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Lecture 7 - Spread Spectrum

1) Spread spectrum techniques spread data over a wide bandwidth to make jamming and interception more difficult. 2) There are two main spread spectrum techniques: frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) which broadcasts a signal over different frequencies, and direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) which represents each bit with a code. 3) Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a multiplexing technique that allows multiple users to share the same frequency band using unique spreading codes, enabling signals to be separated at the receiver.

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Mohamed Mostafa elnahas
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61 views

Lecture 7 - Spread Spectrum

1) Spread spectrum techniques spread data over a wide bandwidth to make jamming and interception more difficult. 2) There are two main spread spectrum techniques: frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) which broadcasts a signal over different frequencies, and direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) which represents each bit with a code. 3) Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a multiplexing technique that allows multiple users to share the same frequency band using unique spreading codes, enabling signals to be separated at the receiver.

Uploaded by

Mohamed Mostafa elnahas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ECE461/ECE455 - SELECTED TOPICS IN

SIGNALS AND COMMUNICATION


SYSTEMS

LECTURE
Spread Spectrum

Dr. Fatma Newagy


Prof. of Communications Engineering
Fatma_newagy@eng.asu.edu.eg
Spread Spectrum
• Analog or digital data
• Analog signal
• Spread data over wide bandwidth
• Makes jamming and interception harder
• Frequency hoping
• Signal broadcast over seemingly random series of frequencies
• Direct Sequence
• Each bit is represented by multiple bits in transmitted signal
• Chipping code
Spread Spectrum Concept
• Input fed into channel encoder
• Produces narrow bandwidth analog signal around central
frequency
• Signal modulated using sequence of digits
• Spreading code/sequence
• Typically generated by pseudonoise/pseudorandom number
generator
• Increases bandwidth significantly
• Spreads spectrum
• Receiver uses same sequence to demodulate signal
• Demodulated signal fed into channel decoder
General Model of Spread Spectrum
System
Gains
• Immunity from various noise and multipath distortion
• Including jamming
• Can hide/encrypt signals
• Only receiver who knows spreading code can retrieve signal
• Several users can share same higher bandwidth with little
interference
• Cellular telephones
• Code division multiplexing (CDM)
• Code division multiple access (CDMA)
Pseudorandom Numbers
• Generated by algorithm using initial seed
• Deterministic algorithm
• Not actually random
• If algorithm good, results pass reasonable tests of randomness
• Need to know algorithm and seed to predict sequence
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
(FHSS)
• Signal broadcast over seemingly random series of
frequencies
• Receiver hops between frequencies in sync with
transmitter
• Eavesdroppers hear unintelligible blips
• Jamming on one frequency affects only a few bits
Basic Operation
• Typically 2k carriers frequencies forming 2k channels
• Channel spacing corresponds with bandwidth of input
• Each channel used for fixed interval
• 300 ms in IEEE 802.11
• Some number of bits transmitted using some encoding scheme
• May be fractions of bit (see later)
• Sequence dictated by spreading code
Frequency Hopping Example
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
System (Transmitter)
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
System (Receiver)
Slow and Fast FHSS
• Frequency shifted every Tc seconds
• Duration of signal element is Ts seconds
• Slow FHSS has Tc  Ts
• Fast FHSS has Tc < Ts
• Generally fast FHSS gives improved performance in noise
(or jamming)
Slow Frequency Hop Spread Spectrum Using MFSK
(M=4, k=2)
Fast Frequency Hop Spread Spectrum Using MFSK
(M=4, k=2)
FHSS Performance Considerations
• Typically large number of frequencies used
• Improved resistance to jamming
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
(DSSS)
• Each bit represented by multiple bits using spreading
code
• Spreading code spreads signal across wider frequency
band
• In proportion to number of bits used
• 10 bit spreading code spreads signal across 10 times bandwidth of
1 bit code
• One method:
• Combine input with spreading code using XOR
• Input bit 1 inverts spreading code bit
• Input zero bit doesn’t alter spreading code bit
• Data rate equal to original spreading code
• Performance similar to FHSS
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Example
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Transmitter
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Transmitter
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Using
BPSK Example
Approximate
Spectrum of
DSSS Signal
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
• Multiplexing Technique used with spread spectrum
• Start with data signal rate D
• Called bit data rate
• Break each bit into k chips according to fixed pattern
specific to each user
• User’s code
• New channel has chip data rate kD chips per second
• E.g. k=6, three users (A,B,C) communicating with base
receiver R
• Code for A = <1,-1,-1,1,-1,1>
• Code for B = <1,1,-1,-1,1,1>
• Code for C = <1,1,-1,1,1,-1>
CDMA Example
CDMA Explanation
• Consider A communicating with base
• Base knows A’s code
• Assume communication already synchronized
• A wants to send a 1
• Send chip pattern <1,-1,-1,1,-1,1>
• A’s code
• A wants to send 0
• Send chip[ pattern <-1,1,1,-1,1,-1>
• Complement of A’s code
• Decoder ignores other sources when using A’s code to
decode
• Orthogonal codes
CDMA for DSSS
• n users each using different orthogonal PN sequence
• Modulate each users data stream
• Using BPSK
• Multiply by spreading code of user
CDMA in a DSSS Environment
Seven Channel CDMA Encoding and
Decoding

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