Workbook of Group 5 11 Basic Thermo EE 2A

Properties of Pure Substance | Ablao, Baracena, De Castro, Martinez, Mase, Zabala
PROPERTIES OF A
PURE SUBSTANCE
A workbook
submitted to
Engr. Loreimay B. Andaya
in final fulfillment of the requirements in
BASIC THERMODYNAMICS
JOHN OMAR ABLAO

ELEASHA BARACENA
ENRICO DE CASTRO
ROMAN MARTINEZ JR.
ERVIN MASE
HAROLD ZABALA
December 2023
1
FOREWORD
We are delighted to present this workbook on Basic Thermodynamics, focusing

specifically on the Properties of a Pure Substance. This comprehensive guide aims to
provide readers with a profound understanding of the fundamental concepts and
principles that govern the behavior of substances within thermodynamic systems.
Thermodynamics, as a scientific discipline, explores the intricate relationships

between heat, work, and energy. Its applications span across various fields, including
engineering, physics, chemistry, and environmental science. A thorough comprehension
of the properties of a pure substance is indispensable for analyzing and predicting the
behavior of materials and systems within these disciplines.
Within the pages of this workbook, readers will embark on an enlightening

journey, delving deep into the properties of a pure substance. The exploration
encompasses an in-depth study of different phases of matter, such as solids, liquids, and
gases, and elucidates the transformative processes that occur through heating, cooling,
and phase transitions. Furthermore, readers will delve into the diverse properties of a
pure substance, including temperature, pressure, volume, and specific heat capacity.
These properties serve as fundamental characteristics that define substance behavior
and are essential for solving thermodynamic problems.
Throughout this workbook, a combination of researched discussions, practical

examples, and review problems exercises are provided to facilitate a comprehensive
understanding about the Properties of a Pure Substance. It is important to recognize
that a mastery of the properties of a pure substance not only contributes to academic
success but also holds practical implications in fields such as energy conversion,
chemical engineering, and environmental science. Therefore, we encourage readers to
embrace this opportunity to expand their knowledge and skills in the captivating realm
of Basic Thermodynamics.
We extend our best wishes to all readers on their journey of exploration into the
properties of a pure substance. May this workbook serve as an invaluable resource,
guiding and enriching their quest for a comprehensive understanding of
thermodynamics.
Sincerely,
JOHN OMAR ABLAO

ELEASHA BARACENA
ENRICO DE CASTRO
ROMAN MARTINEZ JR.
ERVIN MASE
HAROLD ZABALA
BSEE-2A Students
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page……………………………………………………………………………………………………..………… 1
Foreword…………………………………………………………………………………………….……….………… 2
Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………………………….………… 3
Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4
Discussion
Pure Substance…………………………………………………………………………………… ……… 4
Phases of Pure Substance………………………………………………………………………..…… 4
Phase‐change processes of pure substances………………………………………………….. 5
Property Tables…………………………………………………………………………………...….…… 7
The Ideal‐Gas Equation of State …………………………………………………………….……… 10
Sample Problems…………………………………………………………………………………..………………... 11
Review Problems…………………………………………………………………………………………………..... 18
References………………………………………………………………………….………………………….…….… 19
About the Authors………………………………………………………………………………………….…..…… 20
3
Introduction
In this chapter, we will explore the captivating realm of pure substances and
unravel the secrets they hold. Pure substances, with their distinct properties and
behavior, play a fundamental role in fields such as chemistry, physics, and engineering.
By this part of this workbook, we will delve into the characteristics that define pure
substances, including their composition, physical states, and unique chemical
properties. We will also examine the three phases of pure substances and their phase
processes. Property tables, the Ideal‐Gas Equation of State, Compressibility Factors,
several formulas to be used, as well as example and practice problems are also provided.
So, let's embark on this fascinating journey together and unlock the mysteries of
pure substances, discovering the underlying principles that govern their intriguing
nature.
PURE SUBSTANCE
A substance that has a fixed chemical composition throughout is called pure

substance. Water, helium carbon dioxide, nitrogen are examples.
It does not have to be a single chemical element just as long as it is homogeneous

throughout, like air. A mixture of phases of two or more substance is still a pure
substance if it is homogeneous, like ice and water (solid and liquid) or water and steam
(liquid and gas).
PHASES OF A PURE SUBSTANCE
There are three principal phases – solid, liquid and gas, but a substance can have
several other phases within the principal phase. Examples include solid carbon
(diamond and graphite) and iron (three solid phases). Nevertheless, thermodynamics
deals with the primary phases only.
In general:
- Solids have strongest molecular bonds.
- Solids are closely packed three dimensional crystals.
4
- Their molecules do not move relative to each other

- Intermediate molecular bond strength
- Liquid molecular spacing is comparable to solids but their molecules can float
about in groups.
- There is molecular order within the groups.
- Weakest molecular bond strength.
- Molecules in the gas phases are far apart, they have no ordered structure
- The molecules move randomly and collide with each other.
- Their molecules are at higher energy levels; they must release large amounts of
energy to condense or freeze.
PHASE
Defined as having a distinct molecular arrangement that is homogenous

throughout and separated from others (if any) by easily identifiable boundary surfaces.
A substance may have several phases within a principal phase, each with a
different molecular structure. For example, carbon may exist as graphite or diamond in
the solid phase, and ice may exist in seven different phases at high pressure.
1. Solid: the molecules are arranged in a three‐dimensional pattern (lattice)

throughout the solid. The molecules cannot move relative to each other;
however, they continually oscillate about their equilibrium position.
2. Liquid: the molecular spacing in liquid phase is not much different from that
of the solid phase (generally slightly higher), except the molecules are no
longer at fixed positions relative to each other.
3. Gas: the molecules are far apart from each other, and a molecular order does
not exist. Gas molecules move randomly, and continually collide with each
other and the walls of the container they are in. Molecules in the gas phase
are at a considerably higher energy level than they are in liquids or solid
phases.
PHASE‐CHANGE PROCESSES OF PURE SUBSTANCES
At this point, it is important to consider the liquid to solid phase change process.
Not so much solid to liquid because thermodynamics deals only with liquid to gases (or
vice versa) to generate power.
Consider water at room temperature (20°C) and normal atmospheric pressure (1

atm) in a piston-cylinder device. The water is in liquid phase, and it is called compressed
liquid or subcooled liquid (not about to vaporize).
5
If we add heat to water, its temperature

will increase; let us say until 50°C. Due to
the increase in temperature, the specific
volume v will increase. As a consequence,
the piston will move slightly upward
therefore maintaining constant pressure
(1 atm).
Now, if we continue to add heat to the water,

the temperature will increase further until
100°C. At this point, any additional addition
of heat will vaporize some water. This
specific point where water starts to vaporize
is called saturated liquid. (Point 2)
If we continue to add heat to water, more

and more vapor will be created, while the
temperature and the pressure remain
constant (T = 100°C and P = 1 atm). The only
property that changes is the specific volume.
These conditions will remain the same until
the last drop of liquid is vaporized. At this
point, the entire cylinder is filled with vapor
at 100°C. This state is called saturated vapor
(Point 4)
The state between saturated liquid (only

liquid) and saturated vapor (only vapor)
where two phases exist is called saturated
liquid-vapor mixture. (Point 3)
6
After the saturated vapor phase, any

addition of heat will increase the
temperature of the vapor, this state is called
superheated vapor (Point 5)
T-v diagram representing phase change for water at constant pressure.
PROPERTY TABLES
For most substances, the relationships among thermodynamic properties are too
complex to be expressed by simple equations. Thus, properties are frequently presented
in the form of tables, see Table A‐4.
The subscript “f” is used to denote properties of a saturated liquid and “g” for
saturated vapor. Another subscript, “fg”, denotes the difference between the saturated
vapor and saturated liquid values of the same property.
For example:
vf = specific volume of saturated liquid
vg = specific volume of saturated vapor
vfg = difference between vg and vf (vfg = vg – vf)
Enthalpy: is a property defined as H = U + PV (kJ) or h = u + Pv (kJ/kg) (per mass

unit).
Enthalpy of vaporization (or latent heat): represents the amount of energy needed to
vaporize a unit mass of saturated liquid at a given temperature or pressure. It decreases
as the temperature or pressure increase and becomes zero at the critical point.
7
8
1‐ Saturated Liquid‐Vapor Mixture
During vaporization, a mixture of part liquid part vapor exists. To analyze this mixture,
we need to know the proportions of the liquid and vapor in the mixture. The ratio of the
mass of vapor to the mass of the total mixture is called quality, x:
Saturated liquid‐vapor mixture is treated as a combination of two sub‐systems (two

phases). The properties of the “mixture” are the average properties of the saturated
liquid‐vapor mixture.
Similarly,
Or in general, it can be summarized as

𝑦𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 𝑦𝑓 + 𝑥. 𝑦𝑓𝑔 Note that:
2
‐
Superheated Vapor
Superheated region is a single-phase region (vapor only), temperature and pressure are
no longer dependent. See Table A‐6 for superheated vapor properties.
If T>> Tcritical or P<<Pcritical, then the vapor can be approximated as an “ideal gas”.
3‐ Compressed (or Sub‐cooled) Liquid
The properties of a liquid are relatively independent of pressure (incompressible).

A general approximation is to treat compressed liquid as saturated liquid at the given
saturation temperature.
𝑦 ≈ 𝑦𝑦𝑓@𝑡
The property most affected by pressure is enthalpy. For enthalpy use the following
approximation:
ℎ ≈ ℎ𝑓@𝑡 + 𝑣𝑓 (𝑃 − 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 )
9
The Ideal‐Gas Equation of State
Any equation that relates the pressure, temperature, and specific volume of a
substance is called an equation of state. The simplest and best known equation of state
for substances in the gas phase is the ideal‐gas equation of state. Gas and vapor are often
used as synonymous words. The vapor phase of a substance is called a gas when it is
above the critical temperature. Vapor usually implies a gas that is not far from a state of
condensation. It is experimentally observed that at a low pressure the volume of a gas is
proportional to its temperature:
𝑷𝒗 = 𝑹𝑻
10
Where R is the gas constant. The above equation is called the ideal‐gas equation of state
(ideal gas relation). Since R is a constant for a gas, one can write:
𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐
𝑹= =
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐
where 1 and 2 denote two states of an ideal gas.
Compressibility Factor
The assumption of ideal gas relation implies that:
• the gas particles take up negligible volume
• the intermolecular potential energy between particles is small
• particles act independent of one another
However, real gases deviate from ideal gas behavior. This deviation at given
temperature and pressure can be accurately accounted for by introduction of a
correction factor called the compressibility factor Z.
𝑃𝑣
𝑍 = 𝑅𝑇 or 𝑃𝑣 = 𝑍𝑅𝑇 or Z = 𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 / 𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 . Obviously, Z=1 for ideal gases.
Gases behave very much the same at temperatures and pressures normalized with
respect to their critical temperatures and pressures.
𝑃 𝑇
𝑃𝑅 = 𝑃 and 𝑇𝑅 = 𝑇
𝑐𝑟 𝑐𝑟
Here PR and TR are called the reduced pressure and temperature, respectively.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Example1.
A closed, rigid container of volume 0.5 m3 is placed on a hot plate. Initially the
container holds a two‐phase mixture of saturated liquid water and saturated water
vapor at P1= 1 bar with a quality of 0.5. After heating, the pressure in the container is
P2=1.5 bar.
Indicate the initial and final states on a T‐v diagram, and determine:
a) the temperature, in °C, at each state.
b) the mass of vapor present at each state, in kg.
c) if heating continues, determine the pressure, in bar, when the container holds only
saturated vapor.
Assumptions:
1. Water in the container is a closed system.
2. States 1, 2, and 3 are equilibrium states.
11
3. The volume of container remains constant.
Two independent properties are required to fix state 1 and 2. At the initial state, the
pressure and quality are known. Thus state 1 is known, as mentioned in the problem.
The specific volume at state 1 is found using the given quality:
At state 2, the pressure is known. Volume and mass remain constant during the heating
process within the container, so v2=v1. For P2= 0.15 MPa, Table A‐5 gives
vf2= 0.001053 and vg2=1.1593 m3 /kg. Since
𝑉𝑓2 < 𝑉2 < 𝑉𝑔2
State 2 must be in the two‐phase region as well. Since state 1 and 2 are in the two‐phase
liquid‐vapor region, the temperatures correspond to the saturation temperatures for
the given. Table A‐5:
T1 = 99.63 °C and T2 = 111.4 °C
To find the mass of water vapor present, we first find the total mass, m.
The mass of vapor at state 2 is found similarly using quality x2. From Table A‐5, for P2 =
1.5 bar, we have:
If heating continued, state 3 would be on the saturated vapor line, as shown in on the
T‐v diagram above. Thus, the pressure would be the corresponding saturation pressure.
Interpolating in Table A‐5 at vg = 0.8475 m3 /kg, we get P3 = 2.11 bar.
Example 2.
Determine the specific volume of R‐134a at 1 MPa and 50°C, using (a) ideal gas
equation (b) the generalized compressibility chart. Compare the values obtained with
the actual value of 0.02171 m3 /kg.
12
Solution:
From Table A‐1, for R‐134a, R = 0.0815 kPa.m3 /(kg.K), Pcr = 4.067 MPa, and Tcr
= 374.3 K (a) Ideal gas equation of state
Comparing with the tabulated value, using ideal gas equation one would get an error of
(0.02632‐0.02171)/0.02171=0.212 or 21.2%.
(b) To determine the correction factor Z,
The error is less than 2%. Therefore, in the absence of exact tabulated data, the
generalized compressibility chart can be used with confidence.
Example 3:
A piston-cylinder device contains 0.5 kg of water at a pressure of 2 MPa and a specific

volume of 0.1 m^3/kg. The water is heated at constant volume until the pressure
reaches 4 MPa. Determine the final specific volume and the change in internal energy of
the water.
Solution:
Given:
Mass of water (m) = 0.5 kg
Initial pressure (P1) = 2 MPa
Initial specific volume (v1) = 0.1 m^3/kg
Final pressure (P2) = 4 MPa
To find the final specific volume (v2), we can use the relationship between pressure and
specific volume for a pure substance:
P1 * v1 = P2 * v2
13
Substituting the given values:

2 MPa * 0.1 m^3/kg = 4 MPa * v2
Simplifying the equation:

0.2 m^3/kg = 4 MPa * v2
Dividing both sides by 4 MPa:

0.05 m^3/kg = v2
Therefore, the final specific volume (v2) is 0.05 m^3/kg.
To find the change in internal energy (ΔU), we can use the first law of thermodynamics:
ΔU = Q - W
Since the process is conducted at constant volume, no work is done (W = 0). Therefore,
the change in internal energy is equal to the heat transfer (Q):
ΔU = Q
The heat transfer (Q) can be calculated using the specific heat capacity (c) and the
change in temperature (ΔT):
Q = m * c * ΔT
The specific heat capacity of water (c) is approximately 4.18 kJ/kg·K.
The change in temperature (ΔT) can be found using the ideal gas law:
P1 * v1 = m * R * T1
P2 * v2 = m * R * T2
Since the process is conducted at constant volume, the specific volume remains constant
(v1 = v2). Therefore, the temperatures at the initial and final states are the same (T1 =
T2).

2 MPa * 0.1 m^3/kg = 0.5 kg * R * T1
4 MPa * 0.1 m^3/kg = 0.5 kg * R * T2
Simplifying the equations:

0.2 m^3/kg = 0.5 kg * R * T1
0.4 m^3/kg = 0.5 kg * R * T2
Dividing both sides by 0.5 kg * R:

0.4 m^3/kg / (0.5 kg * R) = T2
Since T1 = T2, we can substitute T2 with T1:
14
0.4 m^3/kg / (0.5 kg * R) = T1
Therefore, the change in temperature (ΔT) is 0 K.
Substituting the values into the equation for heat transfer:

Q = 0.5 kg * 4.18 kJ/kg·K * 0 K
Q = 0 kJ
Therefore, the change in internal energy (ΔU) is 0 kJ.

The final specific volume of the water is 0.05 m^3/kg, and the change in internal energy
is 0 kJ.
Example 4:
A gas occupies a volume of 0.1 m^3 at a pressure of 2 MPa. The gas is compressed
isothermally until its volume is reduced to 0.05 m^3. Determine the final pressure and
the work done on the gas during the compression.
Solution:
Given:
Initial volume (V1) = 0.1 m^3
Initial pressure (P1) = 2 MPa
Final volume (V2) = 0.05 m^3
To find the final pressure (P2), we can use Boyle's Law, which states that for an
isothermal process, the product of pressure and volume remains constant:
P1 * V1 = P2 * V2

2 MPa * 0.1 m^3 = P2 * 0.05 m^3

0.2 MPa·m^3 = P2 * 0.05 m^3
Dividing both sides by 0.05 m^3:

0.2 MPa·m^3 / 0.05 m^3 = P2
Therefore, the final pressure (P2) is 4 MPa.
To find the work done on the gas during the compression, we can use the equation for
work done in an isothermal process:
W = P * ΔV * ln(V2/V1) Where:
P = Average pressure during the process
ΔV = Change in volume = V2 - V1
15
Since the process is isothermal, the average pressure is equal to the initial pressure
(P1).

W = 2 MPa * (0.05 m^3 - 0.1 m^3) * ln(0.05 m^3 / 0.1 m^3)

W = 2 MPa * (-0.05 m^3) * ln(0.5)
Using ln(0.5) ≈ -0.6931:

W = 2 MPa * (-0.05 m^3) * (-0.6931)
Simplifying further:
W ≈ 0.069 MPa·m^3
Therefore, the work done on the gas during the compression is approximately 0.069
MPa·m^3. The final pressure of the gas is 4 MPa, and the work done on the gas during
the compression is approximately 0.069 MPa·m^3.
Example 5:
A container initially contains 0.5 kg of water at a pressure of 1 bar and a temperature of

25°C. Heat is added to the system until the water reaches its boiling point. Determine
the final pressure and the heat added during the process.
Solution:
Given:
Initial mass of water (m1) = 0.5 kg
Initial pressure (P1) = 1 bar
Initial temperature (T1) = 25°C
To find the final pressure (P2), we need to consider the phase change of water from
liquid to vapor. At the boiling point, the pressure remains constant until all the liquid is
converted into vapor. Therefore, the final pressure will be the saturation pressure at the
boiling point temperature.
Using steam tables or reference data, we find that the saturation pressure at the boiling
point of water, which is 100°C, is approximately 1.01325 bar.
Therefore, the final pressure (P2) is approximately 1.01325 bar.

To find the heat added during the process (Q), we can use the equation:
Q=m*h
Where:
- m is the mass of the substance
- h is the specific enthalpy change
16
Since the process involves heating water from its initial temperature to the boiling
point, we can use the specific heat capacity of water to calculate the enthalpy change.
The specific heat capacity of water is approximately 4.186 kJ/kg·°C.
The temperature change (\Delta T) is the difference between the final temperature (T2)
and the initial temperature (T1):
\Delta T = T2 - T1 = 100°C - 25°C = 75°C

Q = 0.5 kg * 4.186 kJ/kg·°C * 75°C
Q = 156.975 kJ
Therefore, the heat added during the process (Q) is approximately 156.975 kJ. The final
pressure is approximately 1.01325 bar, and the heat added during the process is
approximately 156.975 kJ.
17
REVIEW PROBLEMS
1. An iron weighs 5N and has a volume of 200 cm³. what is most nearly the density of
the black, kg/m³?
Answer: P = 2648.42 * (kg)/(m^3)
2. If the specific weight of a liquid is 585.1bf/ft, what is most nearly the specific volume
of the liquid, cm³/g?
Answer: V= 1.068 (c * m^3)/g
3. A piston-cylinder device contains 0.2 kg of air at a pressure of 1 bar and a volume of

0.1 m^3. If the volume is increased to 0.3 m^3 while keeping the temperature constant,
what is the final pressure?
Answer: 0.67 bar
4. A gas initially occupies a volume of 4 L at a pressure of 2 atm. If the volume is reduced

to 2 L while keeping the temperature constant, what is the final pressure?
Answer: 4 atm
5. The specific gravity of a mercury relative to meter is 13.55. What is most nearly the
specific weight of mercury lbf/ft³?
Answer: yHg =846.69 1b ft ft^3
6. A closed container initially contains 0.3 kg of steam at a temperature of 150°C. If heat

is added until the temperature reaches 200°C, what is the final mass of steam?
Answer: 0.3 kg
7. If the density of a gas is 0.003 slugs/ft², what is most nearly the specific weight of the
gas N/m²?
Answer: y = 15.17 * N/(m^3)
8. A gas initially occupies a volume of 5 L at a pressure of 3 atm. If the pressure is

increased to 6 atm while keeping the temperature constant, what is the final volume?
Answer: 2.5 L
9. A piston-cylinder device contains 0.3 kg of air at a pressure of 1 bar and a volume of

0.2 m^3. If the pressure is reduced to 0.5 bar while keeping the temperature constant,
what is the final volume?
Answer: 0.4 m^3
10. Two liquids of different densities p₁ = 1500 kg/m³² and p2 = 500 kg/m² are poured
together into 100 L tank, filling. If the resulting density of the mixture is 800kg/m², find
the respective quantities of liquids used. Also, find the weight of the mixture @ g=9.675
mps.
Answer: M1 = 45 kg, M2 = 35 kg, WT = 774N
18
REFERENCES
Electronic Sources
o https://www.sfu.ca/~mbahrami/ENSC%20388/Notes/Properties%20of%20Pu
re%20Substances.pdf
o https://sistemas.eel.usp.br/docentes/arquivos/5817712/TDQ%20I/2.pure.subs
tance.pdf
o https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/iron-block-
weighs-5-n-volume-200-cm3-density-block--q66568878
o https://www.assignmentexpert.com/homework-answers/physics/molecular-
physics-thermodynamics/question-225648
o https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/specific-
weight-liquid-585-lbf-ft3-specific-volume-liquid-cm3-g-b-column-water-100-
cm-high-q69808497
o https://www.bartleby.com/questions-and-answers/the-specific-gravity-of-
mercury-relative-to-water-is-13.55.-what-is-the-specific-weight-of-mercury-
t/5011cffb-0f5e-449d-98da-5df4a0760cc6
o https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLmBPD1aEuq8IpPHfywLpYU23GAmnLxDzT
&si=sjFFn5QrQDtk5xzf
o https://quizlet.com/explanations/questions/the-specific-gravity-of-mercury-is-
136-the-specific-weight-of-mercury-is-a-136knm3-b-981knm3-c-106kn-
98e3d85e-92bb-4b71-a759-ae4fa7720858
19
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
John Omar Ablao is just a simple student and not as smart as his classmates. But
is trying his best to cope with his studies. Currently a 2nd year student at Camarines
Norte State College, taking up Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering is really a
tough decision for him. This is due to the fact ever since as a child, it never came across
his mind to take up an Engineering course. Also, he is not a graduate under STEM
strand. Instead, he graduated under HUMSS strand at Vinzons Pilot High School, Batch
2022. Being a HUMSS graduate and an Engineering student really is not a good
combination. This is why he is doing all his best to survive this program.
Eleasha Baracena is a 2nd Year Electrical Engineering student at Camarines

Norte State College. With a passion for understanding and applying electrical principles,
he consistently demonstrates a strong work ethic and determination in his studies.
Alongside his academic pursuits, Eleasha is also deeply committed to his faith and
serves as a devoted servant of the Lord. His unwavering devotion to both his education
and spiritual journey showcases his well-rounded character and commitment to
personal growth
20
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Enrico De Castro was born on October 10, 2003, in Barangay Bagong Bayan, Jose
Panganiban, Camarines Norte. He is 19 years old and currently finishing his college at
the Camarines Norte State College, for his Electrical Engineering profession. This author
loves to read and write information in any type of medium. He's an unemployed person
because of the reasons he can't pursue both studying and working simultaneously. The
author wrote this book to fulfill the requirements for the subject that he's currently
taking.
Roman Martinez Jr. is a talented 20-year-old, 2nd Year Electrical Engineering

student at Camarines Norte State College. Alongside his academic pursuits, Roman
possesses a diverse range of skills and interests. He is an accomplished writer,
showcasing his creativity and ability to communicate effectively through words.
Additionally, Roman has honed his video editing skills, demonstrating his proficiency in
visual storytelling. His dedication and talent have led him to participate in numerous
national and regional competitions, where he has consistently showcased his abilities
and achieved notable success. With his multifaceted skill set and passion for both
engineering and the arts, Roman Martinez Jr. is poised to make a significant impact in
his chosen field and beyond.
21
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Ervin Mase is a dedicated 2nd Year Electrical Engineering student at Camarines

Norte State College. With a keen interest in electrical systems, he possesses exceptional
skills in wiring and electrical installations. Ervin's proficiency in this area is a testament
to his meticulous attention to detail and technical expertise. Beyond his academic
pursuits, Ervin also takes on the role of a responsible brother, providing support and
guidance to his siblings. His commitment to both his studies and family responsibilities
showcases his admirable work ethic and dedication.
Harold Eldrin O. Zabala is from Purok 4 Barangay 7, Daet, Camarines Norte. He is

born on May 25, 2004, and currently studying at Camarines Norte State College, taking
up Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering. He graduated Senior Highschool at
Moreno Integrated School under the TVL strand. Perhaps, the TVL Strand and the
Electrical Engineering course is not connected to each other, but he is trying his best to
finish the journey he has started. Beyond academics, his passion extends to the
basketball court where he showcases his skill and camaraderie. With a balanced
approach between academics and leisure, Harold embodies a multifaceted individual
with a fervor for both learning and recreation.
22

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Properties of Pure Substance | Ablao, Baracena, De Castro, Martinez, Mase, Zabala

JOHN OMAR ABLAO

We are delighted to present this workbook on Basic Thermodynamics, focusing

Thermodynamics, as a scientific discipline, explores the intricate relationships

Within the pages of this workbook, readers will embark on an enlightening

Throughout this workbook, a combination of researched discussions, practical

JOHN OMAR ABLAO

Pure Substance…………………………………………………………………………………… ……… 4

Phases of Pure Substance………………………………………………………………………..…… 4

Phase‐change processes of pure substances………………………………………………….. 5

The Ideal‐Gas Equation of State …………………………………………………………….……… 10

About the Authors………………………………………………………………………………………….…..…… 20

A substance that has a fixed chemical composition throughout is called pure

It does not have to be a single chemical element just as long as it is homogeneous

PHASES OF A PURE SUBSTANCE

- Their molecules do not move relative to each other

Defined as having a distinct molecular arrangement that is homogenous

1. Solid: the molecules are arranged in a three‐dimensional pattern (lattice)

PHASE‐CHANGE PROCESSES OF PURE SUBSTANCES

Consider water at room temperature (20°C) and normal atmospheric pressure (1

If we add heat to water, its temperature

Now, if we continue to add heat to the water,

If we continue to add heat to water, more

The state between saturated liquid (only

After the saturated vapor phase, any

T-v diagram representing phase change for water at constant pressure.

Enthalpy: is a property defined as H = U + PV (kJ) or h = u + Pv (kJ/kg) (per mass

1‐ Saturated Liquid‐Vapor Mixture

Saturated liquid‐vapor mixture is treated as a combination of two sub‐systems (two

Or in general, it can be summarized as

3‐ Compressed (or Sub‐cooled) Liquid

The properties of a liquid are relatively independent of pressure (incompressible).

The Ideal‐Gas Equation of State

where 1 and 2 denote two states of an ideal gas.

3. The volume of container remains constant.

(b) To determine the correction factor Z,

A piston-cylinder device contains 0.5 kg of water at a pressure of 2 MPa and a specific

Substituting the given values:

Simplifying the equation:

Dividing both sides by 4 MPa:

Therefore, the final specific volume (v2) is 0.05 m^3/kg.

The specific heat capacity of water (c) is approximately 4.18 kJ/kg·K.

Substituting the given values:

Simplifying the equations:

Dividing both sides by 0.5 kg * R:

Since T1 = T2, we can substitute T2 with T1:

0.4 m^3/kg / (0.5 kg * R) = T1

Therefore, the change in temperature (ΔT) is 0 K.

Substituting the values into the equation for heat transfer:

Therefore, the change in internal energy (ΔU) is 0 kJ.

Substituting the given values:

Simplifying the equation:

Dividing both sides by 0.05 m^3:

Therefore, the final pressure (P2) is 4 MPa.

Substituting the given values:

Simplifying the equation:

Using ln(0.5) ≈ -0.6931:

A container initially contains 0.5 kg of water at a pressure of 1 bar and a temperature of

Therefore, the final pressure (P2) is approximately 1.01325 bar.

The specific heat capacity of water is approximately 4.186 kJ/kg·°C.