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    Clinical psychology has evolved from its roots in ancient Greece to become a science-based profession. [1] It uses evidence-based practices to assess and treat mental disorders while considering each individual's unique experiences and preferences. [2] Clinical psychologists work in various settings and collaborate with other mental health professions like psychiatry, counseling psychology, and social work to promote optimal functioning and prevent mental illness. [3] The future of clinical psychology involves expanding services to integrate psychology into general healthcare and meeting the diverse needs of aging populations through evidence-based practices.

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    Chapter 1

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    seyfelizeliha
    34 views27 pages
    Clinical psychology has evolved from its roots in ancient Greece to become a science-based profession. [1] It uses evidence-based practices to assess and treat mental disorders while considering each individual's unique experiences and preferences. [2] Clinical psychologists work in various settings and collaborate with other mental health professions like psychiatry, counseling psychology, and social work to promote optimal functioning and prevent mental illness. [3] The future of clinical psychology involves expanding services to integrate psychology into general healthcare and meeting the diverse needs of aging populations through evidence-based practices.

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    Clinical psychology has evolved from its roots in ancient Greece to become a science-based profession. [1] It uses evidence-based practices to assess and treat mental disorders while considering each individual's unique experiences and preferences. [2] Clinical psychologists work in various settings and collaborate with other mental health professions like psychiatry, counseling psychology, and social work to promote optimal functioning and prevent mental illness. [3] The future of clinical psychology involves expanding services to integrate psychology into general healthcare and meeting the diverse needs of aging populations through evidence-based practices.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    34 views27 pages

    Chapter 1

    Uploaded by

    seyfelizeliha
    Clinical psychology has evolved from its roots in ancient Greece to become a science-based profession. [1] It uses evidence-based practices to assess and treat mental disorders while considering each individual's unique experiences and preferences. [2] Clinical psychologists work in various settings and collaborate with other mental health professions like psychiatry, counseling psychology, and social work to promote optimal functioning and prevent mental illness. [3] The future of clinical psychology involves expanding services to integrate psychology into general healthcare and meeting the diverse needs of aging populations through evidence-based practices.

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    of 27

    CLINICAL

    PSYCHOLOGY I

    Fall 2022
    Aslıhan Koyuncu, MS.c.
    Chapter 1

    The Evolution of Clinical


    Psychology
    What is mental
    health?
    “Mental health is a state of well-being
    in which the individual realizes his or
    her own abilities, can cope with the
    normal stresses of life, and is able to
    make a contribution to his or her
    community.”

    World Health Organization (2007)


    • About half of mental disorders begin before age 14.

    • Worldwide 800,000 people commit suicide every year.

    • In emergencies, the number of people with mental disorders is estimated to


    increase by 6–11%.

    • Mental disorders increase the risk for physical disorders.

    • Many health conditions increase the risk of mental disorders.

    • Stigma prevents many people from seeking mental health care.

    • There are great inequities in the availability of mental health professionals


    across the world.

    World Health Organization (2007)


    • 1 in 4 adult Americans suffers from a mental disorder (NCMRS, 2002).

    • Half the cases of mental disorder begin by age 14, and three quarters have
    begun by age 24 (Kessler, Berglund, Demler, Jin, & Walters, 2005).

    • The onset of anxiety disorders often occurs in late childhood, mood disorders
    in late adolescence, and substance abuse in the early 20s (Kessler, Berglund,
    et al., 2005).

    • Most mental disorders are overlooked or misdiagnosed, and only a small


    percentage of those who suffer from a mental disorder ever receive treatment.
    Defining the Nature and Scope of Clinical
    Psychology
    Defining the Nature and Scope of
    Clinical Psychology
    Clinical psychology

    • is based on scientifically supported psychological theories and


    principles.

    • uses scientifically based methods to reliably and validly assess


    both normal and abnormal human functioning.

    • involves gathering evidence regarding optimal strategies for


    delivering health care services.
    Defining the Nature and Scope of
    Clinical Psychology
    Over the decades the nature and definition of clinical psychology has
    shifted, expanded, and evolved.

    Now includes numerous approaches to intervention and prevention


    services.

    also covers indirect services that do not involve contact with those who
    have a mental disorder (e.g., consultation activities, research, program
    development, program evaluation)
    Can clinical psychology be
    based solely on the science
    of psychology?
    Defining the Nature and Scope of
    Clinical Psychology
    Group-based data cannot be used in working with an individual.

    Clients have problems now and we cannot afford to wait for the research.

    Each individual has unique constellation of life experience, culture, and societal
    context.

    So, general psychological principles cannot provide useful guidance in alleviating


    emotional distress or interpersonal conflict.

    No research evidence on how to understand or treat many of the human problems


    confronted by clinical psychologists on a daily basis.
    Do you think clinical
    practise should base on
    clinicians’ gut feelings,
    intuition or experience?
    Defining the Nature and Scope of
    Clinical Psychology
    People are prone to make errors and have biases.

    Clinicians can make serious mistakes in evaluating and treating clients.

    So, they should balance professional experience and use general


    orientation toward understanding human functioning.
    Defining the Nature and Scope of
    Clinical Psychology
    The evidence-based practice (EBP) model:

    A clinician should

    o use information drawn from current research

    o use systematically collected data on the patient,

    o use professional experience, and

    o consider patient’s preferences when considering health care options for


    assessment, prevention, or intervention services.

    The EBP model is now being integrated into many health and human service
    systems
    Mental Health Professions

    Counselling Psychology

    • provides services to individuals who were dealing with normal


    challenges in life (e.g., leaving home to work or to attend college,
    changes in work or interpersonal roles)

    • most commonly employed in educational settings (such as


    university counseling clinics) or general community clinics in which
    various social and psychological services are available

    • also promotes the use of scientifically based interventions.


    Mental Health Professions
    Psychiatry
    • Physicians who specialize in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of
    mental illnesses.

    • deals extensively with physiological and biochemical systems and


    emphasizes biological functioning and abnormalities.

    • evaluate whether psychological symptoms result from or are


    exacerbated by medications used to treat physical ailments and chronic
    illnesses.

    • emphasizes psychopharmacological treatment over psychological


    treatment.

    • An important distinction between clinical psychologists and psychiatrists


    à only psychiatrists could prescribe medication.
    • Psychiatrists were among the pioneers
    in the development of evidence-based
    psychological treatments.

    • Aaron Beck was the primary developer


    of Cognitive Therapy for depression (and
    subsequently other disorders).
    Mental Health Professions
    Social Work

    • focus on ways to assist individuals, families, groups, and


    communities to restore or enhance their social functioning.

    • emphasize the importance of social conditions that facilitate


    optimal development.

    • includes many activities (e.g., policy development, program


    planning, program management, research consultation) (National
    Association of Social Workers [NASW], 2008).

    • are employed in diverse settings (e.g., hospitals, community mental


    health centers, mental health clinics, schools, advocacy
    organizations) (NASW, 2008).
    A Brief History of Clinical Psychology
    The Roots of Clinical Psychology

    • Hippocrates (psychosocial
    approach)à imbalances in the levels
    of blood, black bile, yellow bile, and
    phlegm are responsible for
    emotional disturbance.
    A Brief History of Clinical Psychology
    The Roots of Clinical Psychology

    • Plato à the role of societal forces and psychological needs in the


    development and alleviation of mental disorders

    • Aristotle à emphasized the biological determinants of mental


    disorders.
    A Brief History of Clinical Psychology
    The Roots of Clinical Psychology

    • St. Vincent de Paul (1500s) à mental and physical illnesses were


    caused by natural forces. Extreme manifestations of mental
    disturbances such as psychotic behavior were not caused by
    witchcraft or by satanic possession

    • Those suffering from severe mental illness were isolated in asylums.


    Often chained to walls
    A Brief History of Clinical Psychology
    The Roots of Clinical Psychology

    • Reformer Philippe Pinel (Paris, 1700s) à chains must be removed


    from all mental patients and patients should be treated humanely.

    • William Tuke (England) à developed modern ideas of appropriate


    care and established a country retreat in which patients lived and
    worked.

    • Benjamin Rush (USA) à the use of moral therapy with the mentally
    ill.
    A Brief History of Clinical Psychology
    The Roots of Clinical Psychology

    Within European medicine the specialty of neurology was growing


    rapidly.

    • Jean Martin Charcot (France) à the primary developer of clinical


    neurology.

    • Pierre Janet and Sigmund Freud à develop their own theories to


    account for hysteria (i.e., extreme, dramatic, and often odd behavior
    including limb paralysis).
    A Brief History of Clinical Psychology
    The Future

    Clinical psychology will

    • be influenced by application of psychological services to different


    health problems, not just mental health problems;

    • develop services that respond to the health care needs of an ageing


    population

    • Ensure that psychological assessments, prevention programs, and


    treatments are both evidence-based and appropriate for the
    diverse range of people who receive these services;

    • Enhance the impact of concurrent use of psychological and


    pharmacological interventions.
    Thank you!
    Any Questions?

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