zz

Available online at http://www.journalcra.com

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL
OF CURRENT RESEARCH
International Journal of Current Research
Vol. 9, Issue, 06, pp.51689-51694, June, 2017

ISSN: 0975-833X
RESEARCH ARTICLE

TRADITIONAL AND BIOLOGICAL USES OF NEPTUNIA OLERACEA LOUR: AN OVERVIEW

*Romesh Sagolshemcha and Robindro Singh, W.

Department of Biotechnology, S. K. Women’s College Nambol, Manipur

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article History: The present review highlights the multifaceted prospect of aquatic legume Neptunia oleracea Lour as
Received 26th March, 2017 food, medicinal plant and biofertilizer. The bibliographic data of the plant summarizes the parts used,
Received in revised form its uses and country with references. The common chemical constituents of the plant responsible for
17th April, 2017 the treatment of various ailments are given. It also describes the methodology and magnitude of its
Accepted 18th May, 2017 various biological activities. High nutritious value, high antioxidant an activity shown by the plant
Published online 20th June, 2017 makes these plants an ideal food. The plant is also used as medicinal plant in various ailments in
different countries. Pheophorbide a and its related compounds plant makes this plant a promising
Key words: antitumor plant. The plant can also be used in sewage water treatment plants. The symbiotically
associated bacteria efficiently fixed atmospheric nitrogen which significantly increases the N 2 status
Neptunia oleracea Lour, Medicinal plant, of the oligotrophic soil of wetland ecosystem.
Biofertilizer, Pheophorbide a, Antitumor
and N2 fixation.

Copyright©2017, Romesh Sagolshemcha and Robindro Singh. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which
permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Citation: Romesh Sagolshemcha and Robindro Singh, W. 2017. “Traditional and biological uses of Neptunia oleracea lour: An overview”, International
Journal of Current Research, 9, (06), 51689-51694.

INTRODUCTION edge (Fig. 1). The stems are terete, measure upto1.5 m long,
rarely branched, become detached from the primary root
Neptunia oleracea (Lour.) is an aquatic legume (Order – system, form spongy-fibrous swollen internodes (to float) and
Fabales and Family – Leguminoceae) native to several produce fibrous adventitious roots at the nodes when growing
continents of the humid tropics of both hemispheres in water. The leaves are arranged alternate, bipinnate and with
particularly in Asia, Africa and South-America (Windler, 1966 2-3(-4) pairs of pinnae. The petiole is 2-7 cm long and angled.
and Gen and Eiji, 1974). The exact origin of the species is The rachis is 3.5-8cm long and angled. The rachis of pinnae is
uncertain. It grows wild and cultivated as vegetable throughout 2.5-6.5cm long and winged. There are 8-20 pairs of leaflets per
Southeast-Asia, particularly in Indo-China and Thailand pinna which are oblong, measuring 5-1 mm×1.5-3.5mm,
(Paisooksantivatana, 1993). In India, the plant is distributed in asymmetrical, hairless or with sparsely ciliate margins. The
North-East India (Assam, Manipur and Tripura) (Sarma & inflorescence is an axillary, erect or slightly nodding solitary
Saikia, 2010; Sinha, 1996 and Koushik and Dutta. 2007). Its spike which is obovoid in bud and 30-50 flowered. The
synonym names are N. natans (L.f.) Druce and N. prostrata peduncle is 5-30cm long. The flowers are small, sessile and
(Lam.). It is commonly known as “water mimosa” and “water yellow, with the lower ones sterile while the upper ones are
sensitive plant” in English, “garden puff” (United States), bisexual. The bisexual flowers are with bell-shaped sepal of 2-
“neptunie potegère” (France), “juqueri manso” (Portugal), 3 mm and 5-lobed. The 5 regular petals are free and 3-4.5mm
“kemon” (Indonesia), “kemon air” (Malaysia), “kânhchhnaèt” long. The 10 free stamens are 6-9 mm long. The pistil is up to
(Cambodia), “(‘phak) kas’ééd” (Laos), “phakkrachet” 9 mm long and usually exserted beyond the stamens. The fruit
(Thailand), “rau nh[us]t” (Vietnam) and in India, “alambusa” is a legume, broadly oblongoid and flat, measuring 2-3 cm 2 1
Sanskrit, “lajjalu” Hindi, “ising-ekaithabi”(Manipur) and cm and dehiscent along both sutures. The fruit stalk is longer
“nidrayam” Kanada. than the persistent sepal. There are 4-8 seeds which are ovoid
compressed, measuring 4-5mm3 2.5-3.5mm and brown
Description (Windler, 1966). The leaves of N. oleracea are very sensitive
to a touch (Darwin, 1880).
Neptunia oleracea is a perennial herb which is sometimes
grown as an annual aquatic, floating or prostrate near water’s Traditional uses of various parts of the plants

*Corresponding author: Romesh Sagolshemcha Neptunia oleracea is an important medicinal plant. The plant
Department of Biotechnology, S. K. Women’s College Nambol, Manipur as a whole is astringent, sweet, refrigerant, diuretic,
51690 Romesh Sagolshemcha and Robindro Singh, Traditional and biological uses of Neptunia oleracea lour: An overview

antidiarrhoeal, antihelmintic and anodyne. It is useful in Chemical constituents

vitiated conditions of pitta, otalgia, cephalalgia, syphilis,
burning sensation, dipsia, diarrhea, strangury and helminthiasis The phytochemical compounds of N. oleracea reported in
(Warrier et al., 1995). It is cultivated in Asian countries for literatures are summarized in Table 2.
green manures for rice cultivation (Subha Rao et al., 1995).
The different ethnobotanical uses of this plant in different parts
of the World are summarized in Table 1.

a. Floating mat with white spongy aerenchymatous tissue b. Erect inflorescence

c. Mature pod d. Dehisce pods showing seeds

Fig.1 (a-d). Neptunia oleracea showing different stages of its life cycle
Table 1. Bibliographic data on traditional uses of N. oleracea
Entry Part use Uses Country Reference
1. Root Root extract is taken with curd to cure dysentery India Dinesh Jadhav, 2006.
2. Young shoots For human consumption as food India Jugindro Singh, A., 1982
and leaves
3. Whole plant Nose bleeding, sore tongue, diarrhea with blood. White discharged and epilepsy India D’Souza Marie, 1985.
4. Leaves and To cure earache and syphilis India Santosh kumar and Satya Narain,
flower 2010.
5. Young shoot Crushed twigs are mixed with paste of un- boiled rice and made into large sized pills, India Himangshu Bikash Das et al., 2009
fried and taken orally or with meals to prevent gastritis, acidity and constipation
6. Whole plant Plant is refrigerant, astringent, the juice of the plant stem is used for earache, and root is India R. Vardhana, 2008
for syphilis. The young stem is eaten as a pot herb and pods are consumed as vegetable
7. Stem and root Stem juice is instilled into the ear to cure earache. The root and stem decoction is used to India Dangwal et al., 2010.
cure gonorrhea.
8. Leaves Leaf is eaten raw in dysentery and intestinal infection Manipur, Singh, H.B et al., 2003.
India
9. Whole plant Animal feed Australia Wildin, JH et al., 1996.
10. Whole plant Yellow fever and Guinea worm infection Nigeria Ita, EO, 1994.
11. Stem The stem is cut and chewed. It is used as stimulant. Nigeria Igoli et al., 2005.
12. Roots Necrosis of the nose and hard palate. Malaysia Paisooksantivatana, Y., 1993.
Advance stage of syphilis
13. Shoot, stem and Used in uterine infections and discharge Vietnam Ogle, 2003.
leaves
14. Whole plant Vegetable that is most often used in yam phak ka ched, a spicy and sour salad with sea Thailand Jones and Csurhes, 2008.
foods or kaeng som soup
15. Young Leaf and It is used medicinally as a detoxifier to treat fever, food poisoning, and severe allergic Thailand Salguero, C.P., 2003.
Stem reactions.
51691 International Journal of Current Research, Vol. 9, Issue, 06, pp.51689-51694, June, 2017

Table 2. Phytoactive constituents of Neptunia oleracea

Entry Sources Constituents Reference

1. Leaves Pheophorbide a and related compounds Nakamura, et al., 1996
2. Seeds Dichrostachinic acid(L-form) and Djenkolic acid(R-R) form, N-Ac Krauss and Reinbothe, 1973
3. Shoot and leaves Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb and Ni Prusty, 2007
4. Leaves Na, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn and P Abulude, F.O., 2005
5. Dried plant Vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenes, xanthophylls, tannins and phenolics Chanwitheesuk, A., 2005
6. Leaves Carotene Tee and Lim., 1991.

The energy value of N. oleracea is 184 kj/100 g. The edible portion of shoots contain (per 100 g) (Jones and Csurhes, 2008).

Entry Constituents Percentage

1. Moisture 89.4 g
2. Protein 6.4 g
3. Fat 0.4 g
4. Carbohydrates 0.8 g
5. Fibre 1.8 g
6. Ash 1.2 g
7. Ca 38.7 mg
8. P 7 mg
9. Fe 5.3 mg
10. Vitamin A 5155 IU
11. Vitamin B1 0.12 mg
12. Vitamin B2 0.14 mg
13. Niacin(Vitamin B3) 8.2 mg
14. Vitamin C 1.8 mg

R1

NH N

N HN
O
O

HO S S OH R3
O
H2 N NH2 R2O2C MeO2C

Djenkolic acid Pheophorbide a

HO
H H
C C C CH2OH
H2C OH H
OH HO
H3 C N N O H
O O
HOH2C
NH
H3 C N
O HO OH
Vitamin B1 Vitamin C

Fig. 2. Some Phytoactive compounds of Neptunia oleracea

3a. Root nodules 3b. Transmission electron micrograph showing a section of

root nodule with endosymbiotic bacteria. (1400x).
51692 Romesh Sagolshemcha and Robindro Singh, Traditional and biological uses of Neptunia oleracea lour: An overview

Biological activity but there may even be positive selection pressure for them
(Loureiro et al., 1994; James et al., 1992a). This selection
Anti-tumour activity pressure may be due to the inherently low N-status of the
heavily leached soils in tropical wetlands, and also because,
Nakamura et al., 1996 reported the isolation of Pheophorbide a under flooded conditions, there is a decrease in the
(PPBa) and its related compounds (PPBb, EtPPBa, EtPPBb, mineralisation of organic matter, which consequently results in
MePPBa, 10-OHPPBa) as a possible anti-tumor promoters in a shortage of available N (Bennett & Albrecht, 1984; Walter &
the leaves of N. oleracea. Where, PPBa and PPBb showed Bien, 1989; Barrios & Herrera, 1993b). N. oleracea fix their
marked inhibitory activity toward EBV activation at a own nitrogen via a symbiotic relationship with soil bacteria
concentration of 5μM and IC50 were 3.3 and 4.5μM stored in specialised root nodules (Fig 3 a & b). A variety of
respectively. These inhibitory potentials are comparable to that bacteria have been isolated from such nodules, particularly
of curcumin (IC50 = 3.1μM, a representive anti-tumor promoter from Neptunia oleracea, including a species closely related to
from turmeric. (Huang, et al., 1998). Wherease, the inhibitory Rhizobium, Allorhizobium undicola (de Lajudie et al., 1998a),
activities of others compounds were 5 to 10 times lower than and the alphaproteobacterium Devosia neptuniae (Rivas et al.,
those of PPBa and PPBb. As chlorophyll related compounds 2002, 2003). In addition to these ‘exotic’ bacterial species,
such as PPBa and 10-OHPPBa are known for dietary more ‘conventional’ rhizobia have also been isolated from
photosensitizers (Endo, et al., 1982). The photocytotoxicity of Neptunia nodules, for example Rhizobium tropici strains
PPBa and 10-OHPPBa in Raji cells was evaluated, the UPRM8033 and DUS239 from Neptunia plena (Zurdo-Pineiro
logarithmic values of the 50% lethal concentrations (pLC 50 s) et al., 2004), Labrys, Liujia-146T (Vasilyeva & Semenov,
of both exhibited potent photocytotoxicity (pLC50> 6) with 1984; Yi-Ju Chou et al., 2007; Subha Rao et. al., 1995
irradiation. In the lipid peroxidation test, both PPBa and 10- reported from India that nodules on this legume as Rhizobium
OHPPBa significantly accelerated lipid peroxidation (OD532 = sp and Romesh S., et al., 2010. When cultivated as a vegetable,
0.574 and 0.426, respectively). Subsequently, the enhancing highest yields of these plants are achieved when an effective
effect by photo-irradiating PPBa and 10-OHPPBa on the rhizobium is used for inoculation (Yanasugondha &
inhibitory potent towards EBV activation was examined. PPBa Buranakarl 1981). Schaede (1940) describe nodules as being
had an inhibitory effect on EBV activation even under dark formed on adventitious roots arising from floating stems. He
conditions. Although, PPBa and 10-OHPPBa exhibited a argued against Neptunia bearing true stem nodules. Subha Rao
similar photosensitizing effect, the inhibitory effects with et al (1995) studied Neptunia-Rhizobium symbiosis in greater
irradiation were distinct from each other. Chlorophyll-related details. In two studies in Brazil, there were differences in the
compounds have been reported to possess antioxidative δ15N values for N. oleracea which are an indication of the
(Cahyana, et al., 1993) and anti-inflammatory activity (Hirota, amount of nitrogen derived from the atmosphere. In both
et al., 1993). studies, nodulation was present and abundant on N. oleracea
but in one case the δ15N value was surprisingly high and not
Antioxidant activity dissimilar to non-legumes (Kern et al. 2000; Kreibich et al.
2006). This variation may be attributed to differences in
Neptunia oleracea exhibited antioxidant activity (Abulude, nitrogen fixing ability of the nodulating bacteria or the amount
2005). The antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of leaves of mineral nitrogen available in the water in which N. oleracea
was studied using the β-carotene bleaching method (Thalang, was growing.
et al., 2001), the methanolic extract of leaves showed activity
of 13.1mg butylhydroxyaniso (BHA) equivalent/g dry weight. Not only are wetland legumes ecologically important, but they
Also, extract from N. oleracea give five peaks (P-1, P-2, P-3, are also of agricultural importance. For example, there has
P-4 and P -5), which showed an antioxidant activity in HPLC been much recent interest in using nodulated wetland legumes,
analysis. particularly stem-nodulated ones, as green manures in the
cultivation of lowland rice due to their high rates of N2
Anti-bacterial fixation under flooded conditions (Dreyfus et al., 1985; Morris
et al., 1989; Ladha et al, 1992a). As N2-fixing legumes
The leaves of Neptunia oleracea possess antimicrobial activity contribute significantly to the N-balance of tropical wetlands
(Uyub, et al., 2010). The in-vitro antimicrobial activity of N. (Salati et al., 1982; Barrios & Herrera, 1993b), they are of
oleracea extracts were tested against Helicobacter pylori by obvious importance in studies on their preservation and
disc diffusion and agar dilution methods. The minimum sustainability (Sprent & Sprent, 1990; Sprent, 1995).
inhibitory concentration (MIC) value in petroleum ether was
10.5± 0.8, chloroform (10.7± 2.0) and highest in methanol Water treatment
(28.3±4.1).
Suppadit et al., 1995 reported the treatment of effluent from
Bio fertilizers shrimp farm using Neptunia oleracea. Again, the quality of
water contaminated with distilled slop was evaluated after
Wetlands are often subject to annual net losses of N from the treatment with Neptunia oleracea (Suppadit et al., 2008). The
system via leaching of the soil, which are not balanced by experiments were done in artificial housing and were carried
inputs of N via the mineralisation of organic matter. These out in 5 x 3 factorial arrangements with four replications for
oligotrophic ecosystems are largely dependent on N inputs the water quality indicators, the biomass of water mimosa and
from biological nitrogen fixation, and legume-rhizobial heavy metal contamination. Concentrations of 0% (control),
symbioses are some of the main contributors. In tropical 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% distilled slop in contaminated water at
wetlands, many of the plant species are nodulated legumes. 10, 20 and 30 d treatment periods were evaluated. The initial
These flooding tolerant leguminous plants have shown that not biomass of the water mimosa for all treatments was 0.200 kg
only will these fix substantial amounts of N2 whilst flooded, per 50 L of effluent. The removal efficiency of suspended
51693 International Journal of Current Research, Vol. 9, Issue, 06, pp.51689-51694, June, 2017

solids at all concentrations of distilled slop and treatment time Dinesh Jadhav, 2006. Ethnomedicinal; plants used by Bhil
was 89.3 - 96.3%. The removal efficiencies of biological Tribe of Bibdod, Madhya Pradesh. Indian Journal of
oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand at all traditional Knowledge. Vol. 5(2), pp. 263-276
concentrations of distilled slop were optimal at 10 d treatment Dreyfus, B.; G. Rinaudo and Y.R. Dommergues, 1985.
(42.9 - 70.4% and 8.27 - 25.0%, respectively); higher Observations on the use of Sesbania rostrata as green
efficiency was obtained when the concentration of the distilled manure in paddy fields. Mircen Journal, 1: 111-121
slop decreased from 20% to 0%. The removal efficiency of Endo, H.; H. Hosoya; T. Koyama and M. Ichioka, 1982. Agric.
total dissolved solids and total kjeldahl nitrogen and the pH Biol. Chem. 46: 2183-2193.
neutral control efficiency were not found in this study. pH, Gen, M.; and M.I. Eiji, 1974. Natural Vegetation and
total dissolved solids and total kjeldahl nitrogen increased with Physiographyof the Central Plain of Thailand. Southeast
treatment time and with an increase in the concentration of Asian Studies, Vol. 12, No.3, 280-290.
distillery slop. The biomass of water mimosa at all Himangshu Bikash Das, Koushik Majumdar, B K Datta and
concentrations of distilled slop increased at 10 d but tended to Debasis Ray, 2009. Ethnobotanical uses of some plants by
decrease with longer treatment period and an increase in the Tripuri and Reang tribes of Tripura. Natural Product
concentration of the distilled slop. The biomass of water Radiance. Vol. 8(2), Pp.172-180
mimosa at all concentrations of distilled slop was higher than Hirota, M.; T. Kojima; K. Tateishi; I. Sakata and R. Irie, 1993.
that of the control at all treatment times. Nitrogen volatilization Abstracts of papers, Annual meeting of Japan society for
and transformation affected the kjeldahl nitrogen (KN) Bioscience, Biotechnology and Agrochemistry, Sendai, pp.
removal rate of distilled slop at all concentrations, whereas 208.
adsorption of nutrients in the water mimosa had no effect on Huang, M.T.; R.C. Smart; C.Q. Wong and A.H. Conney, 1998.
the KN removal rate because the death rate of water mimosa Cancer Res. 48, 5941-9546.
was high. The concentration of the heavy metals Pb, Cd and Igoli, J.O.; O.G. Ogaji, T.A. Tor-Anyiin and N.P. Igoli, 2005.
Hg in water contaminated with distilled slop was acceptable. Traditional medicine practice amongst the Igede people of
Nigeria. Part II. Afr. J. Trad. Cam 2 (2): 134 - 152
Acknowledgement Ita, EO, 1994. Aquatic plants and wetland wildlife resources of
Nigeria, FAO, Rome.
We acknowledge Department of Biotechnology, Government James, E.K.; J.T. Sprent; J.M. Sutherland; S.G. Mc Inray and
of India for providing -Bioinformatics Infrastructure Facility, F.R. Minchin, 1992a. The structure of nitrogen fixing root
Centre and Advanced level Biotech Hub at S. K. Women’s nodules on the aquatic mimosoid legume Neptunia plena.
College Nambol, Manipur. Annals of Botany, 69; 173-180.
Jones, M.H.; and S. Csurhes, 2008. Pest plant risk assessment:
REFERENCES Water mimosa Neptunia oleracea dead and awake
Neptunia plena, Biosecurity Queensland Department of
Primary Industries and Fisheries, Queensland, Brisbane.
Abulude, F.O., 2005. Nutritional evaluation of aquatic weeds
Jugindro Singh, A. 1982. Vegetables in Manipur. Published by
in Nigeria. Electronic Journal of Environmental,
A. Ibomcha Singh, Mongsangei, Imphal. Distributed by
Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 4(1), 835-840.
Punshi Marup, Chingamakha, Imphal-8, Manipur, India.
Barrios, E. and R. Herrera, 1993b. Nitrogen cycling in a
Kern, J.; A. Darwich and H. Forstel, 2000. ‘Studies on the role
Venezuelan tropical seasonally flooded forest: soil nitrogen
of N2 fixation in the floodplain forest in Central Amazon’,
mineralization and nitrification. Journal of Tropical
Verh Int Ver Limnol, 27: pp. 610–614.
Ecology, 10: 399-416.
Koushik Majumdar and B. K. Dutta. 2007. A study on
Bennett, J.M. and S.L. Albrecht, 1984. Drought and flooding
ethnomedicinal usage of plants among the folklore
effects on N2 fixation, water relations, and diffusive
herbalists and Tripuri medical practitioners: part-II. Natural
resistance of soybean. Agronomy Journal, 76: 735-740.
Product Radiance. Vol. 6(1), Pp.66-73
Cahyana, A.H.; Y. Shuto; and Y. Kinoshita 1993. Biosci.
Krauss, G-Z.; & H. Reinbothe, 1973. The free amino acids in
Biotech. Biochem. 57, 680-681.
seeds of Mimosaceae. Phytochemistry, 12; 125-142.
Chanwitheesuk, A.; A. Teerawutgulrag; and N. Rakariyatham,
Kreibich, H.; J. Kern; P.B. de Camargo; M.Z. Moreira; R.L.
2005. Screening of antioxidant activity and antioxidant
Victoria AND D. Werner, 2006. ‘Estimation of the
compounds of some edible plants of Thailand. Food
symbiotic N2 fixation in an Amazon floodplain forest’,
Chemistry. 92: 491–497
Oecologia, 147: pp. 359–368.
D’Souza Marie, 1985. A book on tribal medicine. Pub. Soc.
Ladha, J.K.; R.P. Pareek and M. Becker. 1992a. Stem-
For Promotion of Waste land Development, New Delhi.
nodulating legume-Rhizobium symbiosis and its agronomic
Dangwal, L.R.; Antima Sharma, Naveen Kumar, C.S Rana and
use in lowland rice. Advances in Soil Science, 20: 148-192.
Upvan Sharma, 2010. Ethno-medico botany of some
Loureiro, M.D.; S. De Faria; E.K. James; A. Pott and A.A.
aquatic Angiospermae from North-West Himalaya.
Franco, 1994. Nitrogen-fixing stem nodules of the legume,
Researcher; 2(4).
Discolobium puchellum Benth. New Phytol. 128, 283-295.
Darwin, C., 1880. The power of movement in plants, John
Morris. R.A.; R.E. Furoc; N.K. Rajbhandri; E.P. Marqueses
Murray, London.
and M.A. Dizon. 1989. Rice response to waterlog tolerant
De Lajudie, P.; E. Laurent-Fulele; A. Willems; U. Torck; R.
green manures. Agronomy Journal, 81: 803-809.
Coopman; M.D. Collins; K. Kersters; B. Dreyfus and M.
Nakamura, Y.; A. Murakami; K. Koshimizu and H. Ohigashi,
Gillis, 1998a. Allorhizobium undicola gen. nov., sp. nov.,
1996. Identification of pheophorbide a and its related
nitrogen-fixing bacteria that efficiently nodulate Neptunia
compounds as possible anti-cancer promoters in the leaves
natans in Senegal. International Journal of Systematic
of Neptunia oleracea. Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 60(6),
Bacteriology, 48(4), 1277-1290.
1028-1030.
51694 Romesh Sagolshemcha and Robindro Singh, Traditional and biological uses of Neptunia oleracea lour: An overview

Ogle, B.M.; H.T. Tuyet; H.N. Duyet and N.N.X., Dung, 2003. Suppadit, T.; W. Phoonchinda and W. Thummaprasi, 2008.
Food, feed or medicine: the multiple functions of edible Efficacy water mimosa (Neptunia oleracea Lour.) in the
wild plants in Vietnam. Economic Botany, Vol. 57, No. 1, wastewater from distillery slops. The Philippine
pp. 103-117 Agricultural Scientist, Vol 91, No 1: 61-68.
Paisooksantivatana, Y., 1993. ‘Neptunia oleracea Loureiro’, Tee, E.-S. and C.L. Lim, 1991. Carotenoid composition and
Plant Resources of South-East Asia No. 8: Vegetables, JS content of Malaysian vegetables and fruits by the AOAC
Siemonsma & K Piluek (eds), pp. 217–18, Pudoc, and HPLC methods. Food Chem. 41:309-339.
Wageningen, Netherlands Thalang, V.N.A.; G. Trakoontivakorn and K. Nakahara, 2001.
Prusty, B.A.K.; P. A. Azeez and E.P. Jagadeesh, 2007. Alkali Determination of Antioxidant Activity of Some Commonly
and Transition Metals in Macrophytes of a Wetland Consumed Leafy Vegetables in Thailand. JIRCAS Journal,
System. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 78:405–410 N0.9, 39-46.
Rivas, R.; E. Velazquez; A. Willems; N. Vizcaino; N.S. Uyub, A.M.; I.N. Nwachukwu; A.A. Azlan and S.S. Fariza,
Subha-Rao; P.F. Mateos; M. Gillis; F.B. Dazzo and E.M. 2010. In-vitro antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity of
Molina, 2002. A new species of Devosia that forms a selected medicinal plant extracts from Penang island
unique nitrogen-fixing root-nodules symbiosis with the Malaysia on metronidazole- resistant- Helicobacter pylori
aquatic legume Neptunia natans (L. f.) Druce. Applied and and some pathogenic bacteria. Ethnobotany Research &
Environmental Microbiology, 68(11): 5217-5222. Applications, 8, 95-106.
Rivas, R.; P.F. Mateos; E. Martínez-Molina; E. Velázquez; A. Vardhana, R., 2008. Direct uses of medicinal plants and their
Willems; M. Gillis; N.S. Subba-Rao; F.B. Dazzo and R.M. identification. Page 242. Pub. Sarup and Sons.
Kroppenstedt, 2003. ‘Description of Devosia neptuniae sp. Vasilyeva, L. V. and A.M. Semenov, 1984. New budding
nov. that nodulates and fixes nitrogen in symbiosis with prosthecate bacterium Labrys monahos with radial cell
Neptunia natans, an aquatic legume from India’, symmetry. Microbiology (English translation of
Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 26(1): pp. 47–53 Mikrobiologiia) 53, 68–75.
Sahoo, S., Conservation and utilization of medicinal and Walter, C.A. and A. Bien, 1989. Aerial root nodules in the
aromatic plants. Allied publishers. Page 59 tropical legume, Pentaclethra macroloba. Oecologia, 80:
Salati, E; R. Sylvester-Bradley and R.L. Victoria, 1982. 27-31.
Regional gains and losses of nitrogen in the Amazon basin. Warrier, P.K.; V.P.K. Nambiar and C. Ramankutty 1995.
Plant and Soil, 67: 367-376 Indian medicinal plants. A compendium of 500 species,
Salguero, C.P., 2003. .A Thai herbal traditional recipes for Volume 4. Page 124-125. Pub. Orient Blackswan.
health and harmony (Ed. Barton, L.). Findhorn Press, Wildin, J.H.; J. Kernot and T. Stockwell, 1996. ‘Overview:
Scotland. ponded pasture species, establishment and management’,
Santosh Kumar and Satya Narain, 2010. Herbal remedies of PA Pittaway, JH Wildin & CK McDonald (eds), Beef
wetlands macrophytes in India. International Journal of production from ponded pastures, Proceedings of a
Pharma and Bio Sciences Vol. 1(2) \ workshop held at Yeppoon, Queensland, April 1993,
Sarma S. K. & Monjit Saikia, 2010. Utilization of wetland Pittaway, pp. 81-84.
resources by the rural people of Nagaon district, Assam. Windler, D.R., 1966. ‘A revision of the Genus Neptunia
Indian Journal of traditional Knowledge. Vol. 9(1), pp. (LEGUMINOSAE)’, Australian Journal of Botany, 14: pp.
145-151 379–420.
Schaede, R., 1940. Dieknollchen deradvertiven, Yanasugondha, D. and L. Buranakarl, 1981. ‘Nitrogen fixation
Wassenwurzeln. Von Neptunia oleracea und ihre Bakterien in the root nodules of Neptunia oleracea Lour. in water
Symbiose. Planta 31:1-21. culture’, J Wetselaar, RR Simpson & T Rosswall (eds),
Singh, H.B.; R.S. Singh and J.S. Sandhu, 2003. Herbal Nitrogen cycling in south east Asian Wet Monsoonal
medicine of Manipur: A colour encyclopaedia. Daya Ecosystems, Australian Academy of Science, Canberra, pp.
Publishing House, Delhi. pp. 27. 148–49.
Sinha, S.C., 1996. Medicinal plants of Manipur. Mass and Yi-Ju Chou; N.E. Geoffrey; E.K. James, Kuan-Yin Lin; Jui-
Sinha,Imphal. pp.124 Hsing Chou; Shih-Yi Sheu; Der-Shyan Sheu; J.I. Sprent
Sprent, J. I. 1995. Legume trees and shrubs in the tropics: N2 and Wen-Ming Chen, 2007. Labrys neptuniae sp. nov.,
fixation in perspective. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 27: isolated from root nodules of the aquatic legume Neptunia
401-407. oleracea. International Journal of Systematic and
Sprent, J. I., and P. Sprent, 1990. Nitrogen fixing organisms. Evolutionary Microbiology, 57: 577–581
Pure and applied aspects. Chapman & Hall, London, Zurdo-Pineiro, J. L.; E. Velazquez; M.J. Lorite; G. Brelles-
United Kingdom. Marino; E.C. Schroder; E.J. Bedmar; P.F. Mateos and E.
Subha-Rao, N.S., P.F. Mateos; D. Baker; H. Pankrazt; J. Martinez-Molina, 2004. Identification of fast-growing
Palma; F.B. Dazzo and J.I. Sprent, 1995. The unique root- rhizobia nodulating tropical legumes from Puerto Rico as
nodule symbiosis between Rhizobium and the aquatic legume Rhizobium gallicum and Rhizobium tropici. Syst Appl
Neptunia natans(L.f.) Druce. Planta196: 311-320 Microbiol 27, 469–477.
Suppadit, T.; W. Phoonchinda and P. Bunsirichai, 1995.
Treatment of effluent from shrimp farm by using water
mimosa (Neptunia oleracea Lour.).J. ISSAAS, 11920, 20-
29.
*******