Notes

Human Environment
Interactions- The Tropical

and the Subtropical Region
Grade 7
Class Notes
01
Human Environment Interactions- The
Tropical and the Subtropical Region
1 Life in the Amazon Basin
1.1 Location
1.2 Climate
1.3 Flora and Fauna
1.4 Livelihood
2 Life in the Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin
2.1 Location
2.2 Climate
2.3 Flora and Fauna
2.4 Livelihood
02
1.1 Location
Largest river basin in the world
Amazon basin
• Tropical region and Equatorial region (10° N - 10° S)

• Amazon river flows through this region
• Originates in the Andes mountains to the west and drains
to the Atlantic Ocean in the east
River's
mouth
Tributaries Catchment
Tributaries River's mouth Catchment
• The river’s mouth is the place where a river flows into

another body of water.
• Amazon river flows along with its tributaries; drains a
large area, this area forms a catchment area or a River
Basin. .
03
Areas Covered by the Amazon Basin
1.2 Climate
• Hot and wet climate throughout

the year
• Days: High temperature
with high humidity
• Nights: Temperature goes down,
but humidity remains high
1.3. Flora and Fauna

• Since Amazon Basin receives plenty of rain all year round, it
supports a variety of trees to grow here.
• These trees are collectively called the Amazon Rainforest.
• Rainforests house many tropical birds and animals.
04
Flora
Bromeliad Brazil nut Orchids

• Dense forest with a thick canopy
• Only shade-tolerant trees grow here.
• Bromeliads, Brazil but trees, orchids, etc.
Fauna
Monkeys Sloths Tapirs
Anacondas Piranhas Birds
• Birds: Toucans, hummingbirds, bird of paradise, etc.

• Animals: Tapirs, monkeys, sloths, etc.
• Reptiles: crocodiles, snakes, anacondas, etc.
05
1.4 Livelihood
People and Occupation: Amazon Basin
Fishing Hunting Farming

(slash and burn)
Slash-and-Burn Agriculture
• Identifying new land
• Cutting trees on the selected
land
1
• Setting the cleared land on 6 2
fire
• Sowing seeds 5 3
4
• Harvesting crops
• Abandoning old land
Cultivation
.
• Food crops: Rice, tapioca,

pineapple, sweet potato, etc.
• Cash crops: Coffee, maize,
cocoa, etc
06
1.4 Livelihood
Life of people in the Amazon
• Aircrafts and helicopters are
used to reach inaccessible
regions
• Indigenous people are pushed out
of their land and forced to settle
elsewhere
• Development activities lead to the
destruction of biodiversity
Houses: Amazon Basin
Thatched houses shaped Maloca

like beehives
Factors Leading to the Destruction of the Amazon Forest
• Developmental activities are

leading to the gradual destruction
of the biologically diverse
rainforests.
• The topsoil is washed away as
the rains fall and the lush
forest turns into a
barren landscape.
07
2.1 Location
N
• Subtropical region (10° N to
China
Pakistan
30° N)
Bhutan
Tro
pic o
f Cancer
• Ganga and Brahmaputra
Bangladesh originate from the
Himalayas and flow to the
Arabian Bay of
Sea Bengal Bay of Bengal.
• The regions that is drained by the Ganga and Brahmaputra

rivers and their tributaries is called the Ganga and
Brahmaputra River basin.
• The tributaries of the River Ganga are the Yamuna, Ghaghra,
the Son, the Chambal, the Gandak, and the Kosi.
• When it crosses into Bangladesh, it combines with the
Brahmaputra River and eventually empties into the Bay of
Bengal."
Tributaries of Ganga Merge with Brahmaputra
Topography:
• Mountainous area: Inhospitable terrain
• Plain area: Suitable for human habitation and agriculture.
08
2.2 Climate
• Dominated by monsoon climate: Mid June-Mid Sep
• Hot summers and cool winters
Vegetation 2.3 Flora and Fauna
Deciduous trees Mangroves Coniferous trees

• Vegetation varies according to the landforms.
• Ganga-Brahmaputra plain: Tropical deciduous trees
• Delta region: Mangroves
• Parts of Uttarakhand, Sikkim, and Arunachal Pradesh:
Coniferous trees
Fauna
One-horned
Bengal tigers Monkeys
rhinoceroses
• Ganga-Brahmaputra plain: One-horned rhinoceros
• Delta region: Bengal tiger, crocodiles, and alligator
• Other animals: Elephants, deer and monkeys
09
2.4 Livelihood
Agriculture
• Agriculture is the main occupation of the people where flat land

is available to grow crops.
• The main crop is paddy. It is grown in areas where the amount
of rainfall is high.
• Other important crops include banana, wheat, maize, sorghum,
gram, and millet.
• In the mountains and hills, where the slopes are gentle, crops
are grown on terraces.
Cash Crops
Tea plantation: Sugarcane and

West Bengal and jute: Uttar
Assam Silk cultivation: Pradesh, West
Bihar and Assam Bengal, and more
10
Township
INDIA
The Ganga:
Brahmaputra basin
China
Pakistan
Dibrugarh
Lucknow Bhutan Jorhat

T ro Guwahati
pic o Kanpur
f Can Patna
cer Prayagraj Bangladesh
Varanasi
Kolkata
Houses: Amazon Basin

Arabian Sea
Bay of Bengal
• Major cities: Prayagraj, Kanpur, Varanasi, Lucknow, Patna,

Guwahati, Dibrugarh, Jorhat, and Kolkata, all with a population
of more than ten lakhs
Transport
Plains: Roadways, Along the rivers:

railways, and airways Waterways
• All four ways of transport are well-developed in the Ganga-
Brahmaputra basin.
• Plains: Roadways, railways, and airways
• Along the rivers: Waterways
11
Tourism
Taj Mahal Buddhist stupas
Kaziranga National Park Tribal culture
• Tourism is another important activity of the basin.

• Taj Mahal on the banks of River Yamuna in Agra (the Yamuna is
one of the tributaries of River Ganga)
• Buddhists stupas in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar
• Assam with Kaziranga National Park
• Arunachal Pradesh with a distinct tribal culture
Others
• Imambara in Lucknow
• Allahabad is famous for the confluence of the Rivers Ganga
and Yamuna
12
Important Questions
Question 1: Give an account of the rainforests and wildlife of

the Amazon Basin.
Question 2: Describe the livelihood of the people living around
the Amazon basin.
Question 3: Explain the physiography and climate of the Ganga-
Brahmaputra Basin.
13

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Human Environment

Interactions- The Tropical

1 Life in the Amazon Basin

2 Life in the Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin

Largest river basin in the world

• Tropical region and Equatorial region (10° N - 10° S)

Tributaries River's mouth Catchment

• The river’s mouth is the place where a river flows into

Areas Covered by the Amazon Basin

• Hot and wet climate throughout

1.3. Flora and Fauna

Bromeliad Brazil nut Orchids

Monkeys Sloths Tapirs

Anacondas Piranhas Birds

• Birds: Toucans, hummingbirds, bird of paradise, etc.

Fishing Hunting Farming

• Food crops: Rice, tapioca,

Houses: Amazon Basin

Thatched houses shaped Maloca

Factors Leading to the Destruction of the Amazon Forest

• Developmental activities are

• The regions that is drained by the Ganga and Brahmaputra

Tributaries of Ganga Merge with Brahmaputra

Vegetation 2.3 Flora and Fauna

Deciduous trees Mangroves Coniferous trees

• Agriculture is the main occupation of the people where flat land

Tea plantation: Sugarcane and

Lucknow Bhutan Jorhat

Houses: Amazon Basin

• Major cities: Prayagraj, Kanpur, Varanasi, Lucknow, Patna,

Plains: Roadways, Along the rivers:

Taj Mahal Buddhist stupas

Kaziranga National Park Tribal culture

• Tourism is another important activity of the basin.

Question 1: Give an account of the rainforests and wildlife of

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