Services in Android with Example

Services in Android are a special component that facilitates an application to run in the
background in order to perform long-running operation tasks. The prime aim of a service is to
ensure that the application remains active in the background so that the user can operate multiple
applications at the same time. A user-interface is not desirable for android services as it is
designed to operate long-running processes without any user intervention. A service can run
continuously in the background even if the application is closed or the user switches to another
application. Further, application components can bind itself to service to carry out inter-process
communication(IPC). There is a major difference between android services and threads, one
must not be confused between the two. Thread is a feature provided by the Operating system to
allow the user to perform operations in the background. While service is an android component
that performs a long-running operation about which the user might not be aware of as it does not
have UI.

Types of Android Services

1. Foreground Services:

Services that notify the user about its ongoing operations are termed as Foreground Services.
Users can interact with the service by the notifications provided about the ongoing task. Such as
in downloading a file, the user can keep track of the progress in downloading and can also pause
and resume the process.

2. Background Services:

Background services do not require any user intervention. These services do not notify the user
about ongoing background tasks and users also cannot access them. The process like schedule
syncing of data or storing of data fall under this service.

3. Bound Services:

This type of android service allows the components of the application like activity to bound
themselves with it. Bound services perform their task as long as any application component is
bound to it. More than one component is allowed to bind themselves with a service at a time. In
order to bind an application component with a service bindService() method is used.

The Life Cycle of Android Services

In android, services have 2 possible paths to complete its life cycle namely Started and Bounded.

1. Started Service (Unbounded Service):

By following this path, a service will initiate when an application component calls the
startService() method. Once initiated, the service can run continuously in the background even if
the component is destroyed which was responsible for the start of the service. Two option are
available to stop the execution of service:

By calling stopService() method,

The service can stop itself by using stopSelf() method.

2. Bounded Service:

It can be treated as a server in a client-server interface. By following this path, android

application components can send requests to the service and can fetch results. A service is
termed as bounded when an application component binds itself with a service by calling
bindService() method. To stop the execution of this service, all the components must unbind
themselves from the service by using unbindService() method.

To carry out a downloading task in the background, the startService() method will be called.
Whereas to get information regarding the download progress and to pause or resume the process
while the application is still in the background, the service must be bounded with a component
which can perform these tasks.

Fundamentals of Android Services

A user-defined service can be created through a normal class which is extending the class
Service. Further, to carry out the operations of service on applications, there are certain callback
methods which are needed to be overridden. The following are some of the important methods of
Android Services:
Methods Description

onStartCommand() The Android service calls this method when a component(eg: activity)
requests to start a service using startService(). Once the service is started,
it can be stopped explicitly using stopService() or stopSelf() methods.

This method is mandatory to implement in android service and is invoked

whenever an application component calls the bindService() method in
order to
onBind() bind itself with a service. User-interface is also provided to communicate
with the service effectively by returning an IBinder object.
If the binding of service is not required then the method must return null.
The Android system invokes this method when all the clients
onUnbind()
get disconnected from a particular service interface.
Once all clients are disconnected from the particular interface of service
and
onRebind()
there is a need to connect the service with new clients, the system calls
this method.
Whenever a service is created either using onStartCommand() or
onBind(),
onCreate() the android system calls this method. This method is necessary to perform
a one-time-set-up.
When a service is no longer in use, the system invokes this method
just before the service destroys as a final clean up call. Services must
onDestroy() implement this method in order to clean up resources like registered
listeners,
threads, receivers, etc.
Example of Android Services

Playing music in the background is a very common example of services in android. From the
time when a user starts the service, music play continuously in the background even if the user
switches to another application. The user has to stop the service explicitly in order to pause the
music. Below is the complete step-by-step implementation of this android service using a few
callback methods.

Note: Following steps are performed on Android Studio version 4.0

Step 1: Create a new project

Click on File, then New => New Project.

Choose Empty activity

Select language as Java/Kotlin

Select the minimum SDK as per your need.

Step 2: Modify strings.xml file

All the strings which are used in the activity are listed in this file.

XML code:-

<resources>
 <string name="app_name">Services_In_Android</string>

<string name="heading">Services In Android</string>

<string name="startButtonText">Start the Service</string>

<string name="stopButtonText">Stop the Service</string>

</resources>

Step 3: Working with the activity_main.xml file

Open the activity_main.xml file and add 2 Buttons in it which will start and stop the service.
Below is the code for designing a proper activity layout.

XML code:-

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout

xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"

xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"

xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"

android:layout_width="match_parent"

android:layout_height="match_parent"

android:background="#168BC34A"

tools:context=".MainActivity">

<LinearLayout

android:id="@+id/linearLayout"

android:layout_width="match_parent"

android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_centerVertical="true"

android:orientation="vertical"

app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"

app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"

app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"

app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"

app:layout_constraintVertical_bias="1.0"

tools:ignore="MissingConstraints">

<TextView

android:id="@+id/textView1"

android:layout_width="match_parent"

android:layout_height="wrap_content"

android:layout_marginBottom="170dp"

android:fontFamily="@font/roboto"

android:text="@string/heading"

android:textAlignment="center"

android:textAppearance="@style/TextAppearance.AppCompat.Large"

android:textColor="@android:color/holo_green_dark"

android:textSize="36sp"

android:textStyle="bold" />

<Button

android:id="@+id/startButton"

android:layout_width="match_parent"
 android:layout_height="match_parent"

android:layout_marginStart="20dp"

android:layout_marginTop="10dp"

android:layout_marginEnd="20dp"

android:layout_marginBottom="20dp"

android:background="#4CAF50"

android:fontFamily="@font/roboto"

android:text="@string/startButtonText"

android:textAlignment="center"

android:textAppearance="@style/TextAppearance.AppCompat.Display1"

android:textColor="#FFFFFF"

android:textStyle="bold" />

<Button

android:id="@+id/stopButton"

android:layout_width="match_parent"

android:layout_height="match_parent"

android:layout_marginStart="20dp"

android:layout_marginTop="10dp"

android:layout_marginEnd="20dp"

android:layout_marginBottom="20dp"

android:background="#4CAF50"

android:fontFamily="@font/roboto"

android:text="@string/stopButtonText"

android:textAlignment="center"
 android:textAppearance="@style/TextAppearance.AppCompat.Display1"

android:textColor="#FFFFFF"

android:textStyle="bold" />

<ImageView

android:id="@+id/imageView"

android:layout_width="match_parent"

android:layout_height="wrap_content"

android:layout_marginTop="80dp"

app:srcCompat="@drawable/banner" />

</LinearLayout>

</androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout>
Step 4: Creating the custom service class

A custom service class will be created in the same directory where the MainActivity class resides
and this class will extend the Service class. The callback methods are used to initiate and destroy
the services. To play music, the MediaPlayer object is used. Below is the code to carry out this
task.

Java code:-

import android.app.Service;

import android.content.Intent;

import android.media.MediaPlayer;

import android.os.IBinder;

import android.provider.Settings;

import androidx.annotation.Nullable;

public class NewService extends Service {

// declaring object of MediaPlayer

private MediaPlayer player;

@Override

// execution of service will start

// on calling this method

public int onStartCommand(Intent intent, int flags, int startId) {

 // creating a media player which

// will play the audio of Default

// ringtone in android device

player = MediaPlayer.create( this, Settings.System.DEFAULT_RINGTONE_URI

);

// providing the boolean

// value as true to play

// the audio on loop

player.setLooping( true );

// starting the process

player.start();

// returns the status

// of the program

return START_STICKY;

@Override

// execution of the service will

// stop on calling this method

public void onDestroy() {

super.onDestroy();
 // stopping the process

player.stop();

@Nullable

@Override

public IBinder onBind(Intent intent) {

return null;

}
Kotlin code:-

import android.app.Service

import android.content.Intent

import android.media.MediaPlayer

import android.os.IBinder

import android.provider.Settings

class NewService : Service() {

// declaring object of MediaPlayer

private lateinit var player:MediaPlayer

// execution of service will start

// on calling this method

override fun onStartCommand(intent: Intent, flags: Int, startId: Int): Int {

// creating a media player which

// will play the audio of Default

// ringtone in android device

player = MediaPlayer.create(this, Settings.System.DEFAULT_RINGTONE_URI)

// providing the boolean

// value as true to play

 // the audio on loop

player.setLooping(true)

// starting the process

player.start()

// returns the status

// of the program

return START_STICKY

// execution of the service will

// stop on calling this method

override fun onDestroy() {

super.onDestroy()

// stopping the process

player.stop()

override fun onBind(intent: Intent): IBinder? {

return null

}
Step 5: Working with the MainActivity file

Now, the button objects will be declared and the process to be performed on clicking these
buttons will be defined in the MainActivity class. Below is the code to implement this step.

Java code:-

import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity;

import android.content.Intent;

import android.os.Bundle;

import android.view.View;

import android.widget.Button;

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity implements View.OnClickListener {

// declaring objects of Button class

private Button start, stop;

@Override

protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {

super.onCreate( savedInstanceState );

setContentView( R.layout.activity_main );

// assigning ID of startButton

// to the object start

start = (Button) findViewById( R.id.startButton );

 // assigning ID of stopButton

// to the object stop

stop = (Button) findViewById( R.id.stopButton );

// declaring listeners for the

// buttons to make them respond

// correctly according to the process

start.setOnClickListener( this );

stop.setOnClickListener( this );

public void onClick(View view) {

// process to be performed

// if start button is clicked

if(view == start){

// starting the service

startService(new Intent( this, NewService.class ) );

// process to be performed

// if stop button is clicked

else if (view == stop){

 // stopping the service

stopService(new Intent( this, NewService.class ) );

Kotlin code:-

import android.content.Intent

import android.os.Bundle

import android.view.View

import android.widget.Button

import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity(), View.OnClickListener {

// declaring objects of Button class

private var start: Button? = null

private var stop: Button? = null

override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {

super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)

setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)

// assigning ID of startButton

// to the object start

 start = findViewById<View>(R.id.startButton) as Button

// assigning ID of stopButton

// to the object stop

stop = findViewById<View>(R.id.stopButton) as Button

// declaring listeners for the

// buttons to make them respond

// correctly according to the process

start!!.setOnClickListener(this)

stop!!.setOnClickListener(this)

override fun onClick(view: View) {

// process to be performed

// if start button is clicked

if (view === start) {

// starting the service

startService(Intent(this, NewService::class.java))

// process to be performed

// if stop button is clicked

 else if (view === stop) {

// stopping the service

stopService(Intent(this, NewService::class.java))

}
Step 6: Modify the AndroidManifest.xml file

To implement the services successfully on any android device, it is necessary to mention the
created service in the AndroidManifest.xml file. It is not possible for a service to perform its task
if it is not mentioned in this file. The service name is mentioned inside the application tag.

XML code:-

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"

package="com.example.services_in_android">

<application

android:allowBackup="true"

android:icon="@mipmap/ic_launcher"

android:label="@string/app_name"

android:roundIcon="@mipmap/ic_launcher_round"

android:supportsRtl="true"

android:theme="@style/AppTheme">

<activity android:name=".MainActivity">

<intent-filter>

<action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />

<category
android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />

</intent-filter>
 </activity>

<meta-data

android:name="preloaded_fonts"

android:resource="@array/preloaded_fonts" />

<!-- Mention the service name here -->

<service android:name=".NewService"/>

</application>

</manifest>

Output: Run on Emulator