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2021 Lithuania P2sol

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S2-1

Theoretical Question 2  Solution ENGLISH

Electrostatic lens (10 points)

Part A. Electrostatic potential on the axis of the ring (1 point)

A.1 (0.3 points)


The linear charge density of the ring is λ = q/(2πR). All the points of the ring are situated a

distance R2 + z 2 away from point A. Integrating over the whole ring we readily obtain:
q 1
Φ (z) = √ .
4πε0 R + z 2
2

A.1 (0.3 pt)

q 1
Φ (z) = √ .
4πε0 R + z 2
2

A.2 (0.4 points)


Using an expansion in powers of z we obtain:

z2
 
q 1 q 1 q
Φ(z) = √ = q ≈ 1− .
4πε0 R2 + z 2 4πε0 R z 2
 4πε0 R 2R2
1+ R

A.2 (0.4 pt)

z2
 
q
Φ (z) ≈ 1− .
4πε0 R 2R2

A.3 (0.2 points)


The potential energy of the electron is V (z) = −eΦ(z). The force acting on the electron is

dV (z) dΦ qe
F (z) = − = +e =− z.
dz dz 4πε0 R3
If this is a restoring force, it should be negative for positive z. Thus, q > 0.

A.3 (0.2 pt)

qe
F (z) = − z. q > 0.
4πε0 R3
S2-2
Theoretical Question 2  Solution ENGLISH

A.4 (0.1 points)


The equation of motion for an electron is

qe
mz̈ + z=0
4πε0 R3
(here dots denote time derivatives). We therefore get

r
qe
ω= .
4πmε0 R3

A.4 (0.1 pt)

r
qe
ω= .
4πmε0 R3

Part B. Electrostatic potential in the plane of the ring (1.7 points)

B.1 (1.5 points)


There are two dierent ways to solve this problem: (i) using direct integration; (ii) using Gauss's
law and the result of part A.

Figure 1: Calculating electrostatic potential in the plane of the ring through direct integration.

(i) Direct integration. We will follow the notations of Figure 1. Since the potential has
cylindrical symmetry, let the point B, where we calculate the potential, be on the x-axis. Let

|OB| = r; |OC| = R.

Thus:
|BC|2 = R2 + r2 − 2Rr cos φ.
S2-3
Theoretical Question 2  Solution ENGLISH

Electrostatic potential created by ring element dφ at the point B:

1 λR dφ 1 λ dφ
dΦ = p = q .
4πε0 R2 + r2 − 2Rr cos φ 4πε0 1 + r2 − 2 r cos φ
R2 R

Using the expansion given in the formulation of the problem for ε = −1/2 we have:
" 2 #
1 r2 3 r2
  
λ dφ r r
dΦ ≈ 1− − 2 cos φ + − 2 cos φ .
4πε0 2 R2 R 8 R2 R

Ignoring the terms of the order r3 and r4 we get:

r2
  
λ dφ r 3 1
dΦ ≈ 1 + cos φ + 2 cos2 φ − .
4πε0 R R 2 2
Integrating over all angles we nally obtain:

ˆ 2π
r2 3
  
λ r 2 1
Φ(r) = 1 + cos φ + 2 cos φ − dφ.
4πε0 0 R R 2 2

r2
 
q
Φ(r) = 1+ .
4πε0 R 4R2
From here, comparing with the expression Φ(r) = q(α + βr2 ), we obtain

1
β= .
16πε0 R3
(ii) Gauss's law.

Figure 2: Calculating electrostatic potential in the plane of the ring via Gauss's law.

Let us analyze a small cylinder of radius r. The center of the cylinder coincides with the center
of the ring. In part A we analyzed the potential along the z -axis, while in this part we analyze the
potential along the radius r. For any zR r  R the potential
and has an expression:

z2
 
q
Φ(z, r) = 1− 2
+ qβr2 .
4πε0 R 2R
S2-4
Theoretical Question 2  Solution ENGLISH

The lowest order terms are quadratic in r and z. Due to reection symmetry the potential does not
contain terms of the type rz . This, for example, immediately gives us α = 1/(4πε0 R). Thus, for
small r and z electric elds in the radial and axial directions are:

q
Ez (z, r) = + z, Er (z, r) = −2qβr.
4πε0 R3
Applying Gauss's law to the cylinder we obtain:
˛ ˆ ˆ
E~ · dS
~=0 ⇒ E~ · dS
~+ E~ · dS
~ = 0.
side base

The second integral is:


ˆ 2
~ = 2πr2 Ez (z, r) = qzr .
E~ · dS
2ε0 R3
base
The rst integral is: ˆ
E~ · dS
~ = 4πrzEr (z, r) = −8πqβr2 z.
side
Gauss's theorem thus gives:
qzr2
− 8πqβr2 z = 0.
2ε0 R3
This immediately yields
1
β= ,
16πε0 R3
which agrees with the result obtained via direct integration.

B.1 (1.5 pt)

1
β= .
16πε0 R3

B.2 (0.2 points)


The potential of the electron is V (r) = −eΦ(r). Force acting on the electron in the xy plane is

dV (r) dΦ(r) qe
F (r) = − = +e = r.
dr dr 8πε0 R3
To have oscilations we need the force to be negative for r > 0. Thus, q < 0.

B.2 (0.2 pt)

qe
F (r) = + r. q < 0.
8πε0 R3
S2-5
Theoretical Question 2  Solution ENGLISH

Part C. The focal length of the idealized electrostatic lens (2.3 points)

C.1 (1.3 points)


p
Let us consider an electron with the velocity v= 2E/m at a distance r from the optical axis
(Figure 2 of the problem). The electron crosses the active region of the lens in time

d
t= .
v
The equation of motion in the r direction:

mr̈ = 2eqβr.

During the time the electron crosses the active region of the lens, the electron acquires radial velocity:

2eqβr d
vr = < 0.
m v
The lens will be focusing if q < 0. The time it takes for an electron to reach the optical axis is:

r mv
t0 = =− .
|vr | 2eqβd

During this time the electron travels in the z -direction a distance

mv 2 E
∆z = t0 v = − =− .
2eqβd eqdβ

∆z does not depend on the radial distance r, therefore all electron will cross the optical axis (will
be focused) in the same spot. Thus,
E
f =− .
eqdβ

C.1 (1.3 pt)

E
f =− .
eqdβ
S2-6
Theoretical Question 2  Solution ENGLISH

C.2 (0.8 points)

Figure 3: Focusing of electrons.

Let us consider an electron emitted an an angle γ to the optical axis (Figure 3). Its initial velocity
in the radial direction is:
r
vr;0 = v sin γ ≈ vγ ≈ v ,
b
where r is the radial distance of the electron when it reaches the plane of the ring. The velocity in
the z -direction is
vz = v cos γ ≈ v.
For small angles γ the additional velocity in the r-direction acquired in the active region is the
same as in part C.1. Thus, the radial velocity after crossing the active region is

r 2eqβr d
vr = v + ,
b m v
where the rst term is positive and the second term is negative, since q < 0. If the electrons are
focused, then vr < 0 (this can be veried after obtaining the nal result). The electron will reach
the optical axis in time
r r 1
t0 = = − 2eqβr d = − 2eqβ d v .
|vr | m v
r
+ vb m v
+b
During this time it will travel a distance

1 1
c = t0 v = − 2eqβ
d 1
= − eqβd 1 .
m v2
+ b E
+b

C.2 (0.8 pt)

1
c = − eqβd 1
.
E
+ b
S2-7
Theoretical Question 2  Solution ENGLISH

C.3 (0.2 pt)


From the previous answer we obtain:

1 1 eqβd
+ =− .
b c E
Comparing with the answer of C.1 we immediately obtain

1 1 1
+ = ,
b c f

i.e. the equation of a thin optical lens is valid for an electrostatic lens as well.

C.3 (0.2 pt)

1 1 1
The equation of a thin optical lens
b
+ c
= f
is valid for an electrostatic lens.

Part D. The ring as a capacitor (3 points)

D.1 (2.0 points)

Figure 4: Calculation of the capacitance of the ring.

Let us sub-divide the entire ring into two parts: a part corresponding to the angle 2α  1, and the
rest of the ring, as shown in Figure 4. While the angle is small in comparison to 1, let us assume
that the length of the rst part, αR, is still large compared to a (αR  a). Let us calculate the
electrostatic potential Φ at point K. It it a sum of two terms: the rst one produced by the cut-out
part with an angle 2α (contribution Φ1 ) and the second one originating from the rest of the ring
(contribution Φ2 ).
Contribution Φ1 . Since α  1,
we can neglect the curvature of the cylinder that is cut out
q
from the ring. The linear charge density on the ring is λ = . The potential at the center of the
2πR
S2-8
Theoretical Question 2  Solution ENGLISH

cylinder is then given by an integral:

ˆ αR ˆ αR ˆ αR/a
1 q dx q d(x/a) q dy
Φ1 = 2 √ = 2 p = 2 p .
4πε0 2πR 0 x 2 + a2 4π ε0 R 0 1 + (x/a)2 4π ε0 R 0 1 + y2

Using the integral provided in the description of the problem we get:

 s 
 2
q  p  αR/a q αR αR
Φ1 = ln y + 1 + y2 = ln  + 1+ .
4π 2 ε 0R 0 4π 2 ε 0R a a

As αR  a,  
q 2αR
Φ1 ≈ 2 ln .
4π ε0 R a

Figure 5: Calculation of the capacitance of the ring

Contribution Φ2 . In this case we can neglect the thickness a. Using the cosine theorem we can
derive the distance between points K and L of Figure 5:

φ
|KL| = 2R sin .
2
The contribution Φ2 can then be written as an integral:

ˆ π ˆ π ˆ π φ
 ˆ π/2
q 1 dφ q dφ q d 2 q dχ
Φ2 = 2 φ
= 2 φ
= 2 = 2 .
2π 4πε0 α 2R sin 2 8π ε0 R α sin 2 4π ε0 R α sin φ2 4π ε0 R α/2 sin χ

Using the integral from the formulation of the problem, we calculate:

ˆ π/2   π/2    
dχ cos χ + 1 cos α/2 + 1 4
= − ln = ln ≈ ln
α/2 sin χ sin χ α/2 sin α/2 α

for α  1. Therefore  
q 4
Φ2 ≈ 2 ln .
4π ε0 R α
S2-9
Theoretical Question 2  Solution ENGLISH

The total potential and capacitance. The total potential is the sum of Φ2 : Φ1 and

     
q 2αR q 4 q 8R
Φ = Φ 1 + Φ2 = 2 ln + 2 ln = 2 ln .
4π ε0 R a 4π ε0 R α 4π ε0 R a
α drops out from the expression. From here we obtain the capacitance C = q/Φ :
4π 2 ε0 R
C= .
ln 8R a

C→0 as a → 0.

D.1 (2.0 pt)

4π 2 ε0 R
C= .
ln 8R

a

D.2 (1.0 point)


Let q(t) be the charge on the ring at a time t. Potential of the disk is thus q(t)/C . Voltage drop
d d
of the resistor is R0 I(t) = R0 dq/dt. Therefore for time − 2v < t < 2v :

q(t) dq
+ R0 = V0 .
C dt
Integrating this equation and keeping in mind that q(t) = 0 att = −d/(2v), we get:
 
− 2vRd C − R t C
q(t) = CV0 1−e 0 e 0 .

The charge attains the largest absolute value at t = d/(2v). The value of the charge at this time is:
 
− d
q0 = CV0 1 − e vR0 C .
d
When t> 2v
, we get:
q(t) dq
+ R0 = 0.
C dt
From here:
− t + d
 d 
− d t
q(t) = q0 e R0 C 2vR0C = CV0 e 2vR0 C − e 2vR0 C e− RC .
Therefore, we obtain:
 d

0   for t < − 2v ;
− 2vRd C − R t C

d d
q(t) = CV0 1 − e 0 e 0 for − 2v
<t< 2v
;
 
CV e 2vRd0 C − e− 2vRd0 C e− R0t C

 d
0 for t> 2v
.

For a lens to be focusing we require that charge is negative, therefore V0 < 0. The dependence
of charge on time is shown in Figure 6.
S2-10
Theoretical Question 2  Solution ENGLISH

Figure 6: Charge on the ring as a function of time.

D.2 (1.0 pt)

d d 
− d − t

For − <t< , q (t) = CV0 1 − e 2vR0 C e R0 C .
2v 2v
d  d
− 2vRd C

− t
For t > , q (t) = CV0 e 2vR0 C
−e 0 e R0 C .
2v
 
− vRd C
q0 = CV0 1 − e 0 . Schematic plot of this function is shown in Figure 6.

Part E. Focal length of a more realistic lens (2 points)

E.1 (1.7 points)


Like in part C, the radial equation of motion of an electron is:

mr̈ = 2eq(t)βr,

where in this case q(t) depends on time. Using the notation η = 2eβ/m, we obtain:

r̈ − ηq(t)r = 0.

As f /v  R0 C , then during chargingdecharging the electron does not substantially change its
r, and we can assume r to be constant during the entire chargingdecharging process.
radial position
In this case the acquired vertical velocity is
ˆ ∞
vr = ηr q(t) dt.
−d/(2v)
S2-11
Theoretical Question 2  Solution ENGLISH

´ d/(2v)
We can use the derived equations for q(t) and nd the integrals. The integral
−d/(2v)
q(t) dt is

(using the notation d/v = t0 , R0 C = τ , CV0 = Q0 ):


ˆ t0 /2 ˆ t0 /2  
t0 t
Q0 1 − e− 2τ e− τ dt = Q0 t0 − τ 1 − e−t0 /τ .
 
q(t) dt =
−t0 /2 −t0 /2
´∞
The integral
d/(2v)
q(t) dt is

ˆ ∞  
t0 t t
− 2τ0
e− τ dt = Q0 τ 1 − e−t0 /τ .
 
Q0 e 2τ −e
t0 /2

Adding the two integrals we obtain for the nal integral:

ˆ ∞
q(t)dt = Q0 t0 .
−t0 /2

Interestingly, it does not depend on τ = R0 C . Therefore, the acquired vertical velocity of the
electron is
CV0 d 2eβCV0 dr
vr = ηr = .
v mv
Following the logic similar to part C, we derive the focal length

E
f =− .
eCV0 dβ

E.1 (1.7 pt)

E
f =− .
eCV0 dβ

E.2 (0.3 points).


Comparing f = −E/(eCV0 dβ) with f = −E/(eqdβ) from part C we immediataly obtain qe =
CV0 .

E.2 (0.3 pt)

qe = CV0 .

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