Week 3 Parameters of A Frequency Distribution

PARAMETERS
OF A
FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION
MEASURES OF
CENTRAL
TENDENCY
MEAN
The mean of a sample is the average value, or the

sum (Σ) of all the observed values divided by the
total number of observations (N)
Most descriptive analyses of continuous variables

and advanced statistical analyses use the mean as
the measure of central tendency.
MEAN
Chuck is keeping track of how many patients he had attended
each day in the out-patient department over the last 2 weeks.
The number of patients he had were 85, 90, 75, 60, 65, 20, 65,
50, 80, 70.
What is the average number of patients Chuck had each day?

MEAN
105, 56, 29, 70, 65, 55, 99, 84, 54, 30
What is the average number of the given values above?

MEAN
98, 99, 80, 75, 81, 89, 90
What is the average number of the given values above?

MEDIAN
The median of a sample is the middle observation when
data have been arranged in order from the lowest value
to the highest value
Odd set values: Get the middle number

Even set values: Get the two middle number. Add these
two middle numbers and divide by 2
MEDIAN
Chuck is keeping track of how many patients he had attended
each day in the out-patient department over the last 2 weeks.
The number of patients he had were 85, 90, 75, 60, 65, 20, 65,
50, 80, 70.
Find the median of the following set numbers

MEDIAN
9, 11, 8, 9, 10, 11,12, 12, 12, 14, 14, 15, 8, 14, 12, 8,
MEDIAN
3, 3, 6, 9, 16, 16, 16, 27, 27, 37, 48
MODE
The most commonly observed value in a data set is
called the mode. The mode is of some clinical
interest, but seldom of statistical utility. A frequency
distribution typically has a mode at more than one
value.
MODE
3, 3, 6, 9, 16, 16, 16, 27, 27, 37, 48
MODE
1, 1, 3, 5, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 8
MODE
7, 9, 9, 4, 11, 7, 9, 12, 3, 7
MEAN FOR GROUPED DATA
1. Determine the midpoint of each interval or class
2. Midpoints must then be multiplied by the frequencies of
the corresponding classes
3. The sum of the products divided by the total number of
values will be the value of the mean
MEAN FOR GROUPED DATA
x̄ = Σfm
n
Classes Frequency (f) Midpoint (m) fm (frequency * midpoint)
12-18 5
19-25 6
26-32 5
33-39 8
40-46 5
47-53 1
WEIGHTED MEAN
The weighted mean is calculated by multiplying the weight with the quantitative
outcome associated with it and then adding all the products together. If all the
weights are equal, then the weighted mean and arithmetic mean will be the same
1. List the numbers and weights in tabular form. Presentation in tabular form is
not compulsory but makes the calculations easy.
2. Multiply each number and the relevant weight assigned to that number (w1 by
x1, w2 by x2, and so on)
3. Add the numbers obtained in Step 2 (∑x1wi)
4. Find the sum of the weights (∑wi)
5. Divide the total of the values obtained in Step 3 by the sum of the weights
obtained in Step 4 (∑x1wi/∑wi )
WEIGHTED MEAN
A Medical Technology Board Examination taker obtained the following
scores during the recently concluded board examination. Determine
the weighted mean score of the board exam taker.
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY (20%) 89
MICROBIOLOGY (20%) 82
CLINICAL MICROSCOPY (10%) 90
HEMATOLOGY (20%) 86
IMMUNO-SERO/BLOOD BANK (20%) 86
HISTOPATHOLOGY/MTL/LBM (10%) 86
MEASURES
OF
DISPERSION
MIDRANGE
Used to identify a measure of center
1. Arrange the numbers in order, starting from the

smallest to biggest number or vice versa
2. Find the maximum and minimum numbers
3. Use the midrange formula
M = (Maximum + Minimum) / 2
RANGE
Mostly used in statistics where the range is the
spread of the numbers or data from the lowest to the
highest value
1. Arrange the numbers in order, lowest to highest

value
2. Subtract the highest to the lowest value
R=H–L
RANGE
1. 3, 8, 10, 3, 2, 5, 7, 9, 9
2. 82, 90, 73, 85, 96, 87, 92, 90

STANDARD DEVIATION
The standard deviation, which is the square root of variance,
usually is used to describe the amount of spread in the
frequency distribution
*The Greek letter mu (μ)
stands for the mean in the
theoretical distribution,
and Greek sigma (σ)
stands for the standard
deviation in the
theoretical population
STANDARD DEVIATION
STANDARD DEVIATION
A garden contains 39 plants. The following plants were chosen
at random, and their heights were recorded in cm: 38, 51, 46,
79, and 57. Calculate their heights’ standard deviation.
COEFFICIANT OF VARIATION
(Relative Standard Deviation)
Standardized measure of dispersion of a probability

distribution or frequency distribution
1. Compute for the mean

2. Take the standard deviation
3. Divide it by the mean
4. Multiply by 100
Example: 320, 540, 480, 540, 420, 240
1. Mean
(320+540+480+540+420+240) / 6 = 423.33
2. SD
(320- 423.33 ) ² +(540-423.33 ) ² +(480- 423.33 ) ² + (540-
423.33 ) ²+ (420- 423.33 ) ²+ (240- 423.33 ) ² / 6 = SD: 111.6
MEASURES
OF
LOCATION
PERCENTILES
Indicates the number at which a certain percentage of data falls below;
percentiles are on version of measuring the variability within a data
set
P = (n/N) × 100
Where,
n = ordinal rank of the given value or value below the number
N = number of values in the data set
P = percentile
The percentile of x is the ratio of the number of values below x to the
total number of values multiplied by 100. i.e., the percentile formula is
PERCENTILES
The scores obtained by 10 students are 38, 47, 49, 58, 60, 65,
70, 79, 80, 92. Using the percentile formula, calculate the
percentile for score 70?
P = (n/N) × 100
PERCENTILES
The weights of 10 people were recorded in kg as 35, 41, 42, 56,
58, 62, 70, 71, 90, 77. How to find percentile for the weight 58
kg?
P = (n/N) × 100
DECILES
FORM OF PERCENTILES THAT SPLIT
THE DATA UP INTO GROUPS OF 10%
EVERY DECILE CONTAINS 10% OF THE
DATA
TO FIND THE DECILE, FIRST ORDER
THE DATA FROM LEAST TO GREATEST.
THEN, DIVIDE THE DATA BY 10. THIS
INDICATES THE NUMBER OF
OBSERVED VALUES WITHIN EACH
DECILE.
THE 1ST DECILE = 15. THIS SCORE, AT THE 1ST

DECILE, IS AT THE 10TH PERCENTILE. MEANING,
10% OF STUDENTS SCORED BELOW THIS
NUMBER.
THE 6TH DECILE = 36. THIS SCORE, AT THE 6TH

DECILE, IS AT THE 60TH PERCENTILE, MEANING
THAT 60% OF STUDENTS SCORED BELOW THIS
NUMBER.
QUARTILES
• SIMILAR TO DECILES, QUARTILES ARE A FORM OF
PERCENTILES.
• WHILE DECILES SPLIT THE DATA INTO 10 “BUCKETS,”
QUARTILES SPLIT THEM INTO QUARTERS. A GOOD WAY
OF REMEMBERING THIS IS THAT “DECI” MEANS A
TENTH, WHEREAS QUARTILE SOUNDS SIMILAR TO
QUARTER, WHICH IS A FOURTH.
QUARTILES
• OTHER COMPUTATION MAY REQUIRE YOU TO
COMPUTE FOR CUMMULATIVE FREQUENCY TO
DETERMINE THE QUARTILES.
EXAMPLE:
CLASS FREQUENCY cf CLASS LIMITS FREQUENCY cf
LIMITS 18-26 15 15
18-26 15 27-35 10 25
27-35 10 36-44 12 37
36-44 12
45-53 13 50
45-53 13
54-62 11 54-62 11 61
63-71 14 63-71 14 75
72-80 5 72-80 5 80

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PARAMETERS

The mean of a sample is the average value, or the

Most descriptive analyses of continuous variables

What is the average number of patients Chuck had each day?

What is the average number of the given values above?

What is the average number of the given values above?

Odd set values: Get the middle number

Find the median of the following set numbers

1. Arrange the numbers in order, starting from the

1. Arrange the numbers in order, lowest to highest

2. 82, 90, 73, 85, 96, 87, 92, 90

Standardized measure of dispersion of a probability

1. Compute for the mean

THE 1ST DECILE = 15. THIS SCORE, AT THE 1ST

THE 6TH DECILE = 36. THIS SCORE, AT THE 6TH

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