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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Exponential and logarithmic functions are inverses of each other. Exponential functions model growth, like compound interest, while logarithmic functions can be used to solve exponential equations. The base e and the natural logarithm have important applications in areas like virus growth and finance. These functions have many useful properties that allow transformations between their exponential and logarithmic forms.

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İrem Işık
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10 views

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Exponential and logarithmic functions are inverses of each other. Exponential functions model growth, like compound interest, while logarithmic functions can be used to solve exponential equations. The base e and the natural logarithm have important applications in areas like virus growth and finance. These functions have many useful properties that allow transformations between their exponential and logarithmic forms.

Uploaded by

İrem Işık
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Exponential and Logarithmic

Functions
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
• Why do we need them ?
• The relationship between them?
• Inverse??
• Applications???
• Number e?
• Natural logarithm?
• Virus, Finance …..
4.1 Exponential Functions (1 of 9)
f ( x ) b x where b > 0, b ≠ 1,
The function f defined by=
and the exponent x is any real number, is called an
exponential function with base b.

Rules for Exponents x


b
x
b
1. b x b y = b x + y 5.   = x
c c
bx
2. y = b x − y 6. b1 = b
b
7. b0 = 1
3. (b x ) y = b xy
−x 1
4. (bc) = b c
x x x 8. b = x
b

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Canada Inc. All rights reserved. 4-4


4.1 Exponential Functions (6 of 9)
• Exponential functions are involved in compound interest,
whereby the interest earned by an invested amount of
money (or principal) is reinvested so that it, too, earns
interest.

In general, the compund amount S of the principal P


at the end of n years at the rate of r compounded
annually is given by=S P (1 + r ) n .

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Canada Inc. All rights reserved. 4-5


4.1 Exponential Functions (4 of 9)
Properties of the Exponential Function f ( x) = b x .

Table 4.1 Properties of the Exponential Function f ( x) = b x .


1. The domain of any exponential function is (−∞, ∞).
The range of any exponential function is (0, ∞).
2. The graph of f(x) = bx has y-intercept (0,1).
There is no x-intercept.
3. If b > 1, the graph rises from left to right.
If 0 < b < 1, the graph falls from left to right.
4. If b > 1, the graph approaches the x-axis as x becomes more and more negative.
If 0 < b < 1, the graph approaches the x-axis as x becomes more and more positive.

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Canada Inc. All rights reserved. 4-7


4.2 Logarithmic Functions (1 of 5)
• Each exponential function has an inverse. These functions,
inverse to the exponential functions, are called
logarithmic functions.

=
If f ( x) b x , where 0 < b < 1 or 1 < b, then the inverse function
f −1 ( x) is called the logarithm function base b and is denoted
=
log b ( x ). It follows that y =
log b ( x ) if and only if b
y
x.

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Canada Inc. All rights reserved. 4-9


4.2 Logarithmic Functions (2 of 5)
Example 1 – Converting from Exponential to Logarithmic
Form
Exponential Form Logarithmic Form
a. Since 52 = 25 it follows that log5 25 = 2
b. Since 34 = 81 it follows that log3 81 = 4
c. Since 100 = 1 it follows that log10 1 = 0

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Canada Inc. All rights reserved. 4 - 11


4.3 Properties of Logarithms (1 of 8)
• The logarithm function has many important properties. For
example:
5. log b 1 = 0

6. log b b = 1

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Canada Inc. All rights reserved. 4 - 12


4.3 Properties of Logarithms (4 of 8)
Example 3 – Writing Logarithms in Terms of Simpler
Logarithms

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4.3 Properties of Logarithms (5 of 8)
Example 3 – Continued

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Canada Inc. All rights reserved. 4 - 14


4.4 Logarithmic and Exponential Equations (4 of 6)
Example 3 – Using Logarithms to Solve an Exponential
Equation
Solve 5 + (3)4 x −1 =
12.

Solution: We first isolate 4 x −1 on one side of the equation:


5 + (3)4 x −1 = 12
7
4 x −1 =
3
7
ln 4 x −1 = ln
3
( x − 1)ln 4 = ln 7 − ln 3
ln 7 − ln 3
=x + 1 ≈ 1.61120
ln 4
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Canada Inc. All rights reserved. 4 - 15
Examples

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