F PHYSICS PRACTICALS PAGENO.| DATE | SIGN LisT 01 SR.NO. NAME OF EXPERIMENTS | | | SPRING MASS OSCILLATOR 4 Sof) SURFACE TENSION NEWTON'S LAW OF COOLING SONOMETER I LAW OF LENGTH SONOMETER II LAW OF TENSION RESONANCE TUBE >. CURRENT SENSITIVITY METER BRIDGE RESISTANCE OF GALVANOMETER BY %. | KELVIN'S METHOD 6. | E,/E, USING POTENTIONMETER | INTERNAL RESISTANCE OF CELL 2 |p,/p, BY SUSPENSION METHOD CHARACTERISTICS OF ZENER DIODE 33 |a/o2/2\ 4. STUDY OF LOGIC GATES 5. | CHARACTERISTICS OF TRANSISTOR | LIST OF ACTIVITIES i CLO DETERGENT ON SURFACE | 19.6 [1s/3)—] 2 | SECONDS PENDULUM | MELDE'S EXPERIMENT FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF \ ou | LOSS OF HEAT OF LIQUID DIFFRACTION HOUSEHOLD CIRCUIT (0 |te}s/ay VARIATION OF POTENTIAL DROP 130 USE OF MULTIMETER 13 Me) 194 s LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR \32 QUESTIONS SLIPS FOR PRACTICAL EXAMINATION - 151 genis by B. L. Worsnop & Flint PART-A To find force constant (K) & (P-F) vipport and attach the hanger with pointer at its lower spiemoxs tothe homger so thal the springs stretched fo about triple ofthe unstreiche +, nam of the spring wil be free from each other Tmrahed to the spring (M) and also note down the reading (S,) i. € rn the scale according to position of the pointer. eatt of $0g inthe hanger and note the position of the pointer say S: Repeat abel ‘of 50g. (m is more than M.) the procedure twice by adding weights in ste vsove weights from the hanger ond bring the pointer to its mean position Take three readings by reducing weights in steps of 50g. (m less than M) ne the extension (S, - S)= x in each case. eee ph of F against x and determine slope of the graph. Slope of the graph is force Tate the potential energy {72} for each value of extension x and plot the graph of potential energy against extension x. PART-- B To find mass of the spring m, put suitable weights in the hanger and determine the time to complete 20 oscillations by using stop watch, Repeat this step two times, hence calculate mean time (1) for 20 oscillations. culate the periodic time (T), Note down the next four observations by changing the mass in steps of 50g. Find the time for 20 oscillations in each case. Where, total mass M (mass of the hanger + mass kept in the Determine mean time (1) in each case. Calculate periodic time (T) for each mass. 4) Plot the groph of T? against M and hence find the mass of the spring m, Observations PART-A_ To determine force constant (k) and Potential Energy (PED: Mass of the hanger (m,) = SBD. g Mass attached to the hanger = m, = 1S.0.g, so that spring gets stretched to about triple of its unstretched length. Therefore total mass attached M-= (m, + m,) =6S0 9. Position of the pointer when the spring is stretched to about triple of the unstretched length S, 2%... om.Observations ee par -B To determine te pt 9 1. Mass ofthe hanger (,) = 2) Least count ofthe stop watch = “Time Tor 20 osetition © = d4ene... dynelem. | | | fear. let Shope. Sees | Re) | 2 loo-So_ ae So Qs = — 14:28roeat A graph of P.E. A graph of F against * ( pe iKx* Fw!) x k=Islope 1 ee ec aaa xe Ay xintercept Result 1. Force constant ofthe given spring (K) = --e1*49.0.0....m0- dyne / em 2. Mass of the given spring (m,) from the graph of T?against M= 9 3. The graph shows that potential energy of oscillator changes with distance x from equilibrium. ‘The nature of graph is parabolic. - Precautions 1. Record the mean position of the pointer carefully. 2. Oscillations ofthe spring mass oscillator should be in a vertical plane, 3. The pointer should move freely over the scale such that it should not touch the scale, 4, Spiral spring should not be stretched beyond the elastic limit. . —_B_1 whet ae deed ce” aposciiatie® that sed cecillation 18 Rene: A _dompe rasan Pro ndvulwe for.eq.> cbwinging Pe i A weight on.o. Spring 2. Define linear S. H.M.2 cen een [inears GHM 18. said. to.be sthe.SiP aa i 1 of. the oscillatory motion. un.tohs AAtiocs wohen displaced. frond its... aban Sik. Sscillates'to & Pros! abeus MEAL Pests restoring force Is..alo: climecte eoLons i Position Ib its. mmegnitude...cohieh 1s ele —Hwna) to.the..ddsplacement Frock. M proportion... 3. Whot are forced oscillations? forced oscillations. cocurs.cohen.an. Oscillohng en is....Axiwen....b: ae pesiodic. Force...that |s extetnal..in.Ehe..oSe, stem... To.Such Gane. the oscillator... as pay £0... mavx- Prequency...ip.= to /2T..aP...dhe deinen g Sarce 4. Define force constant A. constant. force. 8 one pe oP force effect thot stimulus be..Usedl...i.19 5 Fone. Feedback onstont..force...40, arc 2... constant Per: Weu.0. red fPusection a.iH Ao | oe mi mT oe ' ‘i ae 7 We La | ee 6h i oY | Hee eC ae a i anorte nave 19 58H ty ma etn srature decrease. c ss of heat implies * per «without wooden BOX los using thermometer, experiment m temperature) PY +5 to 80°C upto — 751 ; Procedure Heat the Note down woter in water bath whe temperature of neter with hot ware pis well insid 175° to fe surrounding (F00" 9 about of its capacity je the 0°C above Sry a the room temperature. oe ct ¢ which is about 1 3. Fill the thimble © start the stop watch. emperature a nber of read re (0, about 40°C. Draw smooth curve through fer every minutes pa Jings till temps er falls +) against time 5 aa yerature of wat 9. Plot the graph of surrounding Hence 10. Plot « graph of rate of cooling against ‘excess temperature above the Jaw of cooling. verify Newton's Observations 1. Least count of stop wate Least count of thermometer 3. Temperature of the surrounding (8, Observation Table (1): af rae Temperature of | Ob.| Timein min ‘Temperature of No. ~ water *C No. water °C 0 _O min ae 16 i= eer 7 \ 3 2 min 18 nee z x 6 4 if coi oe 19 1 3 | 4 min Ey [20 i Siceminnes SS 21 | 20 1 a 6_min. Sais 2 5 z | ee ES a a -| & mio Gog 24 ed a ea, + Mienine leq a0) (25 [a4 = gee 126 | oc 3 ieee ome 27) | 2 | as Sage t 4c 28 a T 10. 4c 29 : 15 “4 14 maint ay 30 5 4Graph of Temperature vs: Time Groph FAISAL Seale X Y | (Normal co} 20} Tangent 0.0) ne in) ~ Graph oF (0) 9/ dt) versus © ee | Seale Graph of (40/ di) versus(@-9) Observation Table From cooling carve (I!) -- (Room temp.) _ Obs. No, Temp °C jae * ESES SAN Ne g pov boa | an = 3 os as a aS 39 O1Ers | iW 5 36.4 ee || $4pwn N Iu is ka lew av the tory yo fons steer Pert inh become rn i. rough origin Newton’ | arvight tne, Posin ! . Ja well inside the water I cin wah be ‘at tows of heat du So insulation 10 0 x} eontinilly (@uesom 50°C inthe first S min (Ans. 43°C). nt and 54°C in the ne surrounding rat well be the temperature 0 iD) f so \ sao) nd ia K(SBat 4S rks on icecream out of the frezer,ketp at + 18°C. outside it is 328C After one min scam hos warmed to -8°C what isthe temperature of the icecream ofter five minutes J is.detined.as.the awerage. 3e7.Unit..tlme.....abtoined uj distance... eraveetl ed bythe en ge Newt ow of cooing. wit its expeson es form of specific heat ecoton's..laco.at...cao S$ ees th, 7 { 0 : ak..the.aat heat loss a a,bedly is mapomtiono.) t 4 Ourserence..|.0 em re. ny Rete eet ne maniee bet.the.body Remark and sign of teacher| | - t SSS : 4 peasant a: = Ty ee g t § ae y rel } Aofteacher_| Sign|_ ign of teacher | é ae i Tha pe re kuln ies oes isthe vibrating length ofthe wire wm vibrating length (€) der of frequency. No, which mq ond find meat ts with decreasing 0” -y-axis) against frequency n on X on ( Pet grep of OPTS from the orb and coleuatons Determine unknown FE wire using mean né. omervations ee eet oe 2500. « 980 dyne. cpplied to the wire T= 2 Frequency of tuning fork 5. | ‘Vibrating length of the wire oo nHz “2 7 5Sign of teacher D)| n “a(H,) ee £043: 25 constant, when T and m are kept constant, Herce law of length is f vibrations of wire is straight verified. 2 The graph of reciprocal of vibrating length against frequency o line. Hence n & 1 5. Unknown frequesey of tuning fork by calculation n= 29.3: Ha 4 Unknown frequency of tuning fork by graph n’ =2.%8.04. Hz Precautions 1. Place the paper rider mid — way between knife edges. 2. Paper rider should be light and dry. 3. Strike tuning fork on the rubber pad gently. 4, Place the stem of the vibrating tuning fork gently on the sonometer box. Measure the distances between the knife-edges accurately. 1. Stote the law of length of vibrating string. 4 The fundamental, Prequency of.uilkimations.oh.a Streithed..String..i.s.inversay oportionos £0 Vibrating fora phe Rdawind QD.ONBAS..P.em unit ength..ade..Kept..constont s. 2. Whot is fundamental mode of vibration? Harmonics. the... Simpleat.rrOcmoal..moode cOhene Dae. str q...ViDWL..9.0ME.]O0P..S..ASI4s Called... a. Jundamento...r90d..af..vibrohieearibe i. ho ajc 4 ry beet DO ben irr hnt tt é CE ashe / Wh foreed vibrations’? 4. What is fre ae Forced. vibtadlon.:i.5..c ge Be applird in wWhICh..o. Foret jscp 4 nechanicod...2y5. ‘ bac Foree 4 Ciena is wa hen. ax ae | O41N.9. Fane.0.,..07¢ (EHO MS... AD p Bech oyennaors stern be Explain why holes are kept on one side of Sonometer box? The holes in the Sonometre Beek Bgucte BCA. Sa tha 0/ ip bras:| tusnid, © TOD. S “ema Re of insid Ost the... song ometen Be tne Remark and sign of teachertength of WiFe- TAKE on tength (6) he wire. NotNe 1 Sign of teacherResult 1, As = constant, when n and m are kept constant. The law of tension is verified. 4, The graph of F ageinst Tis stoight line «. Tae Hence law of tension is verified. 3 4 precautions 1, Wire shou! Keep the paper rider at the mid point of knife ‘The stem of tuning fork should rest on the sonometer box. sirke the tuning fork on the rubber pad gentl sjote the second law of vibrating sting see Sewund .. ReAUC EA, OY... String, AAA oAmost Some. Rarag 104... Enea. Od etl nee LOIS Ww Cane..aF iRamb tin 4... Be) OG): ‘Unknown mass by calculation = Unknown mass by graph = Id be free form kinks and of uniform cross seation. ges. 3) Why do we keep frequency constant instead of keeping vibrating length constant © verify secon law of vibrating string? (aan ot lengths.of Cundansental Pneg uanay oP.v bration b4..cu.. Strutt ined ... MAg,.COO. rowens lly pew petional Eo.its..vibmeting..lengtb 3. How many nodes and antinodes are formed when the wire vibrates in fundamental mode? Tea o Ro des....27. One aunt.ne! Lb ESE 8 Sil erat lin. Pundamental, mode des Rermed..caken Remark and sign of teacher +4 fen 5. am 7, Rai the 8, Meosu range the ise the ‘ir column is vibrating i resonance tube using meter scale 9. Repeat the procedure ond measut calculate mean length (£) 10, Set the next tuning fork into vibrations, hol ja slowly from the previous position till resonance is obtained Immerse the resonance tube in the plastic jar il ith of the air column is minimum. tuning forks in descending order of frequency. Sarke the tuning fork of highest frequency gently on the rl stthe resonance tube, so that the prong ofthe 1 resonance tube slowly along with the fork till a foud in resonance withthe fork. Clamp tke tube, ng fork the length of air column from the surface of the wa the length (€) three times for the Jength (€) three times and calculate the mean length 11. Repeat the complete procedure forthe rest of the tunin {2 Similarly find the mean resonating length (6, 15, Add end correction (¢) to mean resonating len tuning forks. Calculate L, forthe tuni 14, Calculate nl. forall tuning forks exce 15, Calculate the speed of sound at room temperature and also ur} 16. Plot a graph of n (y axis) against 1 (x axsis) and calcuel ri 7] 9) for the un pt the tuning fork led with water as 1 it near the open ith (£) and calculate corrected ng fork of unknown frequ deep as possible so that the ‘Sper pad and hold it near the mouth vibrate in vertical plane. ound is heard indicating that ater level to the open same tuning fork and end of the resonance tube, raise ‘and measure the corresponding forks nkriown frequency tuning fork (0) d ength (L) forall of unknown frequency known frequency 1 speed of sound by graph, Observations 1. Least count of verniercalliper @_ Smallest division on the main scale of vernier calliper, x a.) lo {i Total number of divisions on the verier scale ofthe verircallip ©... dv {Gi Least count (L.C) of verier caliper, x/y=0:.0.] em (iv) Zero err (©) cm Observation table 1) For inner diameter of resonance tube Obs. | MSR /(a)em vsp | WSR Diameter / ‘Corrected No. (jem | (bxL© | (totalreading) reading ‘em (@e=dyem__| (d= de) em 1 “5 Ps Mole) Mercian ao a 2:0 3 lores B03 | 3:00 g Bo) Silos 205 | 3:00 End correction e= 0.3 d= O'S). ems _a: Mean d=2°08mob S } 1416S Minas meni, 7 [aso bo] 20 ee 29.0 |0-%448 8 ce ee go 98/2/28) ee 25, 3448. 4 F [Unknown | 3): 91 +7/3)4|3) i ‘by | eae ; .d of sound by graph, ae inst — (x axis) and caleulate the spec Pana groph of 1 ( xis) aginst Slope = 2=¥i_ Xx, V=4%slope Satherle s . mis\ Sign of teacheraE @ ‘Mean (nL) = Fiz em er cm/s LOL (1) Speed of Sound V=A(1L pen 4x5 2340 - Se 234s Hz em or cm/s (2) Unknown frequency mean (nL) "= Corrected length corresponding to the unknown frequency (L, os Result 1) Speed of sound in air at room temperature a) By calculation : V b) By graph: V 2) Unknown frequency of fork «@) By calculation b) By graph Precautions: 1. Strike the tuning fork gently on rubber pad 2. Hold the vibrating tuning fork just above the mouth of the resonance tube 3. Do not bring ear close to the tube 4, While adjusting the resonating len tuning fork of highest frequency Tuning fork should not touch the resonance tube ‘The prongs of the tuning fork must vibrate in vertical plane 1, What is meant by the term resonance ? Bescon nce. olescmiden the. nee eee oP..jnureosed plitude. that Da h0n...telna, weNnep- of ‘a. periodical Applies Porrae.AS..2! oe to-er a A ales seats of ha Syskend 2. 4d... ratunas _@- 19th, start with the minimum length of the air column and the C1 WOlngch. 1b OCS.sug fered xcitaions? ; nex ore force cniaiens” hep Force 0S et N obY OP ~ Syshenn tS Aw e sate ena) bo the escillasios experiment? - oar ii mi cd no...32. Onan andr. H-PYf fecs...ttoe they..a4t odes and atinodes ? “ a. ont charg Hao. mA apaeint 0 Une. standing CoaMe 4. What ore maxim. Swati cad ction How do you eliminate i? ‘ i. St nt ried... 8..0..Ahart. distance. applied Jed Ao tla octual..Length.o.f.cesonakce pip Sar fo Caleulots...hs. prmdoise.arclomancs equency...0f..the..pi pe. 6 State the factors on which velocity of sound depends ? t...depends.... Rtmongly..On.-bemPperabune on. On ts JOnediunn®....abrengl..Olaicr..Cx.$¢ LOowve...i5. PRopagasing 4d 7. _How does the speed of sound in the given medium vary with the temy 1 perature ? Terpentvae. Jeolso.acanditien. that assects pred.of.sound...dear like sovwnd es O.%...Einet é ee haven cnngy’ molecules at: nig nen Le a Remark and sign of teacher inEXPERIMENT NO. 7 CURRENT SENSITIVITY im: To determine the current sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer. apparatus: Moving coil table galvanometer, cell, plug key, reversing Key, high resistance box, connecting wires etc Formula: (S™ T J,, = Current through galvanometer S = Current sensitivity © = deflection in galvanometer Cireuit diagram: | i E : Daniel Cell | R:Resistance box | ie Kikey | K,sfourwoy key. | Gi: cavenomier | Procedure: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure. 2. Select high resistance from box and close key K and key K, so. that current flows through galvanometer. Note the deflection @ in the galvanometer. 3. Repeat the procedure for 3 different values of" R'so that successive readings differ about by 3 104 divisions and it covers entire scale of galvanometer. Note down current I, in each case. 4, Caleulate current sensitivity S for each observation. Find its mean value. 5, Plota graph of @ against I,. Hence determine the current sensitivity of the galvanometer Observations: = (A) Resistance of galvanometer (G) =F: Q)EMF. of cell (E)= 0:5-9.volt: Mean wurrent 1 5 efi” gent ivi, eure s“T ‘cur I Pe ane | se divi | Aah Sr cci20 6SFIO 6540 647400 64520 ~G6GE0_4/6 cal Graph | A galvanometer, (S) —civ/Amp, (by calculation) O _div/Amp. (by graphy Results: Curent sensitivity of a moving col table s sO which you remove fom the resistance box Stance from the resistance box.4. tote the factors on which current si hich rtivity depend Jeticed. os. dele. ae leeeen Current a 5, per. unit 4 tacit NPG. Kony 0, mall Sona LT a Sah ee al ete 1. ghhe nucoberr..ob Sensi with a epee &...AA80...Eh 2... COQ MEAG Rielol..oP. tekee oi) Sitivith the..qalvano preter I thak....1.$...2N. it ae Ai ae PaO Jomodd....0, 0.0....02. tte. Bi hy igh f &DResistance (X,) es 1p Forserle Larmsaes Resistance from 1a | Fem) | x= (B | Ao | Goes Jef gop 2 2) For parallel c (Obs. | Resistance from Resistance Resistance Position | No. Box (Q)R 1 Porallel in | left gap 3 Parallel in —> right gap | —} elo sombination: Lett gap Obs. No. I 2 LogR = | | Log é= > 2) For parallel combination : Lear ‘Obs. No c-d=e Antilog e =Suggested ade Replace the g the glow of th a a on of Fn )E Sy 1) Theo perimental vol retical wae OF mal vaive of X= series and parallel sald be tight Hen jn the resistance box hi Je wire. ‘recaution’ * por 1e metre bridgs L$ portion of the meM the connections and plugs i well point is obtained in the middle (y Do not slide the jockey on th letion of experiment 4. Remove the plug key after compl What sa balance pont in meter ridge? The point... @bz£0. golvenometer. loos nud dele ctlon..3 called. Balance. peat. Ressitance of a wire is x O, The wire is stretched to triple its length, then the resiston stance... OP..0..CONRE ALS. stance ; 2.1s.unvewsely SAO.ATS. OFA. 34. OiaretlYy..2 28 Pert length. .cohed. tke, Lemathii CHAR: — E eC ee I ocean, | in cid, lane eee teen the output of the brig, eae see nh plague ming ina | neers a gato acses norte win: | | Pac the cure 76 7 elle eis me age V, el i een el he net ayn vl Ve a an he Nt DE YA eed Me ist a | ireatet oe ever dade is reverse DIOS Ey eaten Re Vhs ota tage emai esired across th & output vo in the breakdown region Variable input Vi voltage R, = Resistance ‘mA = milliameter Z= Zener Diode = Load Resistance I. Connect the circuit ax shown in the citeut diagram. 2. Vary the voltage (v) ofthe B.C. supply as shown in the observati 3. Note the current through the Zenerdiode (12). 4. Measure the voltage across Zenerdiode (Vz) 6 on table. : Plot.a graph of Iz(-ve ¥ axis) Vz V (-ve X axis) Note the breakdown voltage (V,) servation table: a S_ No. |INPUT VOLTAGE] CURRENT THROUGH ZENER |) OUTPUT VOLTAGE (Wi volts Te(mA) ‘ACROSS ZENER (V2) volts | QD E‘sign of teacherPe soo esr Suey Tie commons sou be ght. Parvotag shouldbe adjusted in utble ange to doping level of a diode? 2 Bee revere volte gradual wis the breakdown voltag io PERE HOF iis Joias..velkage th ade applied..to be BT. Bro de.S. Heniked? bi oe Pha. rest thno, “bareoledan0. Vol toG©.1S).invensey Wo. tha SGttOr2...OF) AOPiag.densrty propomnlanc. F the applications of Zener diode. 2 Siate ; FANE CUA. €.... 2. \.. Po. Mollage..2oe LOLI OD 25, Bde Pr SCOUT EIN ex. elament. SUP prs Bppcation & sLippea, cuaresnit de. 4 é. dh ANNO SOO Abe Ee. Plead. Lip. Ona,. Li ameen eR a Bhr od 220%. Qu ech AARP ENE INH ectatae Tr OMENS Sr Re AD, (Clif. RECO MER UIE, c! edt ish between gener diode and rectifier dio A lowins 3 Disingu Me AL OGL §..Obe2 ELS meth Fi ea6 NOIKO.A e.-‘Aim : To Apparatus : Diagram Formula: q Procedure : i L eine bo (rai given Hos he fixe spo OFS FE string ‘Adjust the length ofthe string to 80 em. Dspace the bo to its equilibrium poston and release $0 Hat performs lin ‘Measure the time (}) for 20 oscillations. Record the observation for two sets of 0 Hence find te time period T= 120 (seeond). Repeat the steps 4 to 7 by adjusting the lengths of sand by means of inextensible ear S.H.M. scillations.. ‘ithe string 90 and 100 cm. Observations: Radius of the bob =0.:.1.0.$em_ Period of second’s pendulum T, =2 see Observations for period oscillations T: Period ‘Obs. [Length of [Length of the| ‘Time for 20 oscillations No. |thestring| pendulum | ¢, sec tsec | Mean fom |L=(@+s)cm the) 8 [goa] 30 | 26 30 Em EPS Mises | ese a mesa t aot ee meantions Pepe of xilations soa be mal I ing used in the experiment should be inextensi {Defoe Amplitude in SHM i apefmp Pde tne xen aoe ed avec! maxineurn.clispine (en Ae 70 hin. bare) a ee a ole. e- vibroxons of pendulum (LSHM) Paossie object oF vel fined 4 Whats a seconds pendulum ? #Seconds.p.2e nd pS..aEC sxerivin aM BAe onnesT Ons tOuD FACTORS) Aon: To sty the (Oo wo calorimeters 0 sath, liquid (vote at ofa body is mea the difference 18 $2 i a pare eae where Ki contnt, doen upon _ he id i pci eat ofthe sath ai ee a ofc Oe upon yates of these othe Dy ity Nature ofthe surface ofthe body ii) Material ofthe body he experiment as per following 1's loys of eooting and repeat th Procedure Perform experiment Newtor condition (any one condition) same cmount of guid in siilr calorimeters one nevi block painted surface an other having polished surface, (Area and material same.) 1, Least count of thermometer Least count of stop clock = Temperaturoof | Ob.No, | Timein min, | Temperature of water °C Ob, No, | Timein water °C [Sign of teacher—-"C Calorimeter 4, Calor neter B. " Fime(minute) —> X i Boxter in case of a colorimeter is foster 'r, Painted black as sr wis polished. to cooling in calorime Fee pt oF hermomcers wel nse wae 2 should have proper insulation to avo cross to avoid loss ofheat due to cond yah ‘net er should rs meant by radiont heat? go you Mes. technol.cg Bp = cooling faster inthe calorimeter painted black? oa “pes “ ‘i Saign, build and demons fr switches, three Pit Aim: To. “Apparatus : - ON-0! ‘apne Diagram: pare psn AC mains 200 7 Mains neutral he - ON-Off switches, L,, Ly Ly Live t «with the switehes S, Sy S37 ‘lel combination wit 1 terminals, E- Earthing terminals, N- Neutral spectively. ith each other as shown S, Procedure : 1. Connect the live wires L Connect each set of Live wire and switch in paral Ly L, in serie in cireuit diagram. Conzect the fuse in series with main switch and A.C. mains ‘onnect to the neutral terminal of AC mains. carthing connection. 4, Join all neutral wires together and c 5. Similarly join all earthing wires together and give it to the ¢ 6. Check the cireuit once again to ensure that household circuit is complete Result; Household circuit is verified. Precautions : 1. Live wire and neutral wire should be well separated. 2. While making connection do not connect the wire of A.C. mains. 3, All connections should be tight. 1,.What is household circuit? House hala. i House. hald,...Citrouit.AS. ; i ise : ©. 'S.0.0.. elect} iinet base Lup. co ptacals Gel ace > He ctrleLey...o8:.0.L0s. Ouse. ee Ct Sb 3anode). B) What is the importance of farthing is an. rac eb 'ic peowicli.o Plo flocs pote chine ect. jos. Font {, Explain the role of fuse ir .Devn..tlne. Gicewit..£r (one gowens Sawed. eneroiiy tnired.\n epee poop Via ist ently oho hers: earthing in hy ROUschold circuit? © Prrotect...118..Bar0.a0 AEN) 066. tng... Kaccht cmenenal toga, Cou.set Wikeh...of F tA. Elae...C1.07e 0). &..tbaed home melt..B Opplianced..cOll] be c Seca Remark and sign of teacher ‘ }vOTEN VARIATION OF “0 ross-sectional area carrying a ity and 0 ) of the wire: tional to length (6) mula For a potentiometer wire of uniform dens eady current, potential drop (¥) is propor Potential grodiont k= Vie Arrange ond conneet the circuit as shown inthe circuit diagram Close the key K. Touch the jockey at length 60 em of the wire from end A. Note down the voltmeter reading, 3, Touch the jockey at ferent length such as, 120.em, 180cm, 240cm of the wire from end A ‘and note the voltmeter reading in each case Least count of Ob, No. | Length of potention Voltmeter Reading wire *¢ fom | volt Ratio Y vem f (20 2 ; 180 a O10 | 2 246 , 0:00 44 QO: 0098Result 0:0088, Potential gradient V/L=". : = constant, Aallthe connections should be tight, Fy losing the key °K" adjust the rheostat so thatthe 3¢ voltmeter gives full scale deflection. |, Define potential gradient f..patectial..gt adient...1.s.tche locas soke |) ghdnge-o8..ct..potiettol..coit facemnent. Te... S Petia ObS. Belaclien Sc resp. eck fo UObin2.er 2, What is advantage Fronetenc..C poren . Pagesitey..t.2 ha POAT ONE! Qume.cmeobcO NEOL SEE ANRLOS.. SOME aman OD. .CUBrERE AG oH hig atalbog aA: Remark and sign of teacher’ ¢Yy LLAMA Y = Probe of DMM to the centre terminal oF any Wansisor (P0799) ; ; a wth ther two terminals until you find he "base ext the negative probe of DMM tothe cere terminal othe transistor and postive probe forward bias is show, then the selected centre terminals “base” and its the Ttthe ob x 1 above condition isnt satisfied, repeat with other two terminals, until you he unidirectional flow of current in ease of diode and an LED; e-check range of DMM. DMM to two terminals of diode/an LED. ive probe DMM js connected to the cathode (. (n) terminal adjacent to 1 diode) it will show forward bias. Thus current (lows through diode. When the ‘are interchanged, it will show reverse bias or open ciuit. That is, no current igh diode, Thus thete is unidirectional flow of current in a diode. When positive probe of DMM is connected to anode (long terminal of LED) andnegative robe of DMM is connected to cathode (short terminal of LED) DMM will show forward las. E 9 flow of current D lights up indicat FWhen DMM probes are interchanged, DMM will siow reverse bias. LED does notliht up, indicating no flow of current. Thus there is unidirectional flow of current inLED. +) To check whether a given electronic component (diode, transistor) is in workingorder ‘Test the component using the above procedure. 2 Diode/LED must satisfy both forward bias and reverse bias tests, itis in working order 3.In case of a transistor, “base? identification test should be checked, so that itis in workin If base’ is not identified, then transistor is not working order FowardBies | Reverse Bios cB] BE | cB | BEsito wear outs contest pe 1. Tim the funetion knob ofthe DMM! Matiioter gently °° e inside ours OFF positon) wen nat sig {eae ho Mulder eum Tune at Gucstions)} ‘Gon we distinguish botveen zener diode and rectifier diode using ™ i The} syith the it light. Hen Ligh’ sulphide ( (Pbs), Whe the vaten the condi onductiy 1. The ¢ 2 Afik Con 4 Keep 5. Initic the 1een) ‘of R agaist Plot gropt ro) is FR aginst | A graph of R ees diem’) » square of distanc ely proportional to the square i LDR increases. The graph of R against The intensity of light is inve eases the resistance of As the intensity of va? shows the exponential decrease 1. The light from outside should not fall on the LDR. The box is blackened from inside, so that light scat not fall on LDR tered or refl Que ). What is the relationship between intensity of light and resistance ? 2) State the applications of LDR