Science, Technology, and Society Reviewer List down the challenges and downsides of S&T in

Lesson 1: Overview of STS society.

Science- Comes from the Latin word, ‘scientia’ meaning
‘knowledge’
 Refers to a systematic and methodical activity of
building and organizing knowledge about how the
universe behaves through either observation or
experimentation or both
 According to the famous American science historian
Science, Technology, and Society
John Heilbron (2003, p. vii), “modern science is a
discovery as well as an invention.”  traces its roots during the interwar period and into the
Technology- comes from the Greek root word, technē, start of the Cold War
meaning ‘art, skill, or cunning of hand’  resulted from a recognition that many schools today
do not really prepare students to respond critically,
 the application of scientific knowledge, laws, and reflectively, and proactively to the challenges of the
principles to produce services, materials, tools, and contemporary world, in this case S&T
machines aimed at solving real-world problems  a result of questions about its dynamic interaction
 According to Mark Zucherberg, What defines a with various aspects of society and was thus viewed
technological tool — one historical definition — is as a socially embedded enterprise
something that takes a human’s sense or ability and  seeks to bridge the gap between two traditionally
augments it and makes it more powerful. So, for exclusive cultures of humanities (interpretive) and
example, I wear contact lenses or glasses; that is a natural sciences (rational)
technology that enhances my human ability of vision
and makes it better.” Is science dangerous?

Society
 the sum total of our interactions as humans, including
the interactions that we engage in to understand the
nature of things and to create things.
 as a group of individuals involved in persistent social
interaction, or a large social group sharing the same
2018’s Ten Emerging Ethical Dilemmas and
geographical or social territory, typically subject to
Policy Issues in S&T
the same political authority and dominant cultural
expectations (Science Daily) 1. Helix - A digital app store designed to help you read
your genome.
What is the connection of Science, Technology, and
Society? 2. The Robot Priest - BlessU-2 and Pepper are the first
robot priest and monk, respectively.
3. Emotion-Sensing Facial Recognition - Optimizing
retail experiences by assessing your reactions.
4. Ransomware - Holding data hostage until you pay
up, whether you're an individual or a large
corporation.
5. The Textalyzer - A new tool in the battle against
texting and driving that tells cops if you were on your
phone before an accident.
6. Social Credit Systems - China debut theirs in
2020, but do we already live in a world where online
reputation is king?
What are the challenges and downsides of S&T in
society? 7. Google Clips - This little camera will watch you all
day and capture your most picturesque moments.
“We live in a society absolutely dependent on science
and technology and yet have cleverly arranged things so 8. Sentencing Software - There are already Americans
that almost no one understands science and technology. being sentenced with the help of a mysterious
That’s a clear prescription for disaster.” algorithm.
-popular American scientist Carl Sagan quoted in Tom
Head’s (1994) book
9. The Rise of Robot Friendship - Can we create a 3. Shadoof;
chatbot out of our loved ones' old texts and 4. Antikythera Mechanism; amd
social media posts? 5. Aeolipile Hero’s engine
Middle Ages
10. The Citizen App - Live crime reporting may lead to  Major advances in scientific and technological
vigilante justice. development, including a steady increase of new
inventions, the introduction of innovations in
Lesson 2: Historical Antecedents Of Science And traditional production, and the emergence of
Technology scientific thinking and method, had taken place.
 Many medieval universities at the time stirred
 One of the key interests of Science, Technology, and scientific thinking and provided infrastructure for
Society as an academic field scientific communities to flourish.
 focuses on how S&T changed across time and the  Some of humanity’s most important, present-day
impacts of scientific and technological innovation on technologies could be traced back to historical
prevailing social, cultural, political, and economic antecedents in the Middle Ages.
contexts across time
1. Heavy Plough - “The heavy plough turned
 pays attention to the contextual circumstances that European agriculture and economy on its head.
shaped S&T Suddenly the fields with the heavy, fatty and
 interests lie in historical antecedents of scientific and moist clay soils became those that gave the
technological innovation greatest yields.” -University of Southern
Denmark professor Thomas Bernebeck Andersen
What’s in a historical antecedent?
 can be understood as a precursor of a thing
 an antecedent of a something unfolded or existed
before it
 historical antecedents in S&T can be understood as
the previous state of science and technology or
previous scientific or technological tools that paved
the way for more advanced and sophisticated S&T to
arise

Ancient Period 2. Gunpowder- Chinese used this for weapons

 The rise of ancient civilizations paved the way for 3. Paper Money
advances in S&T.
 The advances in S&T during the ancient period
allowed civilizations to flourish by finding better
ways of living, communication, transportation, and
self-organization.

1. Ancient Wheels
Sumerian Wheel and Potter’s Wheel

4. Mechanical clock- a medieval clock found in

Praque, Czech republic
5. Spinning Wheel

2. Papyrus- Edwin Smith Papyrus and Rush plant

Modern Age
 As the world population steadily increased, people of shipbuilding, textiles, food processing, indigenous
the modern age realized the utmost importance of arts and
techniques, and even cultural inventions.

1. Philippine E-Jeepney
2. Erythromycin- Abelardo Aguilar
3. Medical Incubator-Dr. Fe Del Mundo
4. Mole Remover- Rolando Dela Cruz
5. Banana Ketchup- Maria Y. Orosa
increasing the efficiency of transportation,
Lesson 3: Early Cradles Of Science And Technology
Meso-American Civilization
 consists of four cultures namely: Olmec, Maya, Inca,
and Aztec
 the manufacture of a rubber ball in the ball game
tlachtli
communication, and production.
 a game played by Meso-American civilizations from
 Industrialization took place, but greater risks in
the earliest times
human health, food safety, and the environment rose,
 All Meso-American people shared the calendric and
which had to be simultaneously addressed as
astronomical information of the heavens as a critical
scientific and technological progress unfolded at an
part of their sculpture, art, and architecture
 The Mesoamerican contribution to the high
civilization of the world was their creation of the
calendrical systems and sophisticated writing as a
direct result of their need to be in harmony with the
celestial cycles
Four Cultures of Meso-American Civilization
unimaginable speed. 1.Olmec Civilization- The mysterious Olmec
civilization, located in ancient Mexico, prospered in Pre-
1. Jansen’s Compound Microscope classical (Formative) Mesoamerica from c. 1200 BCE to
2. Galileo’s first telescope c. 400 BCE and is generally considered the forerunner of
3. Jacquard Loom all subsequent Mesoamerican cultures including the
4. Engine-Powered Airplane by Orvill and Wilbur Maya and Aztecs.
Wright a. Monumental sacred complexes
5. Television – Baird’s Television b. Massive stone sculptures
c. Ball games
Inventions of Filipino Scientists d. The drinking of chocolate
 The Philippines boasts of its own history and e. Animal gods
tradition of scientific and technological innovation. 2. Mayan Civilization
Filipino scientists have long been known for their
ingenuity. As with all other inventions, necessity has  One of the famous that lasted for approximately
always been the mother of Philippine inventions. 2,000 years
 Mayans believed that stars and constellations, the
planets and the moon were living beings who
interacted with the cycles, natural and social middle
or physical world
 Mayan architects built large, elaborate palaces and
pyramid shaped temples for astronomical observation
like Chicken Itza in Mexico
Most Filipino inventions appealed to the unique  The Mayans are known for using two complicated
social and cultural context of the archipelagic nation. calendar systems (260-day calendar and the 365-day
Even during the ancient period, our Filipino calendar)
ancestors developed scientific and technological  They built hydraulics system and looms for weaving
innovations focused on navigation, traditional cloth and devised a rainbow of glittery paint.
 They are also believed to be the first people to
produce rubber products
 Mayan knew how to make paper and had a pictorial
script known as Mayan Hieroglyphics which made
 them famous as one of the world’s first civilization to d. Chinampa
have a writing system e. Aztec Calendar
 Mayan Hieroglyphics allowed Maya to record f. Invention of the Canoe
all knowledge on long strips of paper, which they
folded harmonica- style into books
Development of Science in Asia
 Dresden Codex – one of the rescued Mayan
books, which is believed to be produced in 10th INDIA
century and contains predictions of solar eclipses for
centuries and a table of predicted positions of Venus  They are known for iron and metallurgical works
and bears testimony to the advanced knowledge of  Ayurveda system – one of oldest system of
Mayan civilization on Astronomy medicine, based on the belief that health and wellness
 They also used advanced numbering system that depend on a delicate balance between the mind,
included the concept of zero which is the greatest body, and spirit
scientific achievement of the Maya  Sushruta Samhita’s most well-known contribution to
plastic surgery is the reconstruction of the nose,
known also as rhinoplasty; also the use of cheek
3. Inca Civilization flaps to reconstruct absent ear lobes, the use of wine
 Incas are famous for roads paved with stones as anesthesia, and the use of leeches to keep wounds
free of blood clots
 Incan engineer designed the Temple of the Sun in
Cuzco (the capital city) which is a complex structure  Ancient India is notable for developed theories on the
that was strong enough to survive centuries of configuration of the universe, the spherical self-
earthquakes and hard weather supporting Earth and the year of 360 days with 12
equal parts of 30 days each
 They developed improved methods of terrace
farming and irrigation system and technique for  Siddhata Shiromani – covered topics such as mean of
storing water for their crops to grow in all types of longitudes of the planets; risings and settings; the
land moon’s crescent; conjunction of the planets with each
other; conjunctions of the planets with the fixed stars;
 They also developed the calendar with 12 months to
and the paths of the Sun and Moon (Sama, 2008)
mark their religious festivals and prepare them for
planting season  Indus Valley Civilization tried to standardized
measurement of length to a high degree of accuracy
 They created the first suspension bridge
and designed a ruler, the Mohenjodaro (Bisht, 1982)
 Incan scholars developed a record keeping system
 Aryabhata introduced a number of trigonometric
that used colored, knotted string known as Quipu
functions, tables and techniques as well as algorithms
which might have been used for accounting, keeping
of algebra (Clifford, 2008; Bose, 1998)
statistics and to record dates and events
 Brahmahgupta suggested that gravity was a force of
 Inca textiles since cloth was one of the specially
attraction; zero as a place holder and a decimal digit
prized artistic achievements
along with Hindu-Arabic numeral system (Clifford,
 They created the first suspension bridge
2008; Bose, 1998)
 Incan scholars developed a record keeping system
 Madhama of Sangamagrama is also considered as the
that used colored, knotted string known as Quipu
founder of Mathematical Analysis (Joseph, 1991)
which might have been used for accounting, keeping
statistics and to record dates and events CHINA
 Inca textiles since cloth was one of the specially
prized artistic achievements  Silk road, a great trade route linking China to other
Roman Empire where it allowed transport and
4. Aztec Civilization exchange of goods in these regions
 Acupuncture, a family procedures involving
 The Aztecs, who probably originated as a nomadic
stimulation of points in the body using a variety of
tribe in northern Mexico, arrived in Mesoamerica
techniques that has been most often studied
around the beginning of the 13th century.
scientifically involves penetrating the skin with thin,
 From their magnificent capital city, Tenochtitlan, the solid, metallic needles that are manipulated by the
Aztecs emerged as the dominant force in central hands or electrical stimulation
Mexico, developing an intricate social, political,
 Famous discoveries and inventions include compass,
religious and commercial organization that brought
papermaking, gunpowder and printing tools (Davies,
many of the region’s city-states under their control
1995)
by the 15th century.
 Chinese civilization is also known for invention of
 Invaders led by the Spanish conquistador Hernán
iron plough, wheelbarrow and propeller; design for
Cortés overthrew the Aztec Empire by force and
different models of bridges (Zhongguo ke xue yuan,
captured Tenochtitlan in 1521, bringing an end to
1983)
Mesoamerica’s last great native civilization.
 Invented the first seismological detector and
a. Mandatory Education
developed a dry dock facility (Needham et. al, 1971)
b. Chocolates
c. Antipasmodic medication  Chinese also made significant records on supernovas,
lunar and solar eclipses and comets which were
 carefully recorded and preserved to understand better  He discovered the Pythagorean Theorem which is
heavenly bodies and their effects to our world still used today to find the sides of a right triangle.
(Mayall, 1939)  Perhaps the most important Greek mathematician
was Euclid.
Development of Science in Middle East
 Euclid wrote several books on the subject of
MUSLIMS geometry called Elements.
 These books became the standard textbook on the
 Muslims Scientists put a greater value on science subject for 2000 years. Euclid's Elements is
experiments rather than plain thought experiments sometimes called the most successful
which led to the development of the scientific textbook in history.
method in the Muslim world  The Greeks applied their skills in math to help
 Ibn al-Haytham, is also regarded as the Father of describe the stars and the planets.
Optics (proofs on Intromission Theory of Light)  They theorized that the Earth may orbit the Sun and
 Muhammad Ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, gave his name came up with a fairly accurate estimate for the
to the concept of algorithm circumference of the Earth.
 Ibn Sina, pioneered the science of experimental  They even developed a device for calculating the
medicine and was the first physician to conduct movements of the planets which is sometimes
clinical trials (Jacquart, 2008). Among his many considered the first computer.
contributions were the discovery of the contagious  The Greeks were one of the first civilizations to
nature of infectious diseases and the introduction of study medicine as a scientific way to cure illnesses
clinical pharmacology (Craig & Walter, 2000)  and disease.
 Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine were  They had doctors who studied sick people, observed
two of the most notable books of Ibn Sina, these their symptoms, and then came up with some
books were used as standard Medicinal texts practical treatments.
Development of Science in Africa  The most famous Greek doctor was Hippocrates.
Hippocrates taught that diseases had natural causes
EGYPT and they could sometimes be cured by natural means.
 The Hippocratic Oath to uphold medical
 Rules of geometry were developed to preserve layout ethics is still taken by many medical students today.
and ownership of Farmlands along Nile River and
 The Greeks loved to study the world around them
build rectilinear structures, the post of lintel
and this included living organisms.
architecture of Egypt
 Aristotle studied animals in great detail and wrote
 Egyptian pyramids and early dams built to divert
down his observations in a book called the History of
water from Nile River
Animals. He heavily influenced zoologists for years
 Egypt is known to be the Center of Alchemy by classifying animals according to their different
 Ancient Egyptians are good in the four fundamental characteristics.
mathematical operations and other mathematical  Later Greek scientists continued Aristotle's work by
skills studying and classifying plants.
 While the Greeks loved to observe and study the
AFRICA world, they also applied their learning to make some
practical inventions. Here are some of the inventions
 Used three types of calendars: lunar, solar and stellar that are typically attributed to the Ancient Greeks.
or a combination of the three  Watermill - A mill for grinding grain that is
 Metallurgy was also known in the African Regions powered by water. The Greeks invented the
 Lebombo Bone – oldest known mathematical artifact waterwheel used to power the mill and the toothed
which may have been a tool for multiplication, gears used to transfer the power to the mill.
division and simple mathematical computation  Alarm Clock - The Greek philosopher Plato
may have invented the first alarm clock in history.
Development of Science in Europe He used a water clock to trigger a sound like an
GREECE organ at a certain time.
 Central Heating - The Greeks invented a
 were fascinated with numbers and how they applied type of central heating where they would transfer hot
to the real world. air from fires to empty spaces under the floors of
 they studied mathematics for its own sake and temples.
developed complex mathematical theories and  Crane - The Greeks invented the crane to help lift
proofs. heavy items such as blocks for constructing
 One of the first Greek mathematicians was Thales. buildings.
 He studied geometry and discovered theories (such as  Archimedes' Screw - Invented by
Thales’ theorem) about circles, lines, angles, and Archimedes, the Archimedes' screw was an efficient
triangles. way to move water up a hill.
 Another Greek named Pythagoras also studied  The word “mathematics” comes from the Greek word
geometry. “mathema” which means “subject” of instruction."
 Hypatia was head of the Greek mathematics school
in Alexandria. She was one of the world's first
famous female mathematicians.
 Hippocrates is often called the "Father of Western
Medicine."
 The word "biology" comes from the Greek words
"bios" (meaning "life") and "logia" (meaning "study
of").
 The Greeks also made contributions to the study of
map making or "cartography."

ROME
 Scientific instruments found at Pompeii have
included stone sundials, small portable sundials made
of bone and a variety of measuring instruments.
Ancient Romans would be familiar with most of the
tools in the modern toolbox
 The Romans had their version of a plane, bronze
folding “ regula” (measuring devices), hand-forged
spikes (instead of nails), drills, chains, axes,
mattocks, crowbars, handcuffs, combs, heated curling
tongs and presses.
 The Roman also pioneered the use of ceramics for
things like bathtubs and drainage pipes. But for all
the genius they never invented or used the
wheelbarrow, kites, or cast iron (the Chinese did).
 The Romans invented revolving human- and animal-
powered cage wheels (images of them appear in
Pompeii) and developed sophisticated slave- and
donkey-powered rotary grain mills.
 Cage wheels powered cranes that lifted blocks of
stone into place during the construction of tall
structures. Later similar cranes were used in the
construction of medieval cathedrals.
 Pumping systems were used in wells and irrigation
systems and to pump water out of leaky boats.
Sometimes water moving stumps were used to move
water considerable distances and heights. In one
Roman mine a cascade of eight pairs of scoop
wheelers raised water almost a hundred feet.
 Roman engineers developed upright water wheels of
the underwater paddlewheel variety. They used only
the horizontal motion of the water, which didn't
generate that much power. Water was raised to
troughs above a river and waterwheels were used to
grind corn.