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ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE DEVELOPMENT

-“ROMANSQUE” WAS COINED BY -THE END OF BABARIAN INVASIONS
CHARLES-ALEXIS-ADRIEN DE GERVILLE IN
-THE DECOMPOSITION OF CORDOBA
1818.
-THE ESTABLISMENTS OF PEACE IN THE
-INSPIRED BY ROMAN ARCHITECTURE.
CHRISTIAN WORLD, WIWTH THE
-SIMILARITIES BETWEEN ROMANESQUE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CITIES,
AND ROMAN: COMMERCE, AND INDUSTRY
ROUND VAULTS
BARREL VAULTS EXPANSION
STONE MATERIALS -DEVELOPMENT OF FEUDAL SYSTEM
THE BASILICA STYLE PLAN -THE EXPANSION OF RELIGIOUS ORDERS
(BENEDICTINES)
-ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE DATES
FROM 1000 TO 1150 -THE PILGRIMAGES ROUTES
-ROMANESQUE STYLE CHURCHES -THE CRUSADES
CONTINUED TO BE BUILT WELL INTO
1200s
ROMANESQUE STYLE
-ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE IS KNOWN
ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE
BY ITS:
ROMAN IN FRENCH
MASSIVE WALLS THICK WALLS
ROMANISH IN GERMAN
ROUND ARCHES STURDY PIPES
ROMAANSE IN DUTCH
GROIN VAULT LARGE TOWERS
ROMANICO IN SPANISH
DECORATIVE ARCADING
ROMANICO IN ITALIAN

CLIMATE AND MATERIALS

INTRODUCTION TO ROMANESQUE ART
➢ LOCAL MATERIAL USED:
-1ST STYLE THAT CAN BE FOUND ALL OVER
-STONE
EUROPE
-BRICK
-THE EXPANSION OF THE STYLES WAS
LINKED TO THE PILGRIMAGES, MAINLY TO -TERRA-COTTA
SANTIAGO.
-READY MADE COLUMNS
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➢ CLIMATIC CONDITIONS -MULTIPLE TOWERS, USUALLY AT THE

CONTRIBUTED TO DIFFERENCES WEST END AND OVER THE TRANSEPT
OF TREATMENT OF NORTH AND CROSSING
SOUTH OF THE ALPS & PYRENEES
-SCULPTURES DECORATIONS ON PORTALS,
➢ NORTH
CAPITALS AND OTHER SURFACES
-WINDOW OPENINGS WERE ENLARGED
-PAINTED DECORATION WITHOUT THE
-HIGH-PITCHED ROOF INTERIOR
➢ SOUTH
-SMALL WINDOW OPENINGS
FLAT ROOFS
EX: SAN VITTORE ALLE CHURCHES
(GENGA,ITALY)
SAN’T AMBROGIO (MILAN,ITALY)

CHARACTERISTICS TYPOLOGIES
-HARMONIOUS PROPORTIONS 1. MONASTERY
-BARREL VUALT (ROMANESQUE) OR -DESIGN AS A MICROCOSM, AS
GROIN VAULT (LATE ROMANESQUE) THE CITY OF GOD.

-THICK AND HEAVY WALLS

-THICK AND HEAVY PILLARS
-SMALL WINDOWS
2. CHURCH
-ROUND ARCHES SUPPORTING THE ROOF
-ROUND “BLIND ARCHES: USED FOR
DECORATION INSIDE AND OUT
-NAVE WITH SIDE AISLES
-GALLERIES ABOVE THE SIDE AISLES,
SEPERATED FROM THE NAVE BY A PLANS COULD BE:
TRIFORIUM
LATIN CROSSS PLAN
-TRANSEPT POLYGONAL PLAN
BASILICAL PLAN
-APSE
-AMBULATORY
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PARTS FROM THE OUTSIDE

ROMANESQUE IN FRANCE
-ORIGINAL REGION OF ROMANESQUE ART
-FIRST APPEARED IN CLUNY ABBEY
-CHURCH OF ST. TROPHIME, ARLES (BUILT
3 LEVELS BETWEEN 12TH & 15TH CENTURY)

-FIRST FLOOR WITH COLUMNS OR PROVENCE: POINTED DOMES AND

CROSS-SHAPED PILLARS FACADES DECORATED WITH ARCHES

-SECOND FLOOR WITH TRIBUNE -BASILICA OF SAINT SERNIN, TOULOUSE

(CONSTRUCTED BETWEEN 1080-1120)
-CLERESTORY
AUVERGNE: LONG CHOIR, SIDE
TYPE OF COVERS
AISLES AROUND THE SEMICIRCULAR
1. BARREL VAULT- COVER THE SANCTUARY FORMING THE AMBULATORY
CENTRAL NAVE IN WHICH RADIATING CHAPELS OPEN.
2. GROIN VAULT- COMMON IN AISLES
-CLUNY ABBEY
AND AMBULATORY
3. DOME- SPHERICAL USED IN APSES BURGUNDY: BARRELL AVULTED,
THREE AISLED BASILICA
3. CASTLE
-VEZELAY ABBEY
-DEFENSIVE CONSTRUCTION
NORMANDY: LOMBARD
-FORTIFIED FOR PROVIDING SHELTER INFLUENCES WITH GROINED VAULTS
SUPPORTED BY FLYING BUTTRESSES AND
-WALL WAS ONE OF THE ESSENTIAL
FACADES WITH 2 FLANKING TOWERS.
ELEMENTS.
-TEND TO BE BUILT IN STEPPED AREAS,
EASIER TO DEFEND
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ROMANESQUE IN ITALY BUILDING TYPES OF PISA CATHEDRAL,

TUCANY
-ONE OF THE MOST PROMINENT STYLES
THAT CAN STILL BE SEEN IN THE 1. CHURCH
COUNTRY’S CHURCHES AND OTHER 2. BAPTISTERY
RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS. DESIGN BY: DIOTI SALVI
3. BELL TOWER
-LOMBARDY WITH GROINED VAULTS OF
TOWER OF PISA- CONSTRUCTION
HEAVY PROPORTIONS (ex: SAN’T
BEGAN IN AUGUST 1173 AND
AMBROGIO, MILAN, ITALY)
CONTINUED 200 YRS.
-CENTRAL ITALY CLASSICAL ELEMENTS: (ex: ARCHITECT: GIOVANNI DE
SAN’T MINIATO, FLORENCE) SIMONE

• CORINTHIAN CAPITALS
• COLOURED CAPITALS
ROMANESQUE IN GERMANY
• OPEN ARCHES
• COLONNADES MARBLE • CATHEDRAL OF ST. PETER, WORMS
• OPEN ARCHES -VAULTING SYSTEM USED: GROIN
• COLONNAED AND GALLERIES VAULT
• FACADES WITH SCULPTURES • MARIA LAACH ABBEY
• CHURCHES WERE PLANNED ON A
-SOUTH ITALY (ex: CEFALU CATHEDRAL, LARGE SCALE
SICILY) • THEY USED TO BE VERY HIGH
• BYZANTINE AND ARABIC • THEY HAD AN APSE OR
INFLUENCES SANCTUARY AT EACH END
• MOSAICS • NUMEROUS ROUND OR
• INTERLACED POINTED-ARCHES OCTAGONAL TOWERS THAT
CONFERRED THEM A
PICTURESQUE SILHOUTTE
CHARACTERISTICS OF ITALIAN
ROMANESQUE
ROMANESQUE IN ENGLAND
1. BELL TOWERS
2. SEMI-CIRCULAR ARCHES • ELY CATHEDRAL, CAMBRIDGE
3. ROOFS/CEILINGS -HAS 3 LEVELS
4. THICK WALLS AND PILLARS 1. GROUNDFLOORS- NAVE WITH
5. WINDOWS ALTERNATING PIERS
6. COLUMNS AND CAPITALS 2. GALLERY WITH DOUBLE-LIGHT
7. MINI-LOGGIAS OPENINGS OR DOUBLE,
8. TYMPANUM WINDOWLESS OPENINGS
9. AMBULATORIES 3. CLERESTORY WITH TRIPLET
10. TYPICAL SHAPE OPENINGS
4. TREMENDOUS THICKNESS OF
THE WALLS
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ROMANESQUE IN SPAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF GOTHIC

ARCHITECTURE
CATALONIA : FOCAL POINT FOR THE
DISSEMINATION OF ROMANESQUE ART • STRUCTURAL
-SKELETAL STONE STRUCTURE
-IN THE 11TH CENTURY, THE REGION, WAS
• VISUAL
ALMOST ASSIMILATED TO FRANCE
-VISUAL ARTS WERE IMPORTANT
-CATALAN CHURCHES OF ROMANESQUE INCLUDING THE ROLE OF LIGHT IN
STRUCTURES
THE REST OF SPAIN WOULD RECEIVE IT
• SYMBOLIC
WITH PILGRIMAGE
-SCHOLASTICISM
CASTILE AND LEON: -TRANSLATIONS OF REAL EVENTS
INTO STONE AND GLASS
-DEEPLY INFLUENCED BY THE PILGRIMAGE
-CATHEDRAL SERVED AS AN IMAGE
ROUTES
OF HEAVEN
-THE CHURCHES ARE IDENTIFIED WITH
FEATURES OF GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
THE SPIRIT OR RECONQUIST
THERE ARE OTHER BUILDINGS SUCH AS • AIRY AND BRIGHT (FOCUS ON
CASTLES (LOARRE IN HUESCA) OR VERTICALITY)
BRIDGES, ESSENTIAL FOR PILGRIMS • POINTED ARCHES
(PUENTELARREINA, NAVARRE) • RIB VAULTS
• FLYING BUTTRESS
• LARGE STAINED GLASS WINDOWS
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE • ORNAMENTS AND PINNACLES

• “POINTED ARCHITECTURE” IS A
PAN-EUROPEAN STYLE THAT ARCHITECTURE CHARACTER OF GOTHIC
LASTED BETWEEN MID 12TH STYLE
CENTURY AND THE 16TH CENTURY.
• EASY TO RECOGNIZE GOTHIC 1. SPATIAL COMPOSITION
BUILDINGS BECAUSE OF THEIR -THE STRUCTURAL PARTS OF THE
ARCHES, RIBBED VAULTING, FLYING BUILDING CAUSED TO BE ITS SOLID
BUTTRESS, ELABORATE WALLS AND BECAME A STONE
SCULPTURES, AND STAINED-GLASS SKELETON DUE TO DEVELOPED
WINDOWS. ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES LIKE
• TO CONSTRUCT TALLER, MORE POINTED ARCHES. THE SELENDER
DELICATE BUILDINGS WITH COLUMNS AND LIGHTER SYSTEMS
THINNER WALLS. OF THRUST ALLOWED FOR LARGER
WINDOWS AND MORE LIGHT
COMPARED TO ROMANESQUE
ARCHITECTURE.
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2. CONSTRUCTIVE FEATURES TYPES OF CATHEDRAL PLAN

• FLYING BUTTRESS A SPECIFIC 1. BASILICAL PLAN
FORM OF BUTTRESS COMPOSED 2. SALOON PLAN
OF AN ARCH THAT EXTENDS FROM
THE UPPER PORTION OF A WALL
TYPES OF GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
TO A PIER OF GREAT MASS, IN
ORDER TO CONVEY TO THE 1. EARLY GOTHIC (1120-1200)
GROUND, THE LATERAL FORCES
-A STYLE THAT APPEARED IN NOTHERN
THAT PUSH A WALL OUTWARDS,
FRANCE, NORMANDY AND THEN
WHICH ARE FORCES THAT ARISE
ENGLAND.
FROM CAULTED CEILINGS OF
STONNE AND FROM WIND KEY FEATURES:
LOADING ON ROOFS.
• INCREAESED EXALTATION
• POINTED ARCH, OGIVAL ARCH, OR
OF LIGHT
GOTHIC ARCH IS AN ARCH WITH A
• OPENING OF WALLS
POINTED CROWN, WHOSE TWO
• USE OF STAINED GLASS
CURVING SIDES MEET AT A
• FLYING BUTTRESS
RELATIVELY SHARP ANGLE AT THE
(INCREASE AND
TOP OF THE ARCH. THIS
ELABORATE)
ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENT WAS
PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT IN • PINNACLES AND SPIRES
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. • REMOVAL OF TRIBUNE
• RIBBED VAULT IS COMPLEX 2. HIGH GOTHIC (1200-1280)
INTERSECTION OF 2 OR 3 VAULTS “RAYONNANT”
DECORATED WITH PIPED MSONRY -REFINED AND IMPOSING STYLE OF
• FAN VAULT IS PREDOMINANT IN GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE THAT APPEARED
ENGLISH GOTHIC CHURCHES. THE IN NOTHERN FRANCE.
RIBS ARE OF EQUAL CURVATURE &
KEY FEATURES:
ROTATED AROUND A CENTRAL
AXIS • NEW RADIATING WINDOW
3. ROOFS DESIGNS
4. ORNAMENTATION & TECHNIQUE • PIERCING OF ROSE
-TRACERY IS AN ARCHITECTURAL WINDOWS
DEVICE BY WHICH WINDOWS ARE • MONUMENTALITY WAS
DIVIDED INTO SECTIONS OF ABANDONED
VARIOUS PROPORTIONS BY STONE • SESRIES OF SUPPORTS
BARS OR RIBS OF MOLDING. THE INCREASED IN HEIGHT
SPECIAL ORNAMENTS OF THE
PERIOD ARE THE TUDOR ROSE, 3. LATE GOTHIC (1280-1500)
THE PORTCULLIS, AND THE FLEUR- “FLAMBOYANT”
DE-LIS. ROSE WINDOWS WERE A
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GOTHIC -MORE COLORFUL AND VIBRANT THAN
FAÇADE WITH TINTED PAINTED THE “RAYONNANT” STYLE, FOCUSING ON
GLASS. FLAME LIKE CURVE IN THE STONE
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WINDOW TO GIVE MORE OF AN EVEN A.1 NOTRE-DAME DE PARIS

FLOW AND TO CREATE EVEN LARGER
-ONE OF THE LARGEST BEST KNOWN
CEILING SPACES.
CHURCHES IN FRANCE
KEY FEATURES
-CONSTRUCTION BEGAN IN 1163 AND
• EMBILLISHMENT OF WAS COMPLETED IN 1345
TECHNICAL AND
-WAS CONSECRATED TO THE VIRGIN MARY
DECORATIVE ELEMENTS
AND CONSIDERED TO BE ONE OF THE
• INCORPORATION OF
FINEST EXAMPLES OF FRENCH GOTHIC
PLANTS FORMS
ARCHITECTURE
• EXUBERANT FREEDOM
CURVING -PIONEERING USE OF RIB VAULT AND
• TWISTING LINES FLYING BUTTRESS, ITS NORMOUS AND
• POINTED TRACERY COLORFUL ROSE WINDOWS, AS WELL AS
• RICHEST AND MOST THE NATURALISM AND ABUNDANCE OF
IMAGINATIVE DECORATIVE ITS SCULPTURAL DECORATION.
THEMES -IMPORTANT INNOVATION IN THE 13TH
CENTURY WAS THE INTRODUCTION OF
THE FLYING BUTTRESSES
A. FRENCH GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
• EMERGED IN FRANCE IN -THE BUTTRESSES MEANT THAT THE WALL
1140 AND WAS DOMINANT COULD BE HIGHER AND THINNER AND
UNTIL THE MID 16TH COULD HAVE MUCH LARGER WINDOWS.
CENTURY -USE OF SIMPLER FOUR PART RATHER
• FRENCH STYLE WAS WIDELY THAN SIXPART RIB VAULTS MEANT THAT
COPIES IN OTHER PARTS OF THE ROOF WERE STRONGER AND COULD
NOTHERN EUROPE, BE HIGHER
PARTICULARKY GERMANY
AND ENGLAND.
• GRADUALLY SUPPLANTED
AS THE DOMINANT
FRENCH STYLE IN THE MID
16TH CENTURY BY FRENCH
REINAISSANCE
ARCHITECTURE
MAIN CHARACTERS:

• VERTICALITY OR HEIGHT
• INNOVATIVE USE OF THE RIB
VAULT AND FLYING BUTTRESSES
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A2. THE BASILICA OF SAINT-DENIS

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REIMS CATHEDRAL

AMIENS CATHEDRAL

ENGLISH GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE

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