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The document discusses several studies on the effect of food labeling on calorie and junk food consumption. It finds: 1) A meta-analysis found low-quality evidence that labeling had little effect on reducing junk food purchases in vending machines and restaurants. 2) However, a New York study found that menu labeling reduced calories purchased at Starbucks by 14% (a 30 calorie reduction per person). 3) A Los Angeles study found patrons purchased meals with 100 fewer calories on average in response to calorie labeling. 4) Additional research shows the effect of labeling depends on product type and location, and how information is framed and consumers' understanding. Obese individuals may be more influenced by

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david villazon
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18 views

As A Complement of The Preview

The document discusses several studies on the effect of food labeling on calorie and junk food consumption. It finds: 1) A meta-analysis found low-quality evidence that labeling had little effect on reducing junk food purchases in vending machines and restaurants. 2) However, a New York study found that menu labeling reduced calories purchased at Starbucks by 14% (a 30 calorie reduction per person). 3) A Los Angeles study found patrons purchased meals with 100 fewer calories on average in response to calorie labeling. 4) Additional research shows the effect of labeling depends on product type and location, and how information is framed and consumers' understanding. Obese individuals may be more influenced by

Uploaded by

david villazon
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© © All Rights Reserved
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As a complement of the preview’s investigation, we can take into account Crockett et al

(2018) meta-analysis of how labelling food could reduce the consumption of junk food.
They considered 28 studies, in which they had controlled trials that compared the
consumption of a labelled product (that mentioned the nutritional component) with the
same product but without being labelled. The consumption was mainly measured by how
much the product was purchased depending on the previous characteristic. What the team
found was low quality evidence in experiments that were produced in vending in
restaurants and vending machines consumption. It shows that labelling products may not be
a strong intervention that may reduce junk food consumption.

On the other hand, Dumanovsky et al (2011) made a cross sectional survey in spring 2007
and spring 2009 in New York (one year before there was implemented a policy in which
food restaurants had to label the number of calories in the menu, and 9 months after the
policy was already full implemented). This survey was made by selecting 168 random
locations of the top 11 fast food in New York during lunch tie hours. The survey showed
that for example in Starbucks restaurants, menu labelling reduced calories in food purchase
by 14%, (Dumanovsky et al ,2011). This meant a reduction of 30 calories per person.
Showing that labelling food had a low-quality tackle in consumption of high calorie food.

Another study that showed a reduction on calories intake was developed by Kuo et al
(2009), it is an investigation over the consumption of food with high calories in Los
Angeles County, California. The team made a model of the consumer response towards
their purchase in restaurants that had calorie postings in their menu. The results showed
patrons in a reduction of high calorie meals in response to the calories labelled in the food
they order. This reduction was on average of 100 calories per meal. Consider this reduction
in the calorie intake, sowing labelled food calories can decrease the consumption of food.
And if the label information is presented correctly, it can show an impact in the food calorie
intake.

For the study it is important to consider how framing effect can produce and impact over
the perception of the consumer towards the food they are purchasing. Cornil et al (2021),
published an investigation which followed three groups, patients with severe obesity, had
weight- loss surgeries, and people with obesity. They evaluated their responsiveness to food
marketing that framed food perception. The study showed that products that were labelled
as healthy, people perceive that this food had low levels of calories, although this was not
true. In the three groups, people with morbid obesity were the ones who most underestimate
the number of calories in the products showed as “healthy”.

Although having label nutritional information is important, it is important to consider how


the information is presented. Research produced by Dumoitier et al (2019) showed that the
standard nutritional label was not good enough as consumers just used the information to
avoid certain nutrients. Also, it showed that detail labels were harder to understand, and
people tend to misunderstand or obviate the information. This shows the importance of how
the information is framed, rather as something confusing or something understandable can
have an impact over people's choice over the product

Discussion
For instance, using the previous literature, it can be proposed that the effect such as
labelling stamps can be affected depending on the type of product that the consumer is
buying. Taking in for example Crocket et al (2018) It showed that the experiment in
labelling food in vending machines didn’t get a reduction in junk food consumption, but on
the other hand Dominowski et al (2011) showed that in the restaurants it did reduce the
calories intake of the consumer. For instance, the investigation showed an impact over the
consumption in cafeterias. Sales in red labeled food (unhealthy food) decreased, while sales
in green labeled food (healthy food) increase. The study showed also that the category in
which the labelling mostly affect was in beverage category. This could have a relation to
consumption a dinner at restaurants, where people choice in food takes more thinking time
for them, so we can refer towards system two, where the individual tends to make a rational
choice, furthermore, taking in to account the labelling, the consumer gets to know the risk
of that product, making him change his decision in this sort of establishments. On the other
hand, while we are referring towards vending machine products, we are talking about fast
food meals, here the individual doesn’t take too much time in thinking what they are going
to eat. Therefore, we can suggest that the effect of nutritional labelling in food does depend
on the place and type of food the consumers is taking.
Another factor is that depending on the consumer, the effect on labeling food can be
stronger over the individual choice, as it was shown by Cornil et al (2021), individual that
suffer from obesity where more aware of the food labelling rather than people who where
in standard fat levels. As it was shown in the experiment fat people prefer to take products
that where labelled to be healthier although they were not healthy as suggested. Food
labelling suffers mostly from a Halo effect where people just believe in what the product
sells rather than what the product really is. And that has a relation with the difficulty of
reading the nutritional labelling. So, taking in to account the type of the individual who is
consuming the product and how the nutritional food is labelled, the food stamps does have
a stronger effect over the consumption of the individual.

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