Pressure

 Pressure
 Liquid Pressure
 Density and Relative density
 Pascal’s law
 Upthrust
 Archimedes' principle
 Law of floatation
 Atmospheric Pressure
 Pressure
Pressure:
The force acing per unit area normally is called pressure.
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 (𝐹)
Pressure =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎(𝐴)
𝐹
P=
𝐴 A
𝐹 (𝑁𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛)
SI unit Pressure =
𝐴(𝑚2 )
= Nm-2
= Pascal
One pascal: When 1N force is applied over an area 1 m2 normally
then the pressure is said to be one Pascal

Factors affecting Pressure

 Force (P  F) {Pressure is directly proportional to force applied}
1
 Area (P  ) {Pressure is Inversely proportional to Area}
𝐴
 Pressure
Liquid Pressure:
The pressure exerted by the liquid is called liquid pressure.
Prove that: P = h.d.g
Let us suppose,
Density of liquid = d
Height of liquid = h
Acceleration due to gravity = g
Cross section area of vessel = A
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 (𝐹)
We know, Pressure = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎(𝐴) h
𝑚𝑥𝑔 d
= (Force = m x g)
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑑𝑥𝑉𝑥𝑔
= (Mass = d x V)
𝐴
𝑑𝑥𝐴𝑥ℎ𝑥𝑔
A
= (Volume = A x h)
𝐴

= dgh
⸫ P = dgh Proved.
 Liquid Pressure
Factors affecting Liquid Pressure:
 Height of liquid (P  h) {liquid Pressure is directly proportional to height of liquid}
 Density of liquid (P  d) {liquid Pressure is directly proportional to Density of liquid}
 Acceleration due to gravity (P  g) {liquid Pressure is directly proportional to Acceleration due to
gravity}
Give reasons:
 The walls of dam are made thick and strong at the bottom than on upper part.
 Deep sea divers wear special protective suits.
 The bucket of water is filled faster from the tab at ground floor than from the tab at upper floor.
 It is dangerous to have a hole on bottom of boat than on upper part.
 Water tanks are kept on the roof of house.
 The size of air bubbles increases as it rises up in the water.
 The walls of dam are made thick and strong at the bottom than on upper part, why?
 Dams are made to stop and collect the water in river or lakes. As we know that liquid
pressure is directly proportional to the depth of liquid (Ph) so as the depth of water
increases, the pressure exerted by the liquid also increases. Hence water exerts more
pressure on the bottom of dam therefore, to hold the extreme pressure of water at the
bottom, the walls of dam are made thick and strong at the bottom than on upper part
 Deep sea divers wear special protective suits.
Liquid Pressure
 Liquid pressure is directly proportional to the depth of liquid, so as we go deep inside
the sea or ocean the pressure exerted by the water increase hence to protect from the
high pressure exerted by the water in the deep sea, the divers wear special protective
suits.
 The bucket of water is filled faster from the tab at ground floor than from the tab at
upper floor.
 Liquid pressure is directly proportional to the height of liquid and the height of tap at
ground floor is more than the tap at upper it is measured from the water tank kept at the
roof of building so the water comes with high pressure and speed at the tap at ground
floor therefore the bucket of water is filled faster from the tap at ground than that from
the upper floor.
 It is dangerous to have a hole on bottom of boat than on upper part.
 Liquid pressure is directly proportional to the depth of liquid and the depth of hole at
bottom is more than that on the side of boat so water enters into the boat with more
pressure and speed through the hole at bottom than from the hole at side and hence the
boat may filled faster therefore it is dangerous to have the hole on the bottom of boat
than on the side.
 Liquid Pressure
 Water tanks are kept on the roof of house.
 Liquid pressure is directly proportional to the depth of liquid so to
increase the pressure of water on the taps the water tanks are kept
on the top of house that is roof and also if they are kept on the
ground the water will not rise up to the taps due to gravity.
 The size of air bubbles increases as it rises up in the water.
 Liquid pressure is directly proportional to the depth of liquid so as
the depth of water decreases the pressure exerted by the water
decreases. Water exerts more pressure on the depth so gas was
compressed and the size of air bubble was small but as the bubble
rises up, pressure exerted by water decreases and air expands
therefore the size of air bubble increases as it rises up in water.
 Liquid Pressure
Example 1:
Calculate the pressure exerted by the water on the bottom of pond
whose depth is 5m. (Density of water = 1000 kg/m3)
Solution,
Height of water = h = 5 m
Density of water = d = 1000 kg/m3
Acceleration due to gravity = g = 9.8 m/s2
Pressure exerted by the water on the bottom of pond
P = d.h.g
= 1000 x 5 x 9.8
= 49000 Pascal
Therefore the pressure exerted by the water on the bottom
of pond = 49000 Pascal
 Liquid Pressure
Example 2:
The pressure exerted by the water on the tap at ground floor of a multi floor building
is 147 kilopascal. Calculate the height of water tank from the tap at ground floor.
(Density of water = 1000 kg/m3)
Solution,
Height of water tank from tap = h = ?
Density of water = 1000 kg/m3
Acceleration due to gravity = g = 9.8 m/s2
Pressure exerted by the water on the tap = 147 kilopascal
= 147 x 1000 p
=147000 Pascal
Now, P = d.g.h
or, 147000 = 1000 x 9.8 x h
or, 147000 = 9800 x h
147000
or, h=
9800
⸫ h = 15 m
Therefore height of water tank from the tap at ground floor = 15 m
Density and Relative Density
Density: The density of a substance is defined as the mass of substance per unit
volume.
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Density of substance =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑚
or, d=
𝑉
SI unit of density of substance = kgm-3
CGS unit of density = gm/cm3
Substance Density
Water 1000 kgm-3 1 gm/cm3
Mercury 13600 kgm-3 13.6 gm/cm3
Iron 7860 kgm-3 7.86 gm/cm3

Relative Density: Relative density of a substance is defined as the ratio of density

of substance to the density of water at 4oC.
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Relative density = 𝑜
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡 4 𝐶
It has no unit.
 The relative density of iron is 7.86, what do you mean by it?
 The relative density of iron is 7.86, it means that the density of iron is 7.86
times more than that of water.
Pascal’s Law
Pascal’s Law:
“Liquid pressure is transmitted equally and normally in all
direction in an enclosed vessel.”
or, “When pressure is applied to the liquid enclosed in a
vessel then pressure is transmitted equally and normally in all
direction”

Let, us suppose two cylindrical vessel A and B consists of friction

less piston connected with a pipe
Force applied on Piston A = F1 N
Force applied on Piston B = F2 N
Cross section area of Piston A = A1 m2
Cross section area of Piston B = A2 m2
Then, by Pascal’s law
Pressure on piston A = Pressure on piston B
or, P1 = P2
𝐹1 𝐹2
or, =
𝐴1 𝐴2
Pascal’s Law
Application of Pascal’s law:
• Hydraulic Press
• Hydraulic Brakes
• Hydraulic Lift

 What is hydraulic machine?

 The machine that are used to multiply the force based on
pascal’s law.

 Why liquid is used in hydraulic machines? Give two reasons.

 Liquid is used in hydraulic machines because
a. Liquids are incompressible
b. Liquids transmits pressure equally and normally in all
direction.

 What is the function of liquid in the hydraulic machine to

multiply the force?
 The function of liquid in the hydraulic machine to multiply the
force is to transmit pressure equally and normally in all
direction.
Pascal’s Law
Example 3:
If the cross sectional area of of narrow cylinder is 40 cm2 and wider
cylinder is 4 m2, what load is necessary on the piston B to balance 600 N
load kept on piston A?
Solution,
Force applied on Piston A = F1 = 600 N
Force applied on Piston B = F2 = ?
Cross section area of Piston A = A1 = 40 cm2
40
= (1 m2 = 10000 cm2)
10000
= 0.004 m2
Cross section area of Piston B = A2 = 4 m2
Then, by Pascal’s law
Pressure on piston A = Pressure on piston B
or, P1 = P2
𝐹1 𝐹2
or, =
𝐴1 𝐴2
Pascal’s Law
600 𝐹2
or, =
0.004 4
600
or, x 4 = 𝐹2
0.004
or, 𝐹2 = 600000 N
Therefore the force on piston B = 𝐹2 = 600000 N

Example 4:
In a hydraulic press, the cross section area of small cylinder is 80 cm2
and that of the big cylinder is 8m2. calculate the effort applied on small
cylinder to the lift the load of 60,000 N on the big cylinder.
Solution,
Force applied on Small Piston = F1 = ?
Force applied on big Piston = F2 = 60,000 N
Cross section area of small Piston = A1 = 80 cm2
80
= (1 m2 = 10000 cm2)
10000
= 0.008 m2
Pascal’s Law
Cross section area of big Piston = A2 = 8 m2
Then, by Pascal’s law
Pressure on piston A = Pressure on piston B
or, P1 = P2
𝐹1 𝐹2
or, =
𝐴1 𝐴2
𝐹1 60000
or, =
0.008 8
60000
or, 𝐹1 = x 0.008
8
or, 𝐹2 = 60 N
Therefore the force on Small piston = 𝐹1 = 60 N
 In a hydraulic press, the cross section area of small cylinder is 96 cm2
and that of the big cylinder is 12 m2. calculate the effort applied on
small cylinder to the lift the load of 120,000 N on the big cylinder.
 If the pistons A, B and C of apparatus given in the diagram are supposed to be friction
less, what is the area of piston B? what force is exerted on piston C?
 Pascal’s Law
In a hydraulic press, the cross section area of small cylinder is 96 cm2 and that of
the big cylinder is 12 m2. calculate the effort applied on small cylinder to the lift
the load of 120,000 N on the big cylinder.
Solution
Area of small piston = A1 = 96 cm2
= 96/10000 (1m2 = 10000 cm2)
= 0.0096 m2
Force of Small piston = F1 =?
Area of Large piston = A2 = 12 m2
Force of Small piston = F2 = 120000 Pascal
By Pascal's law
Pressure on small piston = pressure on large piston
𝐹1 𝐹
= 2
𝐴1 𝐴2
𝐹1 12000
or, =
0.0096 12
or, F1 = 1000 x 0.0096
or, F1 = 9.6 N

Therefore the force on small piston = 9.6 N

 If the pistons A, B and C of apparatus given in the diagram are supposed to be friction less, what
is the area of piston B? what force is exerted on piston C?
Solution
Piston A
Area = A1 = 20 cm2 = 20/10000 = 0.002 m2
Force = F1 = 250 N
Taking first and second ratio,
𝐹1 𝐹2
Piston B =
Area = A2 = 10 cm2 = 10/10000 = 0.001 m2 𝐴1 𝐴2
250 𝐹2
Force = F2 =? or, =
0.002 0.001

Piston C or, 125000 x 0.001 = F2

Area = A3 =? F2 = 125 N
Force = F3 = 375 N
By Pascal's law Taking second and third ratio
P1 = P2 = P3 𝐹2
=
𝐹3
𝐹1 𝐹2 𝐹3 𝐴2 𝐴3
𝐴
= 𝐴
= 𝐴 125 375
1 2 3 Or, =
0.001 𝐴3
375 𝑥 0.001
or, 𝐴3 =
125
or, 𝐴3 = 0.003 m2

Force on piston B = F2 = 125 N

Area of Piston C = 𝐴3 = 0.003 m2