C. Loading Analysis
C. Loading Analysis
C. Loading Analysis
LOAD ANALYSIS
1 Self Weight
Ultimate load factor KMS = 1.2
Self Weight is weight of material and parts of the box which is structural elements, coupled
with non - structural element which is supported and permanently exists.
Self weight of the box is considered as 1 m width that perpendicular to drawing plane
Self weight of upper plate QMS = t1 * wc
= 10 kN/m
PMS = H * t2 * wc
= 24 kN
3 TRAFFIC LOAD
3.1 Lane Load "D" (TD)
Ultimate load factor KTD = 1.6
TD consists of uniformly distributed load; UDL, and knife edge load; KEL
UDL has intensity q (kpa) which depends on the traffic loaded total length. The formulas can
be stated as follows :
q = 8.0 kPa for L ≤ 30 m
q = 8.0 * (0.5 + 15/L) kPa for L > 30 m
1
for example, the box's length L = 4.3 M;
q = 8.0 kPa
KEL has intensity p = 34.40 kN/m
Dynamic Load Allowance of KEL would be taken as;
DLA = 0.4 ; for L 50 m
DLA = 0.4 - 0.0025*(L - 50) ; for range 50 m < L < 90 m
DLA = 0.3 ; for L 90 m
2
From the above two loadings, then which is dominant will be input to modelling
due to load "D" MTD = 1/8 * QTD * L2 + 1/4 PTD * L
= 70.26 kNm
2
due to load "T" MTT = 1/8 QTT * L
149.80 kNm --> MTT is dominant, input to Modelling
4 BRAKE FORCE
Ultimate load factor KTB = 1.6
The effect of acceleration and decceleration of the traffic are reviewed as force in the long
direction of the box culvert and assumed to be applied on road's surface
The value of brake force is calculated at 5% of the load "D" without dynamic load factor
Brake force per m of width; TTB = 5% * ( q * L + p )
= 4.13 kN
= 15.79 0
coefficient of active ka = tan2(450-f'/2)
soil pressure
= 0.57
soil pressure load to wall; QTA1 = 0.60*ws*ka
= 7.63 kN/m
QTA2 = QTA1+H*ws*ka
= 48.31 kN/m
3
6 WIND LOAD
Ultimate load factor KEW = 1.2
Additional wind force to horizontal direction at the upper plate due to the wind that blows vehicles
Formula to define the wind force TEW = 0.0012*CW*VW
2
kN/m2
CW = 1.20
Wind velocity VW = 35 m/s
Additional wind force TEW = 1.76 kN/m
It is assumed that the vertical plane blown by the wind is side plane of vehicle which height is 2.0 m
on the upper plate h = 2.75 m
distance between wheels x = 1.75 m
The load due to transferred wind
QEW = 1/2*(h/x)*TEW
load :
= 1.39 kN/m
T = 2*p*[Wt/(g*Kp)]
2
g = 9.8 m/s
Kp = structure's stiffness
assumptions taken for oecusse are
soil condition : medium
quake zone : 5 C = 0.16
for structure which reinforced concrete as plastic hinge --> factor of structure's type
S = 1.0*F --> F = 1.25-0.025*n, while F must be put >1
F = framing factor
n = number of plastic hinge that resist deformation from lateral direction
let decide that the double barrel of box culvert has 3 plastic hinges, then F will be:
F = 1.25-0.025*3
= 1.175
S = 1.175
Coefficient of Kh = 0.188
horizontal quake load
For a bridge which support more than 2000 vehicles/day, a bridge at highway or artery, and
a bridge as alternative route, the necessity factor I will be taken 1,0
Then the force of quake TEQ = Kh*I*Wt
will be
= 0.188 x Wt
Inertia force due to quake distributed at the joints between upper plate and wall.
Wt = 1/2*(QMS + QMA)*L + 1/2*PMS
62.12 kN
TEQ = 11.68 kN
4
8 DYNAMIC SOIL PRESSURE due to QUAKE
The quake force to lateral direction due to dynamic soil pressure is measured with dynamic
soil pressure coefficient (DKaG) as follows
-1
q = tan (Kh)
= cos (f' - q)/[cos q {1+(sin f' * sin(f' - q))/cos q}]
2 2
KaG
DKaG = KaG - Ka
2
Dynamic Soil Pressure p = HW*ws*DKaG kN/m
H = 3.2 m
Kh = 0.1880
f' = 15.79 0 --> 1 rad = 57.2958 0
= 0.28 rad
Ka = 0.57
3
ws = 22.22 kN/m
q = 0.1998
cos2(f' - q) = 0.9943
[cos2 q {1+(sin f' * sin(f' - q))/cos q}] = 1.1013
KaG = 0.9028
DKaG = 0.3306
Lateral quake load QEQ = 23.51 kN/m