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JULIUS NYERERE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE HONOURS DEGREE IN PSYCHOLOGY

LEVEL 2 SEMESTER 1

EXAMINATION QUESTION PAPER

MODULE CODE : PSYH212

MODULE NARRATION : CHILD DEVELOPMENT

DATE : 2021

DURATION : 3 HOURS

INSTRUCTION TO CANDIDATES:

1. Answer all questions in sections A and B.

2. Choose one question in section C.

3. Marks are indicated against each section.

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SECTION A (40 MARKS)

1. Phonological awareness refers to the ability to

(a) reflect and manipulate the sound structure (b) speak fluently and accurately

(c) know, understand and write (d) master the rules of grammar

2. Girls students

(a) learn questions on mathematics well but face difficulty only when they are asked to
reason them out

(b) are as good in mathematics as boys of their age

(c) perform less competently in spatial concepts than boys of their age

(d) possess more linguistic and musical abilities

3. Fluency, elaboration originality and flexibility are the factors associated with

(a) giftedness (b) talent (c) divergent thinking (d) acceleration

4. According to the theory of social learning of Albert Bandura, which of the following is
true?

(a) Play is essential and should be given priority in school.

(b) Modelling is a principal way for children to learn

(c) An unresolved crisis can harm a child.

(d) Cognitive development is independent of social development

5. Deductive reasoning involves

(a) reasoning from general to particular (b) reasoning from particular to general

(c) active construction and reconstruction of knowledge

(d) methods including inquiry learning and heuristics

6. When children learn a concept and use it, practice helps in reducing the errors committed
by them. This idea was given by

(a) E.L. Thorndike (b) Jean Piaget (c) J.B. Watson (d) Lev Vygotsky

7. Which of the following skill is associated with emotional intelligence?

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(a) Memorising (b) Motor processing (c) Envisaging (d) Empathising

8. Understanding Human Growth and Development enables a teacher to

(a) gain control of learners' emotions while teaching.

(b) be clear about teaching diverse learners.

(c) tell students how they can improve their lives.

(d) practice her teaching in an unbiased way.

9. Which one of the following is true about the role of heredity and environment in the
development of a child?

(a) The relative contributions of peers and genes are not additive.

(b) Heredity and environment do not operate together.

(c) Propensity is related to environment while actual development requires heredity.

(d) Both heredity and environment contribute 50% each in the development of a child.

10. Socialization is

(a) Rapport between teacher and taught (b) Process of modernization of society

(c) Adaptation of social norms (d) Change in social norms

11. Nyasha has learned to eat rice and soup with her hand. When she is given soup and rice,
she mixes rice and soup and starts eating. She has _______ eating rice and soup into her
schema for doing things.

(a) Accommodated (b) Assimilated (c) Appropriated (d) Initiated

12. Human personality is the result of

(a) interaction between heredity and environment (b) only environment

(c) only heredity (d) upbringing and education

13. Individual attention is important in the teaching - learning process because

(a) teacher training programmes prescribe it

(b) it offers better opportunities to teachers to discipline each learner

(c) children develop at different rates and learn differently

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(d) learners always learn better in groups

14. When a child gets bored while doing a task, it is a sign that

(a) the child is not intelligent (b) the child is not capable of learning

(c) the child needs to be disciplined (d) the task may have become mechanically repetitive

15. Toy age refers to

A. Early Childhood B. Late Childhood C. Babyhood D. All of these

16. Which of the following statement is not appropriate to motivation as a process

A. It causes a person to move towards a goal

B. It satisfies the person's biological needs

C. It helps in achieving a psychological ambition

D. It keeps away from an unpleasant situation

17. A child writes with his / her left hand and is comfortable doing things with it, she / he
should be -
A. Discouraged B. Made to write with the left hand

C. Allow his preference D. Send to seek medical help

18. Which of the following is NOT a sign of 'being gifted' ?
A. Curiosity B. Creativity C. Poor relationship with peers D. Interest in extra reading
19. Language of word is not necessary for
A. Imaginative Thinking B. Conceptual Thinking

C. Associative Thinking D. Perceptual Thinking

20. The preference by young children to play with children of the same gender is called:

A. Gender self-segregation B. Gender stereotyping

C. Fantasy play D. Sex-chromosome linked

21. In the fantasy play of early child, we see the ability to understand:

A. Institutional roles B. Conventional characters

C. Conservation of solids and liquids D. All the logical possibilities of a situation

22. When young children talk about how they are playing, they are:
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A. Metacommunicating B. Playing C. Fantasizing D. Arguing

23. Early childhood is a time of ____ , while middle childhood is a stage of ___

A. Sociodramatic play; games with rules B. Games with rules; sociodramatic play

C. Sociodramatic play and games with rules; going to school

D. Sociodramatic play; more complex sociodramatic play

24. There are systematic differences in the ways young boys and young girls engage in
fantasy play:

A. Yes B. No

25. The distinction between appearance and reality is drawn for the first time in which stage
of psychological development?

A. Infancy B. Toddlerhood C. Early childhood D. Middle childhood

26. Which psychologist described play as an activity in which young children impose
constraints on themselves?

A. Vygotsky B. Piaget C. Skinner D. G. Stanley Hall

27. For Piaget, play involves:

A. the primacy of assimilation over accommodation

B. The primacy of accommodation over assimilation

C. A balance of accommodation and assimilation

D. Neither accommodation nor assimilation

28. For Piaget, when a young child plays, this indicates:

A. Failure of adaptation to reality B. The creation of reality

C. An opportunity for the development of imagination

D. The imposition of constraints on oneself

29. How do the Shona people (in Zimbabwe) view young children’s play?

A. Natural but with little function B. Unnatural, something to be discouraged

C. Natural and crucial for children’s development D. Unnatural, but unavoidable

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30. Cross-cultural studies of young children’s play suggest that in its structure and function
such play is:

A. Neither inevitable nor universal B. Inevitable and universal

C. Inevitable, but not universal C. Universal, but not inevitable

31. A film such as Toy Story illustrates:

A. How the modern media industry targets and colonizes the imagination of young children

B. The techniques that turn young children into consumers

C. The way films are designed to appeal to a young audience D. All of the above

32. Attitudes and rules about behavior in preschool vary greatly from society to society. In
Zimbabwe, for example, preschool teachers are more likely to believe that:

A. Large classes provide young children with valuable peer interaction

B. Small classes provide young children with individualized attention

C. Being smart has no relation to being well-behaved

D. Teachers should always intervene when there is conflict among the children

33. Every cell at the 8-cell stage of division of the zygote has the capacity to differentiate into
any of the different types of cell in the body. We say that such cells are:

A. Totipotent B. Multilineal C. In meiosis C. Holistic

34. An oocyte will normally contain 23 chromosomes.

A. True B. False

35. A zygote will normally contain 23 chromosomes.

A. True B. False

36. The combination of sex chromosomes known as XY will generally lead to:

A. A male baby B. A female baby

37. What is the worldwide rate of infant mortality today?

A. 45 deaths per 1000 births B. 2 per 1000 C. 200 per 1000 D. 340 per 1000

38. What have been the main factors in reducing infant mortality?
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A. Sanitation and health care B. Birth control

C. Parental expectations D. Genetic evolution

39. Which is most helpless at birth?

A. A human baby B. A puppy C. A lizard D. A kitten

40. Newborns can distinguish the phonemes of the language their caregivers speak.

A. True B. False

SECTION B (60 MARKS)

1. Name four birth control methods. (4)
2. What are the stages of embryonic development? (5)
3. What are the five stages of psychosexual development in children? (5)
4. List Piaget's four stages of intellectual (or cognitive) development. (4)
5. Name the advantages of teaching sex education at school. (3)
6. What are the disadvantages of daycare centers on child development? (3)
7. List five teratogens that affect the unborn baby. (5)
8. What are the four methods of giving birth? (4)
9. List four benefits of play to children’s development? (4)
10. List the five systems that facilitate child development according to Bronfenbrenner’s
(1974) ecological model. (5)
11. What are the main theories of child development? (4)
12. What are the indicators of emotional development? (5)
13. List Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development that relate to child development.
(4)
14. What are the stages of embryonic development? (5)

SECTION C (100 MARKS)

1. Explore the importance of play in the development of children.

2. Sex education should be a part of the school curriculum. Discuss