BEEN Advanced Java Programming Reference Note Unit-3 Event Handling Introduction Event Change in the state of an object is known as event ie. event describes the change in state of source. Events are geuerated as result of user interaction with the graphical user interface components. For example, clicking on a button, moving the mouse, entering a character tough keyboard, selecting an item from list, scrolling the page are the activities that causes an event to happen. Types of Event The events can be broadly classified into two categories: + Foreground Events: Those events which require the direct interaction of user. They are generated as consequences of a person interacting with the graphical components in Graphical User Interface. For example, clicking on a button, moving the mouse, entering a character through keyboard, selecting an item from list, scrolling the page ete = Background Events: Those events that require the interaction of end user are known as background events. Operating system interrupts, hardware or software failure, timer expires, an operation completion are the example of background events. Event Handling Event Handling is the mechanism that controls the event and decides what should happen if an event occurs. This mechanism have the code which is known as event handler that is executed when an event occurs. Java Uses the Delegation Event Model to handle the events. Delegation Event Model The delegation event model, which defines standard and consistent mechanisms to generate and process events. Its concept is quite simple: a source generates an event and sends it to one or more Jisteners. In this scheme, the listener simply waits until it receives an event. Once received, the listener processes the event and then retums. The advantage of this design is that the application logic that processes events is cleanly separated from the user interface logic that generates those events. In the delegation event model, listeners need to be registered with the source object so that the listener can receive the event notification. This provides an important benefit: notifications are sent only to listeners that want to receive them. There are three things that are done in event handling: 1. Create a class that represents the event handler. 2. Implement an appropriate interface called “event listener interface” in the above class. 3. Register the event handler Collegenote Prepared By: Jayanta PoudelWO Advanced Java Programming Reference Note The delegation event model has three main components: + Events: An event is a change of state of an object. + Events Source: Event source is an object that generates an event. + Listeners: A listener is an object that listens to the event. A listener gets notified when an event occurs. EVENT SOURCE On. ‘ister “ | EVENT LISTENER Event Classes Event classes are the classes that represent events at the core of java’s event handling mechanism. At the root of the Java event class hierarchy is EventObject, which is in java.util. Itis the superclass of all events. The class AWTEvent, defined within the java.awt package, is a subclass of EventObject. Itis the superclass of all AWT-based events used by delegation event model The main classes in java.awtevent. Event Class Description ActionEvent Generated when a button is pressed, alist item is doubleclicked, or a ment item is selected AdjustmentEvent Generated when a scroll bar is manipulated. ComponeniEven Generated when a components hidden, moved, resized, or becomes vible ContainerEve Generated when a component is added to or removed from a con FoousFvent ‘Generated when a component gains or loses keyboard focus, Inputtvent Abstract superclass forall component input event classes ‘temEvent Generated when a check box or list item is clicked: also occurs when a choice selection is made or a checkable menu item is selected or deselected KeyEvent input is recehed from the keyboard MouseEveni ced, moved, clicked, pressed, or release also generated when the mouse enters or exits a component. MouseWheelEvent__| Generated when the mouse wheel is moved. TextEvent ‘Generated when the value ofa ext area or text field is changed. WindowEvent Generated when a window is activated, closed, deactivated, deiconilied, iconitfied, opened, oF quit. Collegenote Prepared By: Jayanta PoudelAdvanced Java Programming Reference Note Event Listener Interfaces To handle events we must implement event listener interfaces. It has two major requirements. First, it must have been registered with one or more sources to receive notifications about specific types of events. Second, it must implement methods to receive and process these notifications. The methods that receive and process events are defined in a set of interfaces found in java.awtevent. ‘The list of commonly used event listener interfaces are: ‘Description ActionListener Defines one method to receive action events. AdjustmentListener Defines one method to receive adjustment events ‘ComponentListener Defines four methods to recognize when a component is hidden, moved, resized, or shown. ‘ContainerListener Defines two methods to recognize when a component is added to or removed from a container. FocusListener Defines two methods to recognize when a component gains or loses Keyboard focus. TemListenes Defines one method to recognize when the state of an item changes. KeyListener Defines three methods to recognize when a key is pressed, released, or ped. Mousel.istener Defines five methods to recognize when the mouse is clicked, enters a component, exits a component, is pressed, ors released, MouseMotionListener Defines two methods to recognize when the mouse is dragged or moved. MouseWheelListencr Defines one method to recognize when the mouse wheel is moved TexiListener Defines one method to recognize when a text value changes, WindowFocuslisiener Defines two methods to recognize when a window gains or loses input focus. WindowListener Defines seven methods to recognize when a window is activated, closed, deactivated, deiconified, iconified, opened, or quit Collegenote Prepared By: Jayanta PoudelBEEN Advanced Java Programming He indling Action Events Reference Note The ActionE vent is generated when button is clicked or the item of a list is double-clicked. The listener related to this class is ActionListener. To handle an action event, a class must implements the ActionListener interface To have any component listen for an ActionEvent, we must register the component with an ActionListener as: component.addActionListener(new MyActionListener(); and then write the public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e); method for the component to react to the event. Example import java.awt. event ActionEvent; import java.awt.event. ActionListener; import javax.swing.JButton; import javax.swing JFrame; import javax.swing JTextField; class EventHandling extends JFrame implements ActionListener é SlextField if: EventHandling ( t if = new TextField (); thsetBounds (60, 50, 170, 20); JButton button = new JButton ("Show"); button.setBounds (90, 140, 75, 40); button.add ActionListener (this); add (button); add (if); setSize (250, 250); setLayout (null); setVisible (true); ih @Override public void actionPerformed (ActionE vent e) sf setText ("Hello World"), 3 public static void main (String args[]) f new EventHandling(); i } Output: Hallo wens Collegenote Prepared By: Jayanta PoudelBED Advanced Java Programming Reference Note He indling Key Events The KeyEvent is generated in case of key presses and key depresses on text fields such as JTextField and JTextArea. One example of KeyEvent is user typing in a textfield. The listener associated with this class is KeyListener. To handle a key event, a class must implements the KeyListener interface To have any component listen for a KevEvent, we must register the component with KeyListener as: component.addKeyListener(new MyKeyListener()); and then write the public void keyPressed(KeyEvent e); public void keyTyped(KeyEvent e); public void keyReleased(KeyEvent e); methods for the component to react to the event. Example import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; import javax.swing.*; public class EventHandling extends JFrame { SITextField t1 = new JTextField(10); TextField 12 = new JTextField(10); public EventHandling() { seiLayout(new FlowLavout()); setSize(200, 200); setVisible(true); setDefanltCloseOperation(JFrame EXIT_ON_CLOS add(tl); add(2); 12.setRditableffalse); tl.addKeyListener(new KeyListener() { @Override public void keyTyped(KeyEvent e) {} @Override public void keyPressed(KeyEvent e) {} @Override public void keyReleased(KeyEvent e) { String copy = tl.getText(); 12.setText(copy); , dD: f public static void main(Stringf] args) { new EventHandling); i } Collegenote Prepared By: Jayanta PoudelBEET Advanced Java Programming Reference Note ig Focus Events The FocusEvent is generated when a component gains or loses keyboard focus. The listener for this class is FocusListener. To handle a focus event, a class must implements the FocusListener intertace. To have any component listen for an FocusEvent, we must register the component with an FocusListener as: component.addFocusListener(new My FocusListener(); and then write the public void focusGained(FocusEvent e); public void focusLost(FocusEvent e); methods for the component to react to the event. Example import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*: import javax.swing.*; public class EventHandling extends JFrame implements FocusListener { private JTextField tf1; private JTextField tf2; public EventHandling() { setTitle("Focus Listener Example"); setLayout(new GridLayout(2, 1)); setSize(200, 200); ofl = new TextField); If? = new JTextField(): add(ifD); add(p2); #l.addFocusListener(this); P2.addFocusListener(this); setVisible(true); / public void focusGained(FocusEvent e) { if (e.getSource() == ffl) { ‘l-setBackground(Color. YELLOW); J else if (e.getSource() ~~ 2) { f2.setBackground(Color. YELLOW); } } public void focusLost(FocusEvent e) { if (e getSource() == ffl) { Output: {fl setBackground(Color. WHITE); ee } else if (e.getSource() == f2) { [Bj FocustistenerExam., — O xX 12.setBackground(Color. WHITE); [-- i Besttootoaller i public static void main(String[] args) { new EventHandling(); J j Collegenote Prepared By: Jayanta PoudelBENE Advanced Java Programming Reference Note He indling Mouse Events The MouseEvent is generated when mouse action (dragged, moved, clicked, pressed, or released) occurred in a component, also generated when the mouse enters or exits a component The listener for this class is MouseListener. To handle a mouse event, a class must implements the MouseListener interface. To have any component listen for a MouseEvent, we must register the component with MouseListener as: component.addMouseListener(new MyMouseListener()); and then write the public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e); public void mousePressed(MouseE vent ¢); public void mouseReleased(MouseEvent e); public void mouseEntered(MouseE vent e); public void mouseExited(MouseEvent e); wethods for the component to react to the event. Example import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; import javax.swing.*; public class MouseListenerEvanple extends JFrame implements MouseListener { private JButton button; public MouseListenerExample) { setTitle("Handling Mouse Listener"); 300, 150); new JButton("Click me?”); add(button); button.addMouseListener(this), setVisible(true); i public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e) { button.setText("Clicked!”), i public void mouseEntered(MouseEvent e) { button.setBackground(Color. RED); } public void mouseExited(MouseEvent e) { } public void mousePressed(MouseE vent e) { } public void mouseReleased(MouseE vent e) { } public static void main(String{] args) { new MouseListenerExample(); i J Collegenote Prepared By: Jayanta PoudelBEEN Advanced Java Programming Reference Note He indling Window Event The WindowEvent is generated whenever we change the state of window. Closing, activating, deactivating, opening, quiting, minimizing, maximizing a window come under this class. Window event is generated by component such as JFrame, JIntemalFrame, JDialog etc To handle a window event, a class must implements the WindowListener interface. To have any component listen for a WindowEven, we must register the component with WindowListener as: component.addWindowListener(new MyWindowListener()); and then write the public void window Opened(WindowEvent e); public void windowClosing(WindowE vent e); ‘public void windowClosed(WindowE vent e); public void windowIconified(WindowEvent e); Public void windowDeiconified(WindowEvent e); Public void windowActivated(WindowEvent e); public void windowDeactivated( WindowEvent e); methods for the component to react to the event. mple import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*: import javax.swing.*; public class WindowListenerExample extends JFrame implements WindowListener { ILabel label; public WindowListenerExample() { setTitle("Handling Window Listener"); (300, 150); new JLabel("Window opened."); add(label); addWindowListener(this); setVisible(true); i public void windowOpened(WindowEvent e) { label setText("Window opened."); / ipublie void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) { label setText("Window closing."); J ‘public void windowClosed(WindowEvent e) { } public void windowLconified WindowEvent e) { label setText("Window minimized"); A public void windowDeiconified(WindowEvent e) { label serText("Window restored."); i public void windowActivated(WindowEvent e) { label setText("Window activated."); i public void windowDeactivated(WindowEvent e) { label setText("Window deactivated"); Collegenote Prepared By: Jayanta PoudelBEEN Acvanced Java Programming Reference Note } public static void main(Stringl] args) { new WindowListenerExample(); } i Handling Item Event Item event is generated whenever user selects or deselects a selectable object such as radio button, checkbox or list. To handle an item event, a class must implement the MemListener interface To have any component listen for an JtemEvent, we must register the component with an IremListener as: component.addltemListener(new MyltemListener()); and then write the ‘public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent e); method for the component to react to the event. The stateChange of any ItemBvent instance takes one of the following values: ItemEvent SELECTED, ItemEvent DESELECTED Example import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; import java.awtevent.*; public class liemListenerExample implements ItemListener { JFrame frame; ICheckBox checkRox; Mabel label; public HiemListenerExample() { frame = new JFrame("IemListener Example"); frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT ON CLOSE); checkBox = new JCheckBox("Check Me"); label = new JLabel(); checkBox.addltemListener (this); JPanel panel = new JPanel); panel.add(checkBox); panel add(label); frame.add{panel); -frame.setSize(200, 200); “Frame.setVisible(irue); i public void ifemStateChanged(liemEvent e) { if (e.getStateChange() ~~ IremEvent. SELECTED) { label.setText("Checkbox is checked); J else if (e.getStateChange() == ItemEvent. DESELECTED) { label setText("Checkbox is unchecked"); 3 , ipublie static void main(Stringf] args) { new ItemListenerExample(); i i Collegenote Prepared By: Jayanta PoudelWED Advanced Java Programming Reference Note Adapter Classes ‘Many of the listener interfaces have more than one method. When we implement a listener interface in any class then we must have to implement all the methods declared in that interface because all the methods in an interface are final and must be override in class which implement it, Adapter class makes it easy to deal with this situation. An adapter class provides empty implementations of all methods defined by that interface. Adapter classes are very usefill if we want to override only some of the methods defined by that interface. We can define a new class to act as an event listener by extending one of the adapter classes and implementing only those events in which we are interested. ‘Adapter Class, Listener Interface omponentAdapter ComponentListener ContainerLis Focuslistener KeyAdapter KeyListener MouseAdapter “MouseListener and (as of JDK 6) MouseMotionListener and MouseWheelListener M For example, the KeyListener interface contains three methods KeyPressed(), KeyReleased() and KeyTyped(). If we implement this interface, we have to give implementation of all these three methods. However, by using the KeyAdapter class, we can override only the method that is needed. This can be shown in the code example given below: Using KeyListener import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; import java.awtevent.*: public class KeyListenerExample extends JFrame implements KeyListener { Iabel outputLabel; public KeyListenerExample() { setTitle("KeyListener Example"); setSize(400, 200); setDefauliCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE); setLayout(new FlowLayout()); ousputLabel = new JLabel("Press a key"); add(ouiputLabel), addKeyListener(this); setVisible(true); i @Override public void keyPressed(KeyEvent e) { ouputLabel setText(Key Pressed: " + e.getKeyChar()); i @Override public void keyReleased(KeyEvent e) { Collegenote Prepared By: Jayanta PoudelAdvanced Java Programming Reference Note outputLabel.setText("Key Released: " + e,getKeyChar()); =0; i) t copyUserInput ~ copyUserInput + userInput.charat(i); } if (copyUserInput.equalsignoreCase(userInput)) f Collegenote Prepared By: Jayanta PoudelWED Advanced Java Programming Reference Note outputTextField setText("String is palindrome." j else t outputTextField serText("Siring isn't a palindrome."); } 3 MD reverseButton.addActionListener(new ActionListener() t @Override public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) é String reverseUserInput=""; String userInput = inputTextField getText); int length = userInput.length(); for (int i= length-1; i>~0; ==) e reverseUserInpul f reverseUserinput + userInput.charAt(i); outputTextField.setText("Reverse String is: "+ reverseUserInpu); } DD findVowelButton.addActionListener(new ActionListener() t @Override public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) char[] vowel={a",'e',"''0',u'A''E',T,0'",U}; String userlnput ~ inputTextField getText(); int length = userinput length); char[] extracteaVowel= new charflength]; String showVowel for (int i =0; i<=lengihel; i++) # for (intj t iffuserInput.charAt(i t extractedVowelfi] = userInput.charAi(i); showVowel = showVowel + String valueOffextractedVowelfi]); } } | F< =vowel length-1; j++) vowelfj]) i Collegenote Prepared By: Jayanta PoudelBEET Advanced Java Programming outputTextField.setText("Vowels: "+showVowel); 3 Di pack(); setDefaultCloseOperation(EXIT_ON_CLOSE), setVisible(irue); A public static void main(Stringl] args) t new SwingExample(); ch } Reference Note Please let me know if Tmissed anything or anything is incorrect. joudeljayanta99\ Collegenote Prepared By: Jayanta Poudel