air-Conditioning Refrigerant Oil Disposal 50
■■ Learning Objectives 9 Summary 52
■■ Key Terms 9 Review Questions 52
■■ Threaded Fasteners 9 Chapter Quiz 52
■■ Hand Tools 13
■■ Screwdrivers 16 chapter 4
■■ Torx 17
■■ Pliers 19
■■ Basic Hand Tool List
ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS 53
22 ■■ Learning Objectives 53
■■ Tool Sets and Accessories 23 ■■ Key Terms 53
■■ Electrical Hand Tools 23 ■■ Introduction 53
■■ Hand Tool Maintenance 25 ■■ Electricity 53
■■ Trouble Lights 25 ■■ How Electrons Move Through a Conductor 56
■■ Air and Electrically Operated Tools 25 ■■ Units of Electricity 57
■■ Personal Protective Equipment 27 ■■ Sources of Electricity 59
■■ Safety Precautions 28 ■■ Conductors and Resistance 60
■■ Vehicle Protection 29 ■■ Resistors 61
■■ Safety Lifting (Hoisting) a Vehicle 29
■■ Jacks and Safety Stands 31 Summary 62
■■ Drive-on Ramps 31 Review Questions 62
■■ Electrical Cord Safety 32 Chapter Quiz 63

vii

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 chapter 5 Summary 89
Review Questions 89
ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND OHM’S Chapter Quiz 89

LAW 64 chapter 9
■■ Learning Objectives 64
■■ Key Terms 64 CIRCUIT TESTERS AND DIGITAL
Circuits 64
METERS 93
■■

■■ Circuit Fault Types 65

■■ Ohm’s Law 67
■■ Learning Objectives 93
■■ Watt’s Law 69 ■■ Key Terms 93
■■ Fused Jumper Wire 93
Summary 70 ■■ Test Lights 94
Review Questions 70 ■■ Logic Probe 95
Chapter Quiz 71 ■■ Digital Multimeters 95
■■ Inductive Ammeters 99
chapter 6 ■■ Diode Check, Duty Cycle, and Frequency 100
■■ Electrical Unit Prefixes 101
SERIES CIRCUITS 72 ■■ How to Read Digital Meters 102
■■ Learning Objectives 72
Summary 110
■■ Key Terms 72 Review Questions 110
■■ Series Circuits 72 Chapter Quiz 110
■■ Ohm’s Law and Series Circuits 72
■■ Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law 73
■■ Voltage Drops 74
chapter 10
■■ Series Circuit Laws 75
■■ Series Circuit Examples 76
OSCILLOSCOPES AND GRAPHING
Summary 77 MULTIMETERS 111
Review Questions 77 ■■ Learning Objectives 111
Chapter Quiz 78 ■■ Key Terms 111
■■ Types of Oscilloscopes 111
chapter 7 ■■ Scope Setup and Adjustments

■■ AC Voltage
112
113
PARALLEL CIRCUITS 79 ■■ DC and AC Coupling

■■ Pulse Trains
113
114
■■ Learning Objectives 79
■■ Number of Channels 114
■■ Key Terms 79 ■■ Triggers 114
■■ Parallel Circuits 79 ■■ Using a Scope 115
■■ Kirchhoff’s Current Law 79 ■■ Graphing Multimeter 117
■■ Parallel Circuit Laws 80 ■■ Graphing Scan Tools 117
■■ Determining Total Resistance in a Parallel Circuit 80
■■ Parallel Circuit Calculation Examples 83 Summary 118
Review Questions 118
Summary 84
Chapter Quiz 118
Review Questions 84
Chapter Quiz 85
chapter 11
chapter 8 AUTOMOTIVE WIRING AND WIRE
SERIES–PARALLEL CIRCUITS 86 REPAIR 119
■■ Learning Objectives 86 ■■ Learning Objectives 119
■■ Key Terms 86 ■■ Key Terms 119
■■ Series–Parallel Circuits 86 ■■ Automotive Wiring 119
■■ Solving Series–Parallel Circuit Calculation ■■ Ground Wires 121
Problems 87 ■■ Battery Cables 121
■■ Series–Parallel Circuit Calculation Examples 87 ■■ Jumper Cables 122

viii CONTENTS

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 ■■ Fuses and Circuit Protection Devices 122 ■■ Electromagnetic Induction 165
■■ Terminals and Connectors 128 ■■ Ignition Coils 166
■■ Wire Repair 129 ■■ Electromagnetic Interference 168
■■ Electrical Conduit 131
Summary 169
Summary 132 Review Questions 169
Review Questions 133 Chapter Quiz 169
Chapter Quiz 133

chapter 15
chapter 12
ELECTRONIC
WIRING SCHEMATICS AND CIRCUIT
FUNDAMENTALS 171
TESTING 134 ■■ Learning Objectives 171
■■ Learning Objectives 134 ■■ Key Terms 171
■■ Key Terms 134 ■■ Semiconductors 171
■■ Wiring Schematics and Symbols 134 ■■ Summary of Semiconductors 172
■■ Schematic Symbols 135 ■■ Diodes 173
■■ Relay Terminal Identification 140 ■■ Zener Diodes 174
■■ Locating an Open Circuit 143 ■■ High-Voltage Spike Protection 174
■■ Common Power or Ground 144 ■■ Diode Ratings 176
■■ Circuit Troubleshooting Procedure 145 ■■ Light-Emitting Diodes 176
■■ Locating a Short Circuit 145 ■■ Photodiodes 177
■■ Electrical Trouble­shooting Guide 148 ■■ Photoresistors 177
■■ Step-by-Step Troubleshooting Procedure 149 ■■ Silicon-Controlled Rectifiers 178
■■ Thermistors 178
Summary 150
■■ Rectifier Bridges 178
Review Questions 150
■■ Transistors 179
Chapter Quiz 150
■■ Field-Effect Transistors 180
■■ Phototransistors 181
chapter 13 ■■ Integrated Circuits 181
■■ Transistor Gates 182
CAPACITANCE AND ■■ Operational Amplifiers 182
CAPACITORS 152 ■■ Electronic Component Failure

Causes 183
■■ Learning Objectives 152 ■■ How to Test Diodes and Transistors 184
■■ Key Terms 152 ■■ Converters and Inverters 185
■■ Capacitance 152 ■■ Electrostatic Discharge 186
■■ Capacitor Construction and Operation 152
■■ Factors of Capacitance 155 Summary 187
■■ Uses for Capacitors 155 Review Questions 187
■■ Capacitors in Circuits 156 Chapter Quiz 187

Summary 157
Review Questions 157 chapter 16
Chapter Quiz 157
COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 189
■■ Learning Objectives 189
chapter 14 ■■ Key Terms 189

MAGNETISM AND ■■ Computer Fundamentals 189

■■ Computer Functions 189
ELECTROMAGNETISM 158 ■■ Digital Computers 191
■■ Computer Input Sensors 193
■■ Learning Objectives 158
■■ Computer Outputs 193
■■ Key Terms 158
■■ Fundamentals of Magnetism 158 Summary 195
■■ Electromagnetism 160 Review Questions 196
■■ Uses of Electromagnetism 162 Chapter Quiz 196

C ON T EN T S ix

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 chapter 17 ■■ Battery Charge Time 230
■■ Float-Type Battery Chargers 230
CAN AND NETWORK ■■ Jump Starting 231
■■ Battery Electrical Drain Test 231
COMMUNICATIONS 197 ■■ Maintaining Electronic Memory Functions 233
■■ Learning Objectives 197 ■■ Battery Symptom Guide 235
■■ Key Terms 197 Summary 236
■■ Module Communications and Networks 197 Review Questions 236
■■ Network Fundamentals 197 Chapter Quiz 236
■■ Module Communications Configuration 199
■■ Network Communications Classifications 199
■■ General Motors Communications Protocols 200
chapter 20
■■ Ford Network Communications Protocols

■■ Chrysler Communications Protocols 203

203
CRANKING SYSTEM 238
■■ Controller Area Network 205
■■ Learning Objectives 238
■■ Honda/Toyota Communications 206 ■■ Key Terms 238
■■ European Bus Communications ■■ Cranking Circuit 238
207
■■ Network Communications Diagnosis ■■ Computer-Controlled Starting 239
208
■■ OBD-II Data Link Connector ■■ Starter Motor Operation 240
211
■■ How the Starter Motor Works 242
Summary 212 ■■ Gear-Reduction Starters 245
Review Questions 212 ■■ Starter Drives 245
Chapter Quiz 213 ■■ Starter Solenoids 247
■■ Stop-Start Systems 248
chapter 18 Summary 249
BATTERIES 214 Review Questions
Chapter Quiz 250
249
■■ Learning Objectives 214
■■ Key Terms 214
■■ Introduction 214
chapter 21
■■ Battery Construction

■■ How a Battery Works

214
217
CRANKING SYSTEM DIAGNOSIS
■■ Specific Gravity 217
■■ Battery Construction Types
AND SERVICE 251
218 ■■ Learning Objectives 251
■■ Causes and Types of Battery Failure 219
■■ Battery Ratings
■■ Key Terms 251
220 ■■ Starting System Troubleshooting
■■ Battery Sizes 221
Procedure 251
Summary 221 ■■ Voltage Drop Testing 252
Review Questions 222 ■■ Control Circuit Testing 254
Chapter Quiz 222 ■■ Starter Amperage Test 254
■■ Starter Removal 255
chapter 19 ■■ Starter Motor Service

■■ Bench Testing
255
257
BATTERY TESTING AND ■■ Starter Installation 257
■■ Starter Drive-to-Flywheel Clearance 257
SERVICE 223 ■■ Starting System Symptom Guide 259
■■ Learning Objectives 223
Summary 264
■■ Key Terms 223 Review Questions 264
■■ Battery Service Safety Considerations 223 Chapter Quiz 264
■■ Symptoms of a Weak or Defective battery 223
■■ Battery Maintenance 224
■■ Battery Voltage Test 225
chapter 22
■■ Hydrometer Testing

■■ Battery Load Testing

226
226
CHARGING SYSTEM 266
■■ Electronic Conductance Testing 227
■■ Learning Objectives 266
■■ Battery Charging 228 ■■ Key Terms 266

x CONTEN TS

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 ■■ Principle of Alternator Operation 266 ■■ LED Headlights 312
■■ Alternator Construction 266 ■■ Adaptive Front Lighting System 312
■■ Alternator Overrunning Pulleys 267 ■■ Automatic Headlights 313
■■ Alternator Components and Operation 269 ■■ Headlight High/Low Beam

■■ How an Alternator Works 271 Switch 314

■■ Alternator Output Factors 272 ■■ Auto Dimming Headlights 314
■■ Alternator Voltage Regulation 273 ■■ Headlight Aiming 314
■■ Alternator Cooling 274 ■■ Fog and Driving Lights 314
■■ Computer-Controlled Charging ■■ Automatic Dimming Mirrors 314
Systems 275 ■■ Courtesy Lights 316
■■ Illuminated Entry 316
Summary 277 ■■ Headlight System Diagnosis 317
Review Questions 277 ■■ Lighting System Diagnosis 317
Chapter Quiz 277 ■■ Lighting System Symptom

Guide 318
chapter 23
Summary 320
CHARGING SYSTEM DIAGNOSIS Review Questions 320

AND SERVICE 279 Chapter Quiz 320

Learning Objectives 279

chapter 25
■■

■■ Key Terms 279

■■ Charging System Testing and Service

■■ Drive Belt Inspection and

279 DRIVER INFORMATION AND
Adjustment 281 NAVIGATION SYSTEMS 321
■■ AC Ripple Voltage Check 282 ■■ Learning Objectives 321
■■ Testing AC Ripple Current 284 ■■ Key Terms 321
■■ Charging System Voltage Drop ■■ Dash Warning Symbols 321
Testing 285 ■■ Steering Wheel Controls 322
■■ Alternator Output Test 286 ■■ Voice Activation 322
■■ Minimum Required Alternator ■■ Maintenance Indicators 323
Output 286 ■■ Analog and Digital Displays 323
■■ Alternator Removal 287 ■■ Head-up Display 324
■■ Alternator Disassembly 288 ■■ Night Vision 325
■■ Testing the Rectifier 290 ■■ Electronic Displays 326
■■ Reassembling the Alternator 290 ■■ Virtual Display 327
■■ Remanufactured Alternators 291 ■■ Touch Screens 327
■■ Alternator Installation 291 ■■ Speedometers/Odometers 328
■■ Dash Gauges 330
Summary 299
■■ Navigation and GPS 331
Review Questions 299
■■ Telematics 333
Chapter Quiz 299
■■ Backup Camera 335
chapter 24 Summary 336
Review Questions 336
LIGHTING AND SIGNALING Chapter Quiz 336

CIRCUITS 301
■■ Learning Objectives 301 chapter 26
■■

■■
Key Terms 301
Lighting Systems 301
SECURITY AND ANTI-THEFT
■■ LED Lighting

■■ Bulb Numbers
302 SYSTEMS 338
304 ■■ Learning Objectives 338
■■ Brake Lights 305
■■ Turn Signals
■■ Key Terms 338
305 ■■ Vehicle Security Systems
■■ Daytime Running Lights
338
308 ■■ Immobilizer Systems
■■ Headlights
339
308 ■■ Chrysler Immobilizer System
■■ High-Intensity Discharge Headlights
341
309

C ON T EN T S xi

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 ■■ Ford PATS System 341 ■■ Adjustable Pedals 385
■■ General Motors Antitheft System 342 ■■ Folding Outside Mirrors 386
■■ Testing Immobilizer Systems 343 ■■ Keyless Entry 386
■■ Garage Door Opener 388
Summary 345 ■■ Remote Start 389
Review Questions 345
Chapter Quiz 345 Summary 390
Review Questions 390
Chapter Quiz 390
chapter 27
AIRBAG AND PRETENSIONER Chapter 29
CIRCUITS 347 ADVANCED DRIVER ASSIST
■■

■■
Learning Objectives
Key Terms 347
347
SYSTEMS (ADAS) 392
■■ Learning Objectives 392
■■ Safety Belts and Retractors 347
■■ Front Airbags 349
■■ Key Terms 392
■■ Airbag Diagnosis Tools and Equipment 353
■■ Advanced Driver Assist Systems 392
■■ Blind Spot Monitor 393
■■ Airbag System Service 355
■■ Parking-Assist Systems 394
■■ Driver Side Airbag Module Replacement 356
■■ Lane Departure Warning 395
■■ Safety When Manually Deploying Airbags 356
■■ Lane Keep Assist 395
■■ Occupant Detection Systems 357
■■ Adaptive Cruise Control 396
■■ Seat and Side Curtain Airbags 359
■■ Rear Cross-Traffic Warning (RCTW) 398
■■ Event Data Recorders 359
■■ Automatic Emergency Braking 398
Summary 360 ■■ Pre-Collision System 399
Review Questions 360 ■■ Hill Start Assist 399
Chapter Quiz 360 ■■ ADAS Diagnosis 400
■■ Camera and Radar Sensor Calibration 400
chapter 28 Summary 402

BODY ELECTRICAL Review Questions 403

Chapter Quiz 403
ACCESSORIES 362
■■ Learning Objectives 362 chapter 30
■■ Key Terms 362
■■ Horns 362 AUDIO SYSTEM OPERATION
AND DIAGNOSIS 404
■■ Horn Diagnosis 363
■■ Windshield Wipers 364
■■ Windshield Washers 366 ■■ Learning Objectives 404
■■ Rain-Sense Wipers 369 ■■ Key Terms 404
■■ Blower Motor 370 ■■ Audio Fundamentals 404
■■ Cruise Control 372 ■■ Radios and Receivers 406
■■ Heated Rear Window ■■ Antennas 406
Defoggers 373 ■■ Antenna Diagnosis 407
■■ Power Windows 375 ■■ Speakers 408
■■ Electric Power Door Locks 377 ■■ Speaker Types 410
■■ Trunk/Lift Gate Locks 380 ■■ Sound Levels 410
■■ Power Sun Roof/Moon Roof 380 ■■ Crossovers 411
■■ Sun Shades 380 ■■ Aftermarket Sound System

■■ Power Seats 381 Upgrade 411

■■ Electrically Heated Seats 383 ■■ Voice Recognition 413
■■ Heated and Cooled Seats 383 ■■ Bluetooth 413
■■ Heated Steering Wheel 384 ■■ Satellite Radio 414
■■ Heated Mirrors 385 ■■ Radio Interference 415

xii CONTENTS

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 Summary 418 appendix 2
Review Questions 418
2017 ASE Correlation Chart 423
Chapter Quiz 418

appendix 1 GLOSSARY 426

Sample Electrical (A6) ASE-Type Certification Test with
Answers 419 INDEX 438

C ON T EN T S xiii

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A01_HALD4428_06_SE_FM.indd 14 01/11/19 7:20 PM
 PREFACE
NEW TO THIS EDITION. Based on the suggestions and 10. New content on float-type battery charges and memory
recommendations from automotive instructors and reviewers, saver tool that uses a 12-volt battery to connect to the
the following changes have been made to the sixth edition: power (terminal 16) and ground (terminals 4 and 5) of the
DLC added to chapter 19 (Battery Testing and Service).
1. The number of chapters has been increased from 28 to 30
11. Stop-start and push-button start system added to
making it easier to select the exact content to study or teach.
Chapter 20 (Cranking Systems).
2. The content in each chapter has been updated and ex-
12. Cloudy headlight restoration information added to Chapter
panded with over 40 new full color photos and line draw-
24 (Lighting and Signaling Circuits).
ings to make the subject come alive.
13. Dash warning symbols (122 of them) added to Chapter 25
3. The beginning chapters are more concisely organized
(Driver Information and Navigation Systems).
making learning electrical systems easier. For example,
14. Airbag inflator sequences of inflation added to Chapter 27
the first chapter has been expanded and then divided into
(Airbags and Pretensioners).
two shorter chapters:
■■ Chapter 1—Service Information, Work Orders, and ASE CORRELATED ASE-certified programs need to dem-
Vehicle Identification onstrate that they use course material that covers ASE tasks. All
■■ Chapter 2—Tools and Safety Professional Technician textbooks have been correlated to the
4. All of the electrical accessory circuits have been expanded appropriate ASE task lists.
so that it meets all of the latest ASE tasks and then divided
into three chapters including: A COMPLETE INSTRUCTOR AND STUDENT SUPPLE­
MENTS PACKAGE All Professional Technician textbooks
■■ Chapter 26—Security and Anti-Theft Systems
are accompanied by a full set of instructor and student supple-
■■ Chapter 28—Body Electrical Accessories
ments. Please see page xvi for a detailed list of supplements.
■■ Chapter 29—Advanced Driver Assist Systems

5. New Case Studies included in this edition covering the A FOCUS ON DIAGNOSIS AND PROBLEM SOLVING
“three Cs” (Complaint, Cause, and Correction). The Professional Technician Series has been developed to
6. New OSHA hazardous chemical labeling requirements satisfy the need for a greater emphasis on problem diagno-
added to Chapter 3 (Environmental and Hazardous sis. Automotive instructors and service managers agree that
Materials). students and beginning technicians need more training in di-
7. Static electricity and lightning information added to agnostic procedures and skill development. To meet this need
Chapter 4 (Electrical Fundamentals) and demonstrate how real-world problems are solved, the Case
8. New content on three-legged and low-profile fuses, plus Study features are included throughout and highlight how real-
smart junction boxes, added to Chapter 11 (Automotive life problems are diagnosed and repaired.
Wiring and Wire Repair). The following pages highlight the unique core features that
9. Enhanced lead–acid batteries (ELA) information added to set the Professional Technician Series book apart from other
Chapter 18 (Batteries). automotive textbooks.

xv

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 IN-TEXT FEATURES

Safety T ip
chapter SERVICE INFORMATION,
1 WORK ORDERS, AND
VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION Shop Cloth Disposal
Always dispose of oily shop cloths in an enclosed
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
After studying this chapter, the reader should be able to:
Discuss the importance of vehicle owner’s manuals, service Explain vehicle identification, vehicle safety certification label,
container to prevent a fire. ● SEE FIGURE 1–69.
records, and service information. and the VECI label.
Explain the different types of service information.
Describe vehicle recalls and campaigns.
Discuss the different types of emission standards.
Explain calibration codes and casting numbers.
Whenever oily cloths are thrown together on the floor
Discuss the importance of the work order.

or workbench, a chemical reaction can occur, which

This chapter will help prepare for the Suspension and Steering
Explain why service records are important.
(A4) and Brakes (A5) ASE certification test.
Discuss the parts of a vehicle, and differentiate between
front-wheel drive and rear-wheel drive.

KEY TERMS: Campaign 2 • Country of origin 6 • Flat rate 3 • Gross axle weight rating (GAWR) 7 • Gross vehicle weight rating
can ignite the cloth even without an open flame. This
(GVWR) 7 • Model year (MY) 6 • Owner’s manual 1 • Recall 2 • Repair order (RO) 3 • Service information 2 • Technical
service bulletin (TSB) 2 • Vehicle emissions control information (VECI) 7 • Vehicle identification number (VIN) 6 • Work order 3 process of ignition without an open flame is called
OWNER’S MANUALS
spontaneous combustion.
CONTENT The owner’s manual is the instructional booklet
that comes with every new vehicle and includes important in-
formation. It has been said by many automotive professional
technicians and service advisors that the owner’s manual is not
read by many vehicle owners. Most owners’ manuals contain all

SAFETY TIPS alert students to possible hazards on the job

or most of the following information.
1. Meaning of dash symbols
2. How to reset the maintenance reminder light

and how to avoid them.

3. Specifications, including viscosity of oil needed and num-
ber of quarts (liters)
4. Tire pressures and standard, as well as optional, tire sizes
5. Maintenance schedule for all fluids, including coolant, brake
fluid, automatic transmission fluid, and differential fluid
6. How to program the remote control, as well as the power
windows and door locks FIGURE 1–1 The owner’s manual has a lot of information
7. How to reset the tire pressure monitoring system (TPMS) pertaining to the operation, as well as the maintenance and
after a tire rotation. SEE FIGURE 1–1. resetting procedures, that technicians often need.

S E R V IC E IN F O R M A T IO N , W O R K O R D E R S , A N D V E H IC L E ID E N T IF ICA TION 1
CASE STUDY

LEARNING OBJECTIVES AND KEY TERMS appear at

Lightning Damage
the beginning of each chapter to help students and instructors
focus on the most important material in each chapter. The A radio failed to work in a vehicle that was outside
chapter objectives are based on specific ASE and NATEF tasks. during a thunderstorm. The technician checked the
fuses and verified that power was reaching the radio.
Both the radio and the a ­ ntenna were replaced to
­correct the problem. ● SEE FIGURE 28–26.
TECH TIP Summary:
• Complaint—Customer stated that the radio did
It Just Takes a Second not work.
Whenever removing any automotive component, it is • Cause—Visual inspection showed an antenna that
wise to screw the bolts back into the holes a couple had been stuck by lightning.
of threads by hand. This ensures that the right bolt • Correction—Replacing the radio and the antenna
will be used in its original location when the compo- restored proper operation.
nent or part is put back on the vehicle.

CASE STUDY present students with actual automotive

TECH TIPS feature real world advice and “tricks of the scenarios and show how these common (and sometimes
trade” from ASE-certified master technicians. uncommon) problems were diagnosed and repaired.

xvi IN- TE XT FEA TUR ES

A01_HALD4428_06_SE_FM.indd 16 01/11/19 7:20 PM

 ? FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTION
HOISTING THE VEHICLE STEP BY STEP

How Many Types of Screw Heads Are Used in 1

The first step in hoisting a vehicle is to properly align
the vehicle in the center of the stall.
2
Most vehicles will be correctly positioned when the
left front tire is centered on the tire pad.
7 Position the pads under the vehicle under the
recommended locations.
8 After being sure all pads are correctly positioned,
use the electromechanical controls to raise the
vehicle.

Automotive Applications?
There are many, including Torx, hex (also called
Allen), plus many others used in custom vans and 3 The arms can be moved in and out and most pads
can be rotated to allow for many different types of
vehicle construction.
4 Most lifts are equipped with short pad extensions
that are often necessary to use to allow the pad to
contact the frame of a vehicle without causing the
9 With the vehicle raised 1 foot (30 cm) off the ground,
push down on the vehicle to check to see if it is stable
on the pads. If the vehicle rocks, lower the vehicle
and reset the pads. The vehicle can be raised to any
10 If raising a vehicle without a frame, place the
flat pads under the pinch weld seam to spread
the load. If additional clearance is necessary,
the pads can be raised as shown.
desired working level. Be sure the safety is engaged

motor homes. ● SEE FIGURE 1–9.

arm of the lift to hit and damage parts of the body.
before working on or under the vehicle.

5 Tall pad extensions can also be used to gain access

to the frame of a vehicle. This position is needed to
safely hoist many pickup trucks, vans, and sport util- 6 An additional extension may be necessary to hoist a
truck or van equipped with running boards to give the
necessary clearance. 11 When the service work is completed, the
hoist should be raised slightly and the safety
12 After lowering the vehicle, be sure all arms
of the lift are moved out of the way before

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS are based on the

released before using the hydraulic lever to driving the vehicle out of the work stall.
ity vehicles. lower the vehicle.

38 C H A P TER 2 T OOLS A ND S A F ET Y 39

author’s own experience and provide answers to many of the

most common questions asked by students and beginning
service technicians. STEP-BY-STEP photo sequences show in detail the steps
involved in performing a specific task or service procedure.

Note: Claw hammer has a claw used to remove nails;

SUMMARY
therefore, it is not for automotive service.
1. Bolts, studs, and nuts are commonly used as fasteners 7. Torque wrenches measure the amount of torque applied
in the chassis. The sizes for fractional and metric threads to a fastener.
are different and are not interchangeable. The grade is the 8. Screwdriver types include straight blade (flat tip) and
rating of the strength of a fastener.
NOTES
Phillips.
provide students with additional technical informa­ 2. Whenever a vehicle is raised above the ground, it must
be supported at a substantial section of the body or
9. Hammers and mallets come in a variety of sizes and
weights.
tion to give them a greater understanding of a specific task or frame.
3. Wrenches are available in open end, box end, and combi-
10. Pliers are a useful tool and are available in many different
types, including slip-joint, multigroove, linesman’s, diago-
procedure. nation open and box end.
4. An adjustable wrench should only be used where the
nal, needle-nose, and locking pliers.
11. Other common hand tools include snap-ring pliers, files,
proper size is not available. cutters, punches, chisels, and hacksaws.
5. Line wrenches are also called flare-nut wrenches, fitting 12. Hybrid electric vehicles should be de-powered if any of
wrenches, or tube-nut wrenches and are used to remove the high-voltage components are going to be serviced.
fuel or refrigerant lines.
6. Sockets are rotated by a ratchet or breaker bar, also

CAUTION: Do not use a screwdriver as a pry tool called a flex handle.

or chisel. Screwdrivers use hardened steel only at

the tip and are not designed to be pounded on or REVIEW QUESTIONS
used for prying because they could bend easily. 1. Why are wrenches offset 15 degrees? 4. Which type of screwdriver requires the use of a hammer

Always use the proper tool for each application. 2. What are the other names for a line wrench?
3. What are the standard automotive drive sizes for sockets?
or mallet?
5. What is inside a dead-blow hammer?

CAUTIONS alert students about potential damage to CHAPTER QUIZ

the vehicle that can occur during a specific task or service 1. The correct location for the pads when hoisting or jacking 5. Wrenches are made from _______.
procedure. the vehicle can often be found in the ______________.
a. service manual c. owner’s manual
a. cast from nickel steel
b. forged alloy steel
b. shop manual d. all of the above c. machined from billet steel
2. For the best working position, the work should be d. cast from chrome steel
______________. 6. The proper term for Channel Locks is ______________.
a. at neck or head level a. Vise Grips
b. at knee or ankle level b. crescent wrench
c. overhead by about 1 foot c. locking pliers
WARNING d. at chest or elbow level d. multigroove adjustable pliers
3. A high-strength bolt is identified by ______________. 7. The proper term for Vise Grips is ______________.
a. a UNC symbol a. locking pliers
b. lines on the head b. slip-joint pliers
c. strength letter codes c. side cuts
Do not use incandescent trouble lights around gaso- d. the coarse threads
4. A fastener that uses threads on both ends is called a
d. multigroove adjustable pliers

line or other flammable liquids. The liquids can cause ______________.

a. cap screw c. machine screw

the bulb to break and the hot filament can ignite the b. stud d. crest fastener

flammable liquid, which can cause personal injury or

even death.
40 CHA P T ER 2

THE SUMMARY, REVIEW QUESTIONS, AND CHAPTER

WARNINGS alert students about potential dangers to
themselves during a specific task or service procedure.
QUIZ at the end of each chapter help students review the
material presented in the chapter and test themselves to see
how much they’ve learned.

I N -TEXT F EA T U RES xvii

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 SUPPLEMENTS

RESOURCES IN PRINT AND ONLINE

Automotive Electricity and Electronics
NAME OF SUPPLEMENT PRINT ONLINE AUDIENCE DESCRIPTION
Instructor ✔ Instructors NEW! The Ultimate teaching aid: Chapter sum-
Resource Manual maries, key terms, chapter learning objectives,
0135764394 lecture resources, ­discuss/demonstrate class-
room ­activities, and answers to the in-text
review and quiz questions.
TestGen ✔ Instructors Test generation software and test bank for
0135764580 the text.
PowerPoint ✔ Instructors Slides include chapter learning objectives,
Presentation lecture outline of the text, and graphics from
0135764475 the book.
Image Bank ✔ Instructors All of the images and graphs from the text-
0135764467 book to create customized lecture slides.
ASE Correlated ✔ Instructors Downloadable ASE task sheets for easy
Task Sheets—for customization and development of unique
Instructors task sheets.
0135764602
ASE Correlated ✔ Students Study activity manual that correlates
Task Sheets—for ASE Automobile Standards to chapters and
Students pages numbers in the text. Available to stu-
0135764564 dents at a discounted price when packaged
with the text.
VitalSource eText ✔ Students An alternative to purchasing the print text-
0134074890 book, students can subscribe to the same
content online and save up to 50% off the
suggested list price of the print text. Visit
www.vitalsource.com
All online resources can be downloaded from the Instructor’s Resource Center: www.pearsonhighered.com/irc

xviii ACKNOW LEDG M ENTS

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
A large number of people and organizations have cooperated in Paul Hidy
providing the reference material and technical information used Solano Community College
in this text. The author wishes to express sincere thanks to the Betsy Hoffman
following for their special contributions: Vermont Technical College
Richard Krieger
ASE Michigan Institute of Technology
Automotion, Inc. Steven T. Lee
Automotive Parts Rebuilders Association (APRA) Lincoln Technical Institute
Dr. John Kershaw, Criterion Technical Education Carlton H. Mabe, Sr.
Consultants Virginia Western Community College
Dave Scaler, Mechanics Education Association Roy Marks
Graphic Home Owens Community College
Jeff Trick, Wright State University Tony Martin
John Thornton, Autotrain Inc. University of Alaska Southeast
Mark Warren, Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Kerry Meier
Tom Birch, Toyota Motor Sales, USA, Inc. San Juan College
Wurth USA, Inc. Jim Morton
Automotive Training Center (ATC)
Fritz Peacock
TECHNICAL AND CONTENT REVIEWERS The following Indiana Vocational Technical College
people reviewed the past and current edition’s manuscripts be-
Greg Pfahl
fore production and checked them for technical accuracy and
Miami-Jacobs Career College
clarity of presentation. Their suggestions and recommendations
Dennis Peter
were included in the final draft of the manuscript. Their input
NAIT (Canada)
helped make this textbook clear and technically accurate while
Kenneth Redick
maintaining the easy-to-read style that has made other books
Hudson Valley Community College
from the same author so popular.
Douglas Redman
College of the Desert
Jim Anderson
Jeff Rehkopf
Greenville High School
Florida State College
Brett Baird
Steve Scheuler
Salt Lake Community College
State Technical College of Missouri
Tyler Boyles
John Skupien
Illinois Eastern Community College
Rock Valley College
Victor Bridges
Mark Spisak
Umpqua Community College
Central Piedmont Community College
Dr. Roger Donovan
Mitchell Walker
Illinois Central College
St. Louis Community College at Forest Park
C. Durdin
Jennifer Wise
Moraine Park Technical College
Sinclair Community College
Gerry Egan
Wake Tech Community College Special thanks to instructional designer Alexis I. Skriloff James.
Al Engledahl
College of Dupage The author wishes to thank Chuck Taylor of Sinclair Community
Aaron Gregory College in Dayton, Ohio, and Jeff Trick, who helped with many
Merced College of the photos. A special thanks to Carl Borsani for his help with
Larry Hagelberger many of the new figures used in this edition. Most of all, I wish
Upper Valley Joint Vocational School to thank Michelle Halderman for her assistance in all phases of
Oldrick Hajzler manuscript preparation.
Red River College —James D. Halderman

ABO U T T H E A U T H OR xix

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 ABOUT THE AUTHOR
JIM HALDERMAN brings a world of experience, knowledge,
and talent to his work. His automotive service experience
includes working as a flat-rate technician, a business owner,
and a professor of automotive technology at a leading U.S.
community college for more than 20 years.
He has a Bachelor of Science Degree from Ohio Northern
University and a Masters Degree in Education from Miami
University in Oxford, Ohio. Jim also holds a U.S. Patent for an elec-
tronic transmission control device. He is an ASE-certified Master
Automotive Technician (A1–A8), plus A9, F1, G1, L1 and L3).
Jim is the author of many automotive textbooks, all
­published by Pearson Education.
He has presented numerous technical seminars to national
audiences including the California Automotive Teachers (CAT)
and the Illinois College Automotive Instructor Association (ICAIA).
He is also a member and presenter at the North American Council
of Automotive Teachers (NACAT). Jim was also named Regional
Teacher of the Year by General Motors Corporation and a mem-
ber of the advisory committee for the department of technology at
Ohio Northern University and named MVP at the North American
Council of Automotive Teachers (NACAT) conference in 2013.
Jim and his wife, Michelle, live in Dayton, Ohio. They have
two children. You can reach Jim at

jim@jameshalderman.com

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 AUTOMOTIVE
ELECTRICITY AND
ELECTRONICS

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